The name of a two-masted sailing rowing vessel. Brief classification of sailing ships

Designed for placement, maintenance, repair, takeoff and landing of aircraft

Air transport- a special vessel designed for the transportation of aviation equipment, but unlike an aircraft carrier, it is not adapted for takeoff and landing of airplanes or helicopters.

Avtovoz- a specialized dry-cargo vessel for the carriage of cars.

Cable ship (cable-laying machine) - a ship for laying, repairing and maintaining marine and oceanic communication and power transmission lines.

Cabestan ship (capstan) - river self-propelled ship, common in the XIX century on the Volga.

Coaster- a ship performing coastal transportation.

Kamara- the Greek name for a small, narrow, light boat of the peoples of the Eastern Black Sea region in antiquity.

Karakora, korokora- sailing and rowing ship of the Moluccas.

Privateer- a ship engaged in privateering.

Capudana- the flagship (hard labor) of the Turkish Kapdan Pasha.

Cleper- a small northern sea vessel of the schooner type, but of a smaller size (length 12-15 m, width 3.5-5 m, draft 1.2-2 m, carrying capacity 15-20 tons). It had 1-2 masts with 1 yard and gaff sails. Due to the long hull with smooth contours, it had good seakeeping ability. Another meaning is the type of folding kayak.

Goat- a rowing fishing boat, common in the Black and Azov Seas. ...

Komyaga - 1. Cargo-passenger sailing and rowing vessel of the 17th century on the Black Sea coast of Turkey and Crimea, with a capacity of 85-90 people. 2. Small fishing boat of the 17th-18th centuries on the Crimean coast. 3. A barge used as a ferry to the Don.

Kochmara, kochmora- a large single-mast sailing boat of the Pomors, used for fishing or transport purposes.

Luger- a small three-masted military ship of the first half of the 19th century. armed with 10-16 guns. Used for a messenger service.

M

Shop- a floating warehouse.

Multihull ship- a ship, ship or boat consisting of more than one displacement hull. Two- and three-hull vessels have been studied and used. Double-hull ships include a catamaran (see), duplus (see), trisek (see), proa (see). Three-hull ships or ships include a vessel with outriggers (see), trimaran (see), tricor (see). All types of multihull ships are distinguished by an increased area of ​​decks (and internal volume of structures), simple provision of lateral stability, better seaworthiness to one degree or another, increased unsinkability and safety of navigation. Multihull ships are most effective for transporting passengers in salons or cabins, wheeled vehicles, light containers, for placing scientific laboratories and combat posts of surface ships. Double-hull vessels are widely used, and the use of vessels and ships with outriggers has begun. A four-hull vessel with a small waterline area has been built, five-hull ships and vessels have been proposed.

Monitor- Armored coastal defense turret ship with a shallow draft. Displacement monitors: sea - up to 8000 tons, river - up to 1900 tons. Armament: 2-3 large-caliber guns (up to 381 mm). Received a typical name after the name of the first ship of this class "Monitor", built in the United States in 1861-62.

N

Nave- an old sailing ship that, as it developed in the 16th century, became a large ship with straight sails and strong artillery weapons; the prototype of sailing ships.

O

NS

Steamer frigate- a warship of the transition period from sailing to a steam fleet, which had sails and a steam engine as an engine.

Packet boat- a two-masted sailing vessel for transporting mail and carrying out a messenger service. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament from 12 to 16 guns.

Pinass- a three-masted vessel of the 17th-18th centuries.

Pink- a sailing commercial vessel in Northern Europe with a capacity of about 200 tons. In the 18th century, kicks were used as warships in the Baltic Sea.

Pontoon- flat-bottomed barge with high sides; used for intermediate supports of floating bridges. Pontoon bridges are convenient because they can be pulled to the sides at any time in order to free part or the entire width of the river.

Pontoon(from lat. ponto- a bridge on boats) - a floating structure for maintaining various devices on the water at the expense of its own buoyancy.

Pram- a flat-bottomed artillery sailing ship of the 18th century. Armament from 18 to 38 guns was used for operations in shallow water, off the coast and in rivers against fortresses and coastal fortifications

Proa- a two-hull vessel, consisting of a larger central hull and a smaller additional hull, also called "outrigger".

