Russian travelers of the 19th century. Russian travelers of the first half of the 19th century

Fanatical people, these scientists, researchers. How do you read what had to be experienced and experienced in distant geographical expeditions, what do you ask yourself - why did they need it? Part of the answer probably still refers to these people like Fyodor Konyukhov - it's in their blood. And the other part, of course, is the service to the Motherland, the Fatherland, the country. I think they fully understood that they were increasing the greatness, wealth and prosperity of their state. If it were not for them, a citizen of another country would have done it, and the maps of the World might have looked different.

Here are some things you might not know ...

The 18th century was noted in Russian geographical history primarily by the Great Northern Expedition. Started in December 1724 by a personal decree of Peter I (Vitus Bering's First Kamchatka Expedition), it continued in 1733-1743, already under Anna Ioannovna. The expedition consisted of seven independent missions moving along the Arctic coast of Siberia to the shores North America and Japan. The result of this large-scale project was the publication of the first complete geographic map Russian Empire.

Vasily Pronchishchev. Great Northern Expedition. 1735-1736

One of the participants of the Great Northern Expedition. A legendary personality among Russian polar explorers. Legendary and romantic. Midshipman. He studied at the Maritime Academy with Semyon Chelyuskin and Khariton Laptev, who also took part in this expedition under his leadership. And earlier, in 1722, he took part in the Persian campaign of Peter. And outwardly, by the way, he was very similar to the emperor.

Together with him, his wife Tatiana took part in the expedition. It was so incredible for the time that her presence on the ship was unofficial.

During the Great Northern Expedition, Pronchishchev's detachment, consisting of 50 people, left Yakutsk in June 1735 on the Yakutsk sailboat rowing boat, made an accurate map of the channel and mouth of the Lena River, a map of the Laptev Sea coast and discovered many islands lying north of the Taimyr Peninsula. In addition, Pronchishchev's group advanced northward much further than other detachments: up to 77 ° 29 ′ n. NS.

But Pronchishchev also entered the history of the development of the Arctic thanks to his romantic history. Together with him, his wife Tatiana took part in the expedition. It was so incredible for the time that her presence on the ship was unofficial. In August 1736, during one of his sorties to the polar islands, Pronchishchev broke his leg and soon died from a complication caused by an open fracture. His wife survived him by only a few days. They say that she died of grief. They were buried in one grave at Cape Tumul near the mouth of the Olenek River (today the village of Ust-Olenek is located here).

The new head of the detachment was navigator Semyon Chelyuskin, and after he went with a sled train to Yakutsk with the expedition's reports, he was replaced by Khariton Laptev. Surprisingly, the names of Chelyuskin and Laptev were much more vividly reflected in the public consciousness than the name of their commander Pronchishchev. True, in the spring of 2018, the film "The First" will be released, which tells about the fate of the Pronchishchevs. The role of Vasily will be played by Evgeny Tkachuk (Grigory Melekhov in "Quiet Don" and Mishka Yaponchik in the series of the same name). Perhaps Pronchishchev's name will still take its rightful place among other great researchers of the Arctic.

Fedor Soimonov. Map of the Caspian Sea. 1731

The life of this person just begs for a movie screen. He, like Pronchishchev, participated in the Persian campaign of Peter I. He was also a midshipman. But his fate connected him not with the Arctic, but with the Caspian Sea. Fyodor Soimonov went down in Russian history as the first Russian hydrographer.

Oddly enough, but the length and breadth of the Caspian Sea familiar to us today in the 18th century was still a continuous terra incognita. Yes, since ancient times dashing Volga people - ushkuiniks - have walked along it to Persia for princesses, in order to throw them overboard into the oncoming wave, and of other other goods. It was called “going for zipuns”. But all this was sheer amateur performance. Fedor Soimonov was the first to draw the Caspian Sea with all its bays, shoals and peninsulas on the map of the Russian Empire.

In Nerchinsk and Irkutsk, Soimonov organized the first navigation schools in Siberia, in which he taught personally. Then for six years he was the governor of Siberia

Also under his leadership, the first detailed atlas of the Baltic Sea was published and an atlas was prepared for publication. Of the White Sea, but then the strange begins. Of course, this was due to the undercover political games. In 1740 Soimonov was stripped of all ranks, beaten with a whip (!) And exiled to hard labor. Two years later, Elizabeth I returned him to the service, but left him in Siberia. In Nerchinsk and Irkutsk, Soimonov organized the first navigation schools in Siberia, in which he taught personally. Then for six years he was the governor of Siberia. At the age of 70, he was finally allowed to return to Moscow. He died at the age of 88 on his estate near Serpukhov.

Interesting fact. Soymonovskiy proezd in Moscow, not far from the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, is named after Soymonov's son, Mikhail, a remarkable person in his own way, one of the organizers of mining in Russia.

Savva Loshkin. New Earth. Mid-18th century

G. A. Travnikov. Russian North

If the previous two of our heroes were sovereign people and made their travels on duty, the Pomor Savva Loshkin, a native of the village of Olonets, acted only at his own peril and risk. He was the first person in the history of the development of the Russian North who bypassed Novaya Zemlya from the north.

Loshkin is an almost mythological personality, but anyone who respects himself northern sailor knows his name despite the fact that the only official source, telling about his three-year journey, is the story of Fedot Rachmanin, recorded in 1788 by Vasily Krestinin, a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Even the years of Savva Loshkin's travel are not exactly known to us. Some researchers believe that this is the beginning of the 1760s, others that the 1740s

Nikolay Chelobitchikov. Malacca, Canton. 1760-1768.

While some mastered the North, others moved south. The merchant Nikolai Chelobitchikov from the city of Trubchevsk, Oryol province in 1760-1768 made a completely unique journey through South-East Asia, which, alas, remained unappreciated by his contemporaries. Most likely, he was the first Russian to visit the Malay Peninsula and reach by sea, not by land, the Chinese Canton (now Guangzhou)

The merchant Chelobitchikov made his journey with a completely practical purpose and, it seems, did not attach any historical significance to it. He contracted for 300 rubles. go to Calcutta and collect a four thousandth debt from a Greek merchant stuck there

The merchant Chelobitchikov (although it would be more correct to call him a collector) made his journey with a completely practical purpose and, it seems, did not attach any historical significance to it. He contracted for 300 rubles. go to Calcutta and collect a four thousandth debt from a Greek merchant stuck there, who owed this amount to his fellow countrymen. Passing through Constantinople, Baghdad and Indian Ocean, he reached Calcutta. But it turned out that the debtor had already died, and Chelobitchikov had to return home in an incredibly roundabout way: through Malacca, which at that time was owned by the Dutch, the Chinese Canton and the English island of St. Helena (!) To London, and then to Lisbon and Paris. And, finally, to Petersburg, where I visited for the first time in my life.

About it amazing journey The Trubchevsky merchant became known relatively recently, when a petition was discovered in the Central State Archives, which he sent in 1770 to Catherine II, with a request to transfer him to the St. Petersburg merchants. In it, he described his route in sufficient detail. It is surprising that his report is absolutely devoid of any pretentiousness. He describes his nine-year journey rather sparingly, like some kind of out-of-town trip. And he offers himself as a consultant for trade with eastern countries.

Philip Efremov. Bukhara - Tibet - Kashmir - India. 1774-1782

The further fate of Chelobitchikov remains unclear (most likely, his message never reached the empress), but the servant, non-commissioned officer Philip Efremov, who made a similar journey a decade later, was introduced to Catherine II and even elevated to the nobility by her.

The adventures of Philip Efremov began in July 1774, when he was captured by the Pugachevites. He fled, but was captured by the Kirghiz, who sold him into slavery to the Bukhara emir

The adventures of Philip Efremov began in July 1774, when he was captured by the Pugachevites. He fled, but was captured by the Kirghiz, who sold him into slavery to the Bukhara emir. Efremov was forced to convert to Islam and was subjected to severe torture, but he did not betray the Christian faith, and then the emir, admiring his courage, made him his centurion (yuz-bashi). For participating in several battles, he received a large allotment of land, but still dreamed of returning to his homeland. Having bought a fake passport, he fled again. All roads to the north were closed, so he went south. Through Tibet and Kashmir, closed to Europeans, he got to India, and from there to London, where he met with the Russian consul, who introduced him directly to Catherine's eyes.

Later, Efremov served as a translator in the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in 1786 the first edition of his travel diary was published: “Russian non-commissioned officer Efremov, now a collegiate assessor, nine-year wandering and adventures in Bukharia, Khiva, Persia and India and returning from there through England to Russia, written by him. " At the end of the 18th century, the book became a bestseller and went through three editions, but by the middle of the 19th century it was almost forgotten, like its author. Now the notebook, passed with Efremov half the world, is kept in the manuscript department of the Pushkin House.