R

Reefer ship- a cargo ship of special construction, equipped with refrigeration units for the carriage of perishable goods.

A warship is now called a ship. Tankers, bulk carriers, bulk carriers, passenger liners, container ships, icebreakers and other representatives of the technical fleet of civil or merchant fleets are not included in this category. But once, at the dawn of shipping, when mankind was still filling the white spaces on the sailing lines with the vague outlines of new islands and even continents, any sailing ship was considered a ship. On board each of them were cannons, and the team consisted of desperate fellows, ready to do anything for the sake of profit and the romance of distant wanderings. At the same time, in these turbulent centuries, there was a division into types of ships. The list, taking into account modern additions, would turn out to be very long, so it is worth focusing on sailboats. Well, maybe you can add some rowing boats too.

Galleys

To get on them is an unenviable share. Such punishment in ancient times awaited inveterate criminals. And in Ancient Egypt, and in Finkia, and in Hellas, they were already. Over time, other types of ships appeared, but galleys were used until the Middle Ages. The main driving force was those very convicts, but they were sometimes helped by sails, straight or triangular, mounted on two or three masts. According to modern concepts, these ships were not large, their displacement was only 30-70 tons, and the length rarely exceeded 30 meters, but in those distant times the dimensions of the ships were not gigantic at all. The rowers sat in rows, according to historians, in no more than three horizontal tiers. The armament of galleys is represented by ballistae and bow battering rams; in later centuries, these weapons were supplemented by artillery. The course, that is, the speed of movement, was controlled by the overseers, setting the rhythm with special tambourines, and, if necessary, with a whip.

Barges

So, the bark (the name of the species comes from the Flemish word "bark") is a ship with the number of masts from three to five. All its sails are straight, except for the oblique rigging of the mizzen (stern mast). Barges are rather large vessels, for example "Kruzenshtern" has a length of about 115 meters, a width of 14 meters, a crew of 70 people. Since it was built in 1926, when steam engines were already widespread, its design also includes an auxiliary power plant with a capacity of almost one and a half thousand kilowatts, loaded in two constant steps. The speed of the ship does not seem low even today; under sail, the speed of this barque reaches 17 knots. The purpose of the type, in general, is common for the merchant fleet of the 19th century - the delivery of mixed cargo, mail and passengers by sea.

Brigantine sets sail

In fact, the same barges, but with two masts, are called brigantines. They all differ in their purpose and navigability. Brigantines are distinguished by their speed and lightness. The sailing equipment is mixed, on the foremast the sails are straight, and on the mainsail they are oblique. Favorite ship of pirates of all seas. Historical sources mention brigantines with the so-called "Bermuda grotto", that is, a triangular sail stretched between the lyctros and the luff, but none of the surviving representatives of the species can boast of it. However, these nuances are of interest only to specialists.

Frigates

As the fleet developed, some types of warships appeared, others disappeared, and still others acquired a different meaning. An example is a frigate. This concept outlived later types such as battleships, dreadnoughts, and even battleships. True, a modern frigate roughly corresponds to the Soviet concept of a large anti-submarine ship, but it sounds shorter and somehow more beautiful. In the original sense, it means a three-masted ship with one artillery deck for 20-30 guns. For a long time, the adjective “Dunkirk” was added to the word “frigate” since the 17th century, meaning the predominant use in a separate zone of the naval theater of military operations adjacent to the Pas-de-Calais. This type was distinguished by its speed. Then, as the radius of autonomy increased, they began to be called simply frigates. Displacement - average for that time, approximately The most famous Russian frigate was called "Pallada", on it in 1855 a glorious expedition to the shores of East Asia was undertaken under the command of Admiral E. V. Putyatin.

Caravels

"She passed like a caravel ..." - is sung in a famous pop song. It is harmless to study the types of sailing ships before composing lyrics for future hits. The compliment was somewhat ambiguous. Not every girl wants to be compared to a cargo-carrying, large and rather heavy ship. In addition, the caravel's nose is raised high, in which one can also discern an unwanted hint.

However, in general, this type, of course, has good seaworthiness. He is best known for the fact that Columbus made his expedition to the shores of the New World on exactly three caravels ("Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Niña"). Externally, they can be distinguished by the aforementioned raised tanks (bow superstructures), as well as by the sail equipment. There are three masts, foresail with straight, and the rest with Latin (oblique) sails.