P. S. Soon many other travelers followed in the footsteps of Chelobitchikov and Efremov. The most famous of them are Gerasim Lebedev, the first Russian Indologist, who founded the first European-style drama theater in India in the 1790s in Calcutta, the Armenian merchants Grigory and Danil Atanasov, and the Georgian nobleman Rafail Danibegashvili.

Dmitry Rzhannikov

And let's remember and, well, a little

I. Kruzenshtern and Yu. Lisyansky In 1803, an expedition was undertaken to explore the northern part of the The Pacific... It was the FIRST RUSSIAN EXPEDITION. It was headed by I. Kruzenshtern. For the first time, more than a thousand km of the coast of about. Sakhalin. Lisyansky discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago. Collected a lot of data about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the Pacific Islands and Arctic oceans... These materials served as the basis for the Atlas of the South Seas. In 1803, an expedition was undertaken to explore the North Pacific Ocean. It was the FIRST RUSSIAN EXPEDITION. It was headed by I. Kruzenshtern. For the first time, more than a thousand km of the coast of about. Sakhalin. Lisyansky discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago. We have collected a lot of data on the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. These materials served as the basis for the Atlas of the South Seas.

F. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev F. Bellingshausen headed a new round-the-world expedition. The plan was drawn up by I. Kruzenshtern. In F. Bellingshausen he headed a new round-the-world expedition. The plan was drawn up by I. Kruzenshtern. The goal was designated “to acquire the fullest knowledge of our the globe"And" the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole "On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, then, after anchorage in Australia, the ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands called the Russians Islands. the globe "and" the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole "On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, then, after anchorage in Australia, the ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands called the islands of the Russians

A. Baranov and the development of Russian America In search of new hunting areas A. Baranov studied in detail the Kodiak Island. It was he who, for the first time, managed to truly secure Russia's vast territories on the Pacific coast of North America. In 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American Company, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of Alaska. In 1815 he undertook an expedition to Hawaiian Islands for the purpose of their annexation to Russia. In search of new hunting areas, A. Baranov studied the Kodiak Island in detail. It was he who, for the first time, managed to truly secure Russia's vast territories on the Pacific coast of North America. In 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American Company, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of Alaska. In 1815 he undertook an expedition to the Hawaiian Islands with the aim of their annexation to Russia.

G. Nevelskoy and E. Putyatin G. Nevelskoy is the largest researcher of the Far East. In 2 expeditions (s) he succeeded in discovering new territories and entering the lower reaches of the Amur. G. Nevelskoy is the largest researcher of the Far East. In 2 expeditions (s) he succeeded in discovering new territories and entering the lower reaches of the Amur. E. Putyatin - discovered the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands. And he was the first Russian who visited Japan and signed an agreement there. E. Putyatin - discovered the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands. And he was the first Russian who visited Japan and signed an agreement there. The result of the expedition of G. Nevelsky and E. Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the consolidation of the Primorsky region for Russia in Far East... In 1845 the opening of the Russian Geographical Society. The result of the expedition of G. Nevelsky and E. Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the consolidation of the Primorsky region in the Far East for Russia. In 1845 the opening of the Russian Geographical Society.

Thanks to them, Russian names appeared on the map of the Pacific Ocean, Persia was studied, and Ethiopia remained an independent country - one of the few in Africa at that time ...

We continue to publish stories about Russian pioneers who did a lot for the world, but were undeservedly forgotten by their contemporaries and descendants. The first part is, the second part is. In the 19th century, travel, even around the world, became relatively comfortable, but there were still many blank spots on the world map, and our heroes, each in their own way, expanded its geographical boundaries.

Otto Kotzebue. 399 islands in the Pacific Ocean. 1815-1818

During his life, Otto Kotzebue made three world tours. The first is at the age of 15. As a cabin boy, he participated in the first Russian circumnavigation(1803-1806) on the sloop "Nadezhda" under the command of Kruzenshtern. The third - in 1823-1826 as the captain of the sloop "Enterprise".

Once, when Pashino noticed that he was suspected, he changed clothes with his servant-guide and remained in one turban and loincloth. He was also smeared with donkey droppings to give his skin a dark color.

But the most significant in his biography was the command of the Rurik brig, which made trip around the world in the years 1815-1818. The purpose of this expedition was to find the northern passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. During a storm off Cape Horn, Kotzebue was nearly washed overboard. He miraculously managed to grab hold of the taut cable. And during a storm in the Pacific Ocean, the bowsprit of the ship broke, which crippled several sailors and Kotzebue himself. Because of this, the final goal of the expedition was not achieved. But its results were still brilliant. It was thanks to Kotzebue that Russian names appeared on the map of the Pacific Ocean: the atolls of Rumyantsev, Kruzenshtern, Kutuzov, Suvorov and many others.

Egor Kovalevsky. Heroic adventures in Montenegro, Central Asia and China, discoveries in Central Africa. Mid 19th century

Yegor Kovalevsky is a figure, although not known to the broad masses, but professional geographers and travelers, of course, are well aware of him and his services to science. It would take several pages of such text to even briefly mention all his adventures.

He was a participant in the defense of Sevastopol, in Montenegro he fought illegally on the side of the Serbs against the Austrians, opened a new path to China, visited Kashmir and Afghanistan, was captured during the Khiva campaign of the Russian army, fled and for several weeks with a handful of soldiers defended in a small fortress from pursuers ... He mined gold in Africa, the first Europeans reached the Moon Mountains - Rwenzori (in the territory of modern Uganda), crossed the Nubian Desert, discovered the left tributary of the Nile, the Abudom River and indicated where to look for the source of the White Nile ... “We penetrate further inside Africa, ”he wrote in his diary.

Kovalevsky was a talented writer, wrote both poetry and prose, but went down in history as the author of four books about his adventures.

All of Russia was read by his books, and at the official level he was also highly appreciated. In 1856, Kovalevsky became assistant to the chairman of the Imperial Geographical Society, as well as an honorary member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Alexander Kashevarov. He was the first to describe the northern coast of Alaska. 1838

The very place of birth of Alexander Kashevarov makes the heart of any traveler flutter. After all, he was born in Alaska! In 1810, when she was still Russian. After studying at the Kronstadt Navigation School, as a navigator, he made two round-the-world voyages, and then returned to his small homeland and, at the head of a small group of sailors, made one of the most amazing voyages in the history of the exploration of the North. On Aleutian leather kayaks, sewn with whalebone, the travelers passed among floating ice along north coast Alaska from Cape Lisbourne to Cape Wrangel discovered by them, mapping Prokofiev and Kupriyanov bays, Menshikov coast and Stepovy Cape on the map of Alaska.

Peter Pashino. The first of the Europeans to penetrate into the remote regions of India and Afghanistan. 1873-1876

The 25-year-old journalist Pyotr Pashino made his first trip to Persia in 1861 as a secretary of the Russian embassy. But the paperwork soon bored him, he took an indefinite leave and went to independent travel across Persia, and then across Central Asia.

In 1873-1876, he single-handedly made two trips to India, Burma and Afghanistan. As a rule, Pashino traveled in Arab or Indian clothes, with a shaved head, posing as a Turkish doctor, now as a wandering dervish, and sometimes as a beggar tramp. He perfectly knew many oriental languages. This allowed him to visit places where non-Muslims were prohibited from entering on pain of death. But despite all the precautions and tricks, he more than once found himself on the verge of exposure and death. Once, when Pashino noticed that he was suspected, he changed clothes with his servant-guide and remained in one turban and loincloth. He was also smeared with donkey droppings to give his skin a dark color. And when one day, dressed as a dervish, he entered the first-class buffet to drink tea, he was almost beaten to death by a police officer.

Returning to St. Petersburg, Pyotr Pashino described his adventures in numerous essays and feuilletons. They were later collected into books.

Pashino also made a trip around the world, but it was quite civilized and comfortable, so it was not of particular scientific value.

Alexander Bulatovich. Pioneer of Africa, explorer of Ethiopia. 1896-1899

In 1896, the 26-year-old cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, Alexander Bulatovich, was included in the Russian Red Cross mission to Ethiopia, where he became a military adviser to Emperor Menelik II. With his help, the emperor reorganized his army to resist the European colonialists. As a result, Ethiopia became one of the few African countries that have retained their independence.

With the permission of the emperor, Bulatovich made several trips to the interior of this country, where none of the Europeans had ever been. Accompanied by only three companions, he made a camel trek through the robber-infested Danakil Desert, then became the first white man to cross the remote province of Ethiopia, the legendary Kaffa, from where the best coffee was delivered to Europe. He mapped the valley of the Baro River, discovered a mountain range named after Nicholas II, which was later renamed at the request of the Soviet Union.

Bulatovich became a military adviser to Emperor Menelik II. With his help, the emperor reorganized his army to resist the European colonialists. As a result, Ethiopia became one of the few African countries that have retained their independence.