Purpose - long-distance sea and transoceanic cruises.

From the word "caravel" morphologically comes the Russian word "ship". It gave the name to the famous French passenger airliner, which is very beautiful.

Clippers

For fast sailing, all types of ships are created, which are not always remembered, but there are exceptions. Someone will say the word "cruiser", and immediately everyone around will think something - some "Aurora", others "Varyag". As for clippers, there is only one option - "Cutty Sark". This vessel with a long and narrow hull went down in history for several reasons, but its main and most important quality was speed. Delivering tea from China, quickly delivering mail to distant colonies and carrying out especially delicate assignments of the queen was the lot of clippers and their teams. And these ships carried out their work until the very appearance of steamships, and in some cases even later.

Galleons

Looking over the old types of warships, one cannot but recall the Great Armada, which rivaled the British fleet in the 16th century. The main unit of this formidable force was the Spanish galleon. Not a single sailing vessel of that time could compare in perfection with it. At its core, it is an improved caravel, with a reduced tank superstructure (the very "raised nose" has practically disappeared) and an elongated hull. As a result, the ancient Spanish shipbuilders achieved increased stability, reduced resistance to waves and, as a result, increased speed. The maneuverability has also improved. Other types of warships of the 16th century looked shorter and too high next to the galleon (this was a drawback, it is easier to hit such a target). The outlines of the poop (stern superstructure) have acquired a rectangular shape, and the conditions of the crew have become more comfortable. It was on the galleons that the first latrines (latrines) appeared, hence the origin of this word.

The displacement of these "battleships of the XVI century" ranged from 500 to 2 thousand tons. Finally, they were very beautiful, adorned with skillful carvings, and a magnificent sculpture crowned their nose.

Schooners

There are types of large ships that have become "workhorses" designed to carry a wide variety of goods. Schooners occupy a special place among them. These are multi-masted vessels, differing in that at least two of their rigs are oblique. They are topsail, staysail, Bermuda or gaff, depending on which masts are equipped with oblique sails. It should be borne in mind that the line between a two-masted brahmsel or topsail schooner and a brigantine is very arbitrary. This type has been known since the 17th century. He reached the greatest distribution in the American merchant fleet, in particular Wolf Larsen, the character of Jack London, with his team hunts on a schooner. In comparison with it, other types of ships are more difficult to control (according to J. London, this process is accessible even to a lone sailor). Most often, the schooners were two- and three-masted, but there are cases when the equipment was much more numerous. A kind of record was set in 1902, when a ship with seven masts was launched ("Thomas Double Lawson", Quincy shipyard).

Other types of ships

Photos of sailing ships who arrived at the international regatta from all over the world are published in newspapers, magazines and on the pages of websites. Such a parade is always an event, the beauty of these ships is incomparable with anything. Barges, brigantines, corvettes, frigates, clippers, caches, yachts represent all types of ships that, fortunately, have survived to this day. This spectacle distracts from everyday life and takes the viewer to the past centuries, full of adventures and romance of distant wanderings. A real sailor must master the art of sailing navigation, this is the opinion in many countries, including ours. Climbing up the shrouds, deploying the sails and breathing in the free wind of the sea, you can take your places at the modern control panels of bulk carriers, bulk carrier tankers and cruise liners. You can safely trust such a sailor with the fate of the cargo and the lives of passengers, he will not let you down.

Currently, the phrase "sailing vessel" is used to refer to any vessel that has at least one sail, however, from a technical point of view, a sailing vessel is a ship that uses wind energy converted by sails to move it.

The types of sailing ships were varied at all times. In addition to the original design, the sailboat could undergo changes at the request of the owner, depending on the sailing conditions or local traditions. As a rule, such reconstructions were created with the aim of improving seaworthiness, with the involvement of a smaller number of crew. Until the mid-19th century, sailing ships were the main means of shipping and warfare at sea. Currently, they are used only as training, sports and pleasure craft. In connection with the rise in fuel prices and the tightening of requirements for environmental protection, the development and construction of experimental sailing vessels equipped with modern sailing equipment began in a number of countries. Sailing ships can take anywhere from one day to several months, but long sailing requires careful planning with calls to ports to replenish supplies.

There are different types of sailing ships, but they all share basic characteristics. Every sailing vessel must have a hull, spars, rigging, and at least one sail.

Mast - a system of masts, yards, gaffs and other structures designed to accommodate sails, signal lights, observation posts, etc. The mast can be fixed (masts, topmills, bowsprit) and movable (yards, gaffs, booms).

Rigging - of all rigging of a sailing vessel, is a stretched cable. The rigging is divided into standing and running. The standing rigging serves to hold the mast in place and plays the role of guy wires. Standing ropes on modern sailing ships are usually made of galvanized steel. Running rigging is designed to control the sails - lifting them, cleaning, etc.

The sail - the propulsion of a sailing vessel - is a piece of fabric, on modern sailing ships - synthetic, which is attached to the spar with the help of rigging, which allows transforming the wind energy into the movement of the vessel. Sails are divided into straight and oblique. Straight sails are in the shape of an isosceles trapezoid, oblique sails are in the shape of a triangle or unequal trapezoid. The use of oblique sails allows the sailboat to move steeply towards the wind.

CLASSIFICATION OF SAILING SHIPS AND VESSELS

The most common classification of sailing ships is by type and number of masts. This is where the name of the type of sailing ship comes from. So, all sailing ships can carry different types of sails in different numbers on their masts, but they all fall into the following categories:

single-masted sailing ships

yal- light rakeless sailing boat (dinghy). The mast on the yala is one, often removable, and is called the foremast.

cat- a sailing vessel characterized by the presence of one mast carried far ahead, that is, near the bow of the boat.

sloop- single-masted sea sailing vessel.

tender- a single-masted sea sailing vessel with three types of sails on the mast - staysail, trisel and topsail.

cutter- a sailing vessel having one mast with an oblique, as a rule, gaff rigging with two staysails.

twin-masted sailing ships

yol- a two-masted vessel, in which the mizzen-mast is located in the stern near the rudder head, and has oblique sailing equipment.

ketch- a two-masted sailing vessel, which differs from the yola by a slightly larger mizzen-mast. In addition, the sail area of ​​the aft mast accounts for about 20 percent of the total sail area of ​​the sailboat. This feature provides an advantage in handling in strong winds.

schooner (bermuda schooner)- a sea sailing vessel with two masts with oblique sails.

brigantine- a two-masted sailing vessel with combined sailing equipment, having a direct sailing rig on the foremast and oblique sails on the mainmast.

brig- a two-masted sailing vessel with a direct sailing rig.

three-masted sailing ships (multi-masted sailing ships)

caravel- has three masts with straight and oblique sails.

schooner- a type of sea sailing vessel that has at least two masts with oblique sails. According to the type of sailing equipment, the schooners are divided into: haffle, bermuda, staysail, topsail and brahmsel... The brahmselling schooner differs from the topsail by the presence of a topmast and one more additional straight sail - a brahmseil. At the same time, in a number of cases, the Marseilles and Bramssel two-masted schooners, especially with a brief, can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of oblique sails - gaff or Bermuda, the schooner can also be a topsail (brahmsel). The schooners have a shallow draft, which makes it possible to enter even in shallow waters.

barque- a large sailing vessel with three or more masts, having a direct sailing rig on all masts, except for the stern mast, which is equipped with oblique sails.

barkentina (schooner bark)- as a rule, this is a sailing vessel with three or more masts with mixed sailing equipment, and has a direct sail rig only on the foremast, on the other masts there are oblique sails.

frigate- a sailing vessel with three or more masts with straight sails on all masts.

In addition to the above types of sailing ships in the history of navigation, there were a large number of other names, many of which have disappeared over time, but thanks to enthusiasts, some ships have survived to this day in the form of fully functional copies or replicas: corvette, flutes, galleon, lugger, clipper, shebek, karakka, windjammer.

CLASSIFICATION OF SPORT SAILING VESSELS

Sailing originated in countries that have always been famous for seafaring - England and the Netherlands. Its origins are closely related to professional sailing on small sailing vessels, where the advantage in speed allowed them to compete successfully, for example, in fishing or pilotage. The sporting interest that arose as a result of the improvement in the sailing performance of such sailing vessels, as well as the holding of races between them, led to the emergence of special vessels intended exclusively for amateur sailing, which began to be called yachts. This name comes from the Dutch word "jagie" - this is how small high-speed single-masted ships were called in the Netherlands in the 17th century. The widespread occurrence of fun water sports has also led classifiers to classify sport sailing yachts into types.