Detailed reports on these expeditions were published in St. Petersburg: “From Entoto to the Baro River. Accounts of a voyage in the Southwest region of the Ethiopian Empire "(1897) and" Diary of a campaign from Ethiopia to Lake Rudolf "(1900), in which he described not only his geographical discoveries, but also Ethiopian culture and faith, close to Orthodox, laws , customs, structure of the army and state, made a detailed sketch of the history of Ethiopia. For his research Bulatovich received a silver medal from the Russian Geographical Society. His books inspired many new explorers of Africa on the expedition, in particular the poet Nikolai Gumilyov. Already in our time, the adventures of Bulatovich were described by Valentin Pikul in the story "Hussar on a Camel."

In 1906 Bulatovich retired, went to the Athos monastery in Greece and became a monk, but during the First World War he returned to the army as a regimental priest. He was in Austrian captivity, fled ... In 1919 he was killed by robbers in his estate near Sumy.

Moscow Automobile and Highway State Technical University

Discipline: Culturology

Russians travelers XIX century

Performed by Anna Evstifeeva

student of group 1 bmo2

Checked by Shorkova S.A.

Moscow 2013

Introduction

Chapter 1. Travelers of the first half of the 19th century

1 I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky

2 F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev.

3 A.A. Baranov

Chapter 2. Travelers of the second half of the 19th century

1 G.I. Nevelskoy and E.V. Putyatin

2 N.M. Przhevalsky

3 N.N. Miklukho Maclay

Conclusion

Introduction

XIX century became the time of the largest geographical discoveries by Russian researchers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors - explorers and travelers of the 17th-18th centuries, they enriched the ideas of Russians about the world around them, contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. For the first time, Russia has fulfilled an old dream: its ships entered the World Ocean.

Chapter 1. Travelers of the first half of the 19th century

.1 I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander I, an expedition was undertaken on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. This was the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which lasted for 3 years. It was headed by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern - the largest navigator and scientist-geographer of the 19th century.

During the voyage, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island was mapped for the first time. The participants of the trip left many interesting observations not only about the Far East, but also about other regions through which they sailed. The commander of the Neva, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of data was collected by the members of the expedition about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans.

The results of the observations were presented in the report of the Academy of Sciences. They turned out to be so significant that I.F. Kruzenshtern was awarded the title of academician. His materials formed the basis for the published in the early 20s. Atlas of the South Seas. In 1845, Admiral Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society. He brought up a whole galaxy of Russian seafarers and explorers.

1.2 F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev.

One of the students and followers of Kruzenshtern was Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen. He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

In 1819-1821. Bellingshausen was instructed to lead a new round-the-world expedition on sloops (single-masted ships) "Vostok" (which he commanded) and "Mirny" (commander Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev). The expedition plan was drawn up by Kruzenshtern. Its main goal was designated "the acquisition of the fullest knowledge about our globe" and "the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole."

January 1820 the expedition approached the shores of the then unknown Antarctica, which Bellingshausen called the "ice continent". After staying in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands called the Russians Islands.

For 751 days of sailing, Russian sailors covered about 50 thousand km. The most important geographical discoveries were made, valuable collections were brought, data from observations of the waters of the World Ocean and ice coverings of a continent that was new to mankind.

1.3 A.A. Baranov

Alexander Andreevich Baranov can hardly be attributed to discoverers or travelers in the strict sense of these words. But he was a man who made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian America by our compatriots. As a Kargopol merchant, he traded in Eastern Siberia, and from 1790 in North-Western America.

In search of new hunting areas, Baranov studied in detail Kodiak Island and other territories, searched for minerals, founded new Russian settlements and supplied them with everything necessary, established an exchange with local residents... It was he who, for the first time, managed to truly secure Russia's vast territories on the Pacific coast of North America.

Baranov's activities were extremely difficult and dangerous. The constant raids of the Indians cost the Russian settlers not only considerable funds, but also their lives. In 1802 alone, when trying to create a settlement on the island of Sitka, more than 200 settlers were killed.

Baranov's efforts were so successful that in 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American company, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of the Russian colonies in America. He held this high and dangerous post almost until his death.

In 1804, Baranov founded the Novoarkhangelsk fortress on the Sitka island, and then the Ross fort. In 1815 he undertook an expedition to the Hawaiian Islands with the aim of their annexation to Russia. However, it did not bring good luck. Already an elderly and sick person, Alexander Andreevich asked for resignation three times. However, they were in no hurry to release such a person from service.

Russian geographic round-the-world expedition

Chapter 2. Travelers of the second half of the 19th century

The largest researcher of the Russian Far East in the middle of the 19th century. became Gennady Ivanovich Nevelsky.

In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855) he succeeded, bypassing Sakhalin from the north, discovering a number of new, previously unknown territories and entering the lower reaches of the Amur. Here in 1850 he founded the Nikolaevsky post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelskoy's travels had essential: for the first time it was proved that Sakhalin is not at all connected to the mainland, but is an island and the Tatar Strait is precisely a strait, and not a bay, as it was believed.

Evfimy Vasilievich Putyatin in 1822-1825 traveled around the world and left a description of what he saw to the descendants. In the years 1852-1855. during the expedition led by him on the frigate "Pallada" the islands of Rimsky-Korsakov were discovered. Putyatin became the first Russian who managed to visit Japan, closed from Europeans, and even sign an agreement there (1855).

The result of the expeditions of Nevelskoy and Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the consolidation of the Primorsky region in the Far East for Russia.

The most important of these institutions was the Russian Geographical Society, opened in 1845. It has become the center of geographical knowledge in Russia.

2.2 N.M. Przhevalsky

Przewalski dreamed of wanderings since early years and prepared for them stubbornly. But the Crimean War broke out - he went to the army as a private. And then years of study at the Academy of the General Staff. However, a military career did not appeal to him. Staying at the Academy was marked for Przewalski only by compiling Military Statistical Review of the Amur Territory .

However, this work allowed him to become a member of the Geographical Society.

At the beginning of 1867, Przhevalsky presented to the Society a plan for a large and risky expedition to Central Asia. However, the insolence of the young officer seemed excessive, and the matter was limited to his business trip to the Ussuri region with permission carry out any scientific research ... But Przewalski met this decision with delight.

On this first trip, Przhevalsky compiled the most complete description of the Ussuri region and gained valuable expeditionary experience. Now they believed in him: there were no obstacles to travel to Mongolia and the Tangut country - Northern Tibet, as he dreamed of.

During the four years of the expedition (1870-1873), significant amendments were made to the geographical map.

In 1876, he again headed for Tibet. The first of the Europeans, Przhevalsky reaches the mysterious Lake Lobnor, discovers the previously unknown Altindag ridge and defines the exact border of the Tibetan Plateau, establishing that it begins 300 km further north than previously thought. But this time he failed to penetrate deep into this almost unknown country to Europeans.

And yet, three years later, the Russian explorer reached the cherished highlands. The absolute lack of exploration of this area attracted Przhevalsky, who sent here in the early 1880s. your expedition. It was his most fruitful journey, culminating in many discoveries. True, the source of the Yellow River Przhevalsky was never found (it was found only quite recently), but the Russian expedition thoroughly explored the watershed between the Yellow River - the Yellow River and the Blue River, the largest in China and Eurasia - the Yangtze. Previously unknown ridges were mapped. Przhevalsky gave them names: Columbus ridge, Moskovsky ridge, Russian ridge. He called one of the peaks of the latter the Kremlin. Subsequently in this mountain system a ridge appeared that immortalized the name of Przhevalsky himself.

During all his expeditions, Przhevalsky, being a professional geographer, made discoveries that could bring glory to any zoologist or botanist. He described a wild horse (Przewalski's horse), a wild camel and a Tibetan bear, several new species of birds, fish and reptiles, hundreds of plant species.

And again he was getting ready to go. Tibet again beckoned him to her. This time Przhevalsky was determined to visit Lhasa.

But all plans collapsed. He died in his tent as soon as he started the journey. Before he died, he asked his companions to bury him certainly on the shore of Issyk-Kul, in a marching expeditionary uniform ... .

November 1888 Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky died. His last request was fulfilled.

2.3 N.N. Miklukho Maclay

Every culture, every tribe or people, every human person has the right to independence. When interacting, communicating, they should proceed from mutual respect, not trying to impose their own rules, their way of life by force and not imposing their thoughts.

These principles were close and understandable to Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay, who was brought up in an intelligent Russian family during the heyday of Russian culture, primarily literature, permeated with the ideas of freedom, humanism, kindness and the search for truth. After studying biology and medicine in Germany, having made several scientific expeditions (he was an assistant to the famous biologist and ecologist E. Haeckel), he returned to Russia and then decided to go to New Guinea. K.M. Baer recommended that he observe people "without prejudice regarding the number and distribution of human tribes and races."

Until the middle of the XIX century. New Guinea remained aloof from the economic interests of the European industrial powers. Perhaps, it was influenced by the fact that no deposits of precious metals were found on it. It is also possible that the reason for this is rumors about the cannibalistic savages there. In addition, lush tropical vegetation hindered the development of these territories. A more or less thorough study of New Guinea began in 1871-1872: Italian scientists Luigi Albertis and Odoardo Beccari explored the northwestern part of the island.