Classification of sailing sports vessels (yachts)- this is the division of sailing, sports, ships into classes depending on the sizes and their proportions, which affect the sailing performance and seaworthiness of these sailing ships. There are four main classes of sailing, sports vessels (yachts): free classes; formula classes; monotypes and handicap classes.

Classes of sailing and sports vessels (yachts) are constantly being improved and changed and can be national and international. International classes of sailing and sports vessels involved in Olympic regattas are called "Olympic". As of 2012, there are six classes of monohull racing yachts: Finn class boats, class 470 boats, 49er class boats, boats of 49erFX class, boats of the Laser-Standard class, Laser-Radial class boats.

Separately from the group stands out class of multihull sports vessels named Nacra 17... And also competitions on surfboards (windsurfing) have their own class - RS: X.

In addition to the above, there is the concept of motor-sailing ships - these are ships with sailing equipment and an auxiliary diesel power plant used for the movement of the ship when there is no wind, entering (leaving) ports, passing narrows (straits, canals) and the like. Most motor-sailing vessels are small fishing, training and recreational craft.

A mast is a structure that stands vertically on the ship and is supported by shrouds. It is a component of the sailing equipment of yachts and ships (sailboats). There are ships with straight and oblique sails. There are the following vessels with oblique sails 3 letters:

• Iol is a relatively small two-masted vessel with oblique sails.
• Brigantine is a two-masted vessel with an oblique sail.
• Kech is a sailing ship with two masts with oblique sails.

Types of two-masted sailing vessel with oblique sails

1. Iol is an oblique type of sailing rig. Thus, a two-masted vessel is equipped with a mainmast located at the front of the vessel and a mizzen-mast located at the rear of the vessel. The mizzen area of ​​the total sailing equipment of the ship is equal to 8-10%. Until a certain time, this type of ship was used in the North Sea, while it was not necessarily equipped with yol.
2. Kech is a kind of two-masted sailing ship. This type of vessel also has a mainmast and a mizzen mast. The answer to the question of how to distinguish iol from ketch is easy enough. At the ketch, the rudder stock head is located behind the mizzen mast. If the vessel is equipped with ketch, the area of ​​the rear mast must be at least 15% of the area of ​​the ship. The same name is given to a sailing ship, which from the 19th century began to arm itself with ketch. According to certain criteria, a characteristic is added to the name, for example, the Baltic ketch.
3. Brigantine is a two-masted ship, which is armed with mixed sailing equipment, that is, straight sails are located on the former part of the ship, and oblique sails on the back. Interestingly, from the very beginning, the brigantines were set in motion with the help of oars. In the 16-19 centuries, two-masted sailing ships were used by pirates and robbers, hence the name - brigantine, translated from Italian, means "pirate". The brigantine was armed with no less than twenty cannons.

Today the brigantines are equipped with a foremast mainmast with oblique sails.

What are the masts of a sailing two-masted vessel

In the old days, masts were made of solid wood, which was installed as a pole and attached to the deck nest. The mast was supported by stretchers - stays and cables.

Naturally, as the number of sails increases, the mast should be more difficult. So, at the time of the invention of the heat engine, its shape began to resemble a tripod, an openwork or hollow metal tower. It is important to know that the top of the mast is called the top and the bottom is called the spur. The part connecting the mast to the base of the ship was called the lower mast. Since ancient masts were made from a whole tree trunk, they were called single-tree masts.

Fir, pine, and other resinous woods were often used to build the mast. Preference was given to these particular breeds due to their lightness.

Of course, today on sailing ships (including sailing yachts) wood is no longer used to build a mast. The same lightweight but artificial materials are used. For example, plastics, hollow-structured metals, etc.

When starting to engage in shipping, you should pay attention to a number of factors. Initially, you need to refer to the nautical dictionary, because even if you go with the captain, you will want to understand the commands that he gives. So, in the early stages, this will be enough. If you are renting a yacht for a party or a romantic trip, remember that in the event of a disaster, navigational knowledge will also come in handy.