Miklouho-Maclay had to hurry to find at least some of the Papuan tribes in their natural state. Therefore, he chose the practically unexplored southeastern coast of New Guinea, landed there in September 1871 and lived among the "savages" for more than a year, communicating with them, winning their respect and trust.

First stay on the Maclay bank.

September 1871 "Vityaz" anchored about 140 m from the coast. The Papuans soon appeared; Miklouho-Maclay, abandoning his protection, landed on the shore with Ohlson and Boy and visited the village, the entire population of which fled into the jungle. The most daring turned out to be a Papuan named Tui (in the pronunciation recorded by D.D.Tumarkin in 1977 - Toya). It is Tui who will become Miklouho-Maclay's main intermediary with the inhabitants of the coastal villages.

Nazimov warned that he would be able to stand no more than a week, so Miklouho-Maclay, with the help of Tui, searched for Cape Garagasi, where a hut for a scientist was built (size 7 × 14 feet), and a cook was set up in a hut belonging to Tui. At the insistence of the Vityaz commander, site 70 × 70 m was mined; information about whether Miklouho-Maclay used mines contradicts each other and is unverifiable. Of the products, Nikolai Nikolaevich had two poods of rice, Chilean beans, dried meat and a can of edible fat. Nazimov forced Miklouho-Maclay to take the team's daily allowance - that is, a daily supply of food for 300 people, but Nikolai Nikolaevich refused to take the supply free of charge. On September 27, the Vityaz left the bay.

The first month in New Guinea passed quite tensely. Miklouho-Maclay came to the conclusion that his visits overly disturbed the islanders and limited himself only to contacts with the natives who visited him at Cape Garagasi. Since he did not know the language and customs, at first he limited himself to meteorological and zoobotanical research. Already on October 11, he was struck down by the first attack of fever, and repeated attacks continued during the entire stay of the scientist in Astrolabe Bay. The servants were constantly sick, especially it was bad for Boy, in whom Miklouho-Maclay diagnosed "swelling of the lymphatic glands in the groin." The operation did not help; on December 13, the boy died. Miklouho-Maclay at the same time recalled his promise to Professor Gegenbaur to obtain a preparation for the larynx of a black man with tongue and all the muscles, which he prepared, despite the danger of the situation.

By January 1872, Miklouho-Maclay's authority among the local population had grown, and on January 11 he first received an invitation to the village of Bongu. There was an exchange of gifts, but the New Guineans still hid their wives and children from the scientist. In February 1872, Nikolai Nikolaevich managed to heal Tui from a serious wound (a tree fell on him, the wound on his head festered), after which the scientist was received in the village, Tui introduced him to his wife and children; the opinion of the European as an evil spirit was greatly shaken. The ethnographer's symbolic inclusion in the local society took place on March 2 at a night ceremony attended by men from three related villages - Gumbu, Gorendu and Bongu. Miklouho-Maclay himself left an artistic description of the ceremony in his diary. After that, the scientist could safely make long excursions along the coast and even to the mountains. The greatest difficulty was created by the language barrier: by the end of his first stay in New Guinea, the scientist spoke about 350 words of the local Bongu language, and there were at least 15 languages ​​in the vicinity.

The explored territories, the shores of the Astrolabe Bay and part of the coast to the east from it to Cape Huon, Miklouho-Maclay called by his own name - “Miklouho-Maclay Coast”, defining its geographical boundaries as follows: from Cape Croasil in the west to Cape King William in the east, from the seashore in the northeast to the highest ridge of the Mana Boro Boro mountains in the southwest.

Conclusion

World geographical science in those years was largely based on the achievements of Russian researchers. By the end of the XIX century. the era of geographical discoveries ended. And only the icy expanses of the Arctic and Antarctic still kept many of their secrets. The heroic epic of the latest geographical discoveries, in which Russian researchers took an active part, falls at the beginning of the 20th century.

Bibliography

1.Danilov A.A. History of Russia, XIX century. Grade 8: textbook. for general education. institutions / A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulin. - 10th ed. - M .: Education, 2009 .-- 287 p., Fol. ill., cards.

2.Zezina M.R. L.V. Koshman Shulgin V.S. History of Russian culture. - M., 1990

XIX century. became the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by the Russian people. Continuing the traditions of its predecessors - discoverers and travelers of the XVII-XVI11 centuries. they enriched the perception of Russians about the world around them, cno-j contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. For the first time, Russia has realized an old dream: Russian ships entered the World Ocean.

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander I, an expedition was undertaken on two ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" to explore the North Pacific Ocean. This was the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which lasted three years. It was headed by Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846). He was one of the greatest navigators and geographers of the century. During the expedition, for the first time, more than a thousand kilometers of the shores of the island were mapped. Sakhalin. The participants of the trip left many interesting observations not only about the Far East, but also about the territories through which they sailed. The commander of the "Neva" Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky (1773-1837) discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of interesting data was collected by the members of the expedition about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. The results of the observations were reported to the Academy of Sciences. They were so significant that I.F. Kruzenshtern was awarded the title of academician. His materials were used as a basis * published in the early 20's. Atlas of the South Seas. In 1845, Admiral Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society and educated a whole galaxy of Russian navigators and explorers.

One of the students and followers of Kruzenshtern was Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1778-1852). He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, and after her return he commanded the frigate Minerva on the Black Sea. In 1819-1821. he was instructed to lead a new round-the-world expedition on the sloops Vostok (which he commanded) and Mirny (Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev was appointed commander). The project of the expedition was drawn up by Kruzenshtern. Its main goal was designated "the acquisition of the fullest knowledge about our globe" and "the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole." On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, unknown at that time to anyone, which Bellingshausen called the "ice continent". After staying in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands in the Tuamotu archipelago, called the Russians. Each of them received the name of a famous military or naval leader of our country (Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Wittgenstein, Ermolov, etc.). After a new stop in Sydney, the expedition again moved to Antarctica, where Fr. Peter I and the coast of Alexander I. In July 1821 she returned to Kronstadt. For 751 days of sailing, the Russian ships covered a distance of about 50 thousand miles. In addition to the geographical discoveries made, valuable ethnographic and biological collections, data from observations of the waters of the World Ocean and ice coverings of a continent new to humanity were also brought. Later, both leaders of the expedition heroically showed themselves in the military service of the Fatherland. And M.P. After the defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Navarino (1827), Lazarev was appointed chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and Russian ports on the Black Sea coast.

The largest researcher of the Russian Far East in the middle of the century was Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1813-1876). Having since the 18th century. vast possessions in the Far East, Russia has not succeeded in developing them. Even the exact limits of the country's eastern possessions were not known. Meanwhile, England began to show attention to Kamchatka and other Russian territories. This forced Nicholas I, at the suggestion of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyov (Amursky) to equip a special expedition to the east in 1848. Captain Nevelskoy was put at its head. In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855), he managed, bypassing Sakhalin from the north, to discover a number of new, previously unknown territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur, where in 1850 he founded the Nikolaevsky Post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelskoy's travels were of great importance: for the first time it was proved that Sakhalin is not at all connected to the mainland, but is an island and the Tatar Strait is precisely a strait, and not a bay, as La Perouse, who first visited these places, believed.

Evfimy Vasilievich Putyatin (1804-1883) in 1822-1825 traveled around the world and left to posterity a description of "many of what he saw. In 1852-1855, during the expedition he led on the frigate Pallada, the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands were discovered. He became the first Russian who managed to visit Japan, closed from Europeans. and even sign a treaty there (1855).

The result of the expeditions of Nevelskoy and Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the recognition by Europe of the existence of the Primorsky region (Nikolaevsk) and the fact of its belonging to Russia.

In the first half of the XIX century. other discoveries were also made. Round-the-world expeditions have become traditional: V.M. Golovnina; on the sloops "Diana" (1807-1811) and "Kamchatka" (1817-1819), F.P. Litke on a military sloop "Senyavin" (1826-1829, according to the materials of which more than 50 maps were drawn up), etc.

Exceptionally useful and necessary information on Alaska, Aleutian and Kuril Islands spent in 1839-1849; I.G. Voznesensky.

In 1809 A.E. Kolodkin began an intensive exploration of the Caspian Sea, which ended 17 years later with the compilation of the first Atlas of the Caspian Sea.

In 1848, a study was conducted Northern Urals(up to the Kara Sea) by the expedition of E.K. Hoffman and M.A. Kowalski.

Expeditions in the north of Siberia, carried out in 1842-1845, were crowned with tremendous results. A.F. Middendorf (who first described the Taimyr Territory).

P.A. Chikhachev discovered the Kuznetsk coal basin.

The successes of Russian travelers were so capacious that it took the creation of special institutions to generalize and use the results obtained. The most important among them was the Russian Geographical Society, opened in 1845.