Croatia

Republic of Croatia (Horve. Republika Hrvatska.) - the state in the south of Central Europe and the West of the Balkan Peninsula, the former Union republic as part of Yugoslavia, which has become independent in 1991.

Coat of arms of Croatia

The coat of arms of Croatia is a shield on which 25 red and white squares are located in a checkerboard. From above, the shield decorates a stylized crown, consisting of five links in the form of historical coat of arms of Croatia, the Republic of Dubrovnik, Istria, Dalmatia and Slavonia. The coat of arms is known since the time of the independent Croatian kingdom (XI century).

According to an old legend, the squares of the chess field in the coat of arms of Croatia appeared not by chance. Once the Slavic ruler of the Surinion Surinion (X century) played with the Venetian Dobi Pietro II Party in Chess. The winning received the right to own Dalmatia cities. According to the results of the party, this right went to Svyatoslav, which gave the reason to portray chess on his coat of arms.

Flag of Croatia

The state flag of Croatia is a rectangular cloth of three isometric horizontal strips: top - red, medium - white and lower - blue; With the emblem of the Republic of Croatia in the middle. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 1: 2.

People's Clothing of Croats has long been riveted - the cloth jackets were decorated with braid, Galun were different colors - red, white and blue, and when in 1848 there was a inauguration of the Croatian Ban - Josip Elachic in his outfit, these three colors were combined.

Given the huge contribution of Josip Elachic to the preservation of the people's orphanage and independence, from the moment, the countdown of a three-color state symbol begins, which symbolizes the association and integrity of the Croatian people.

Political device

Croatia is the parliamentary republic led by the president, who is elected by a national vote once every 5 years.

The President is the Supreme Commander, forms the Government and represents the country at the international level.

The highest legislative body of Croatia - Parliament (Sabor).

Head of Government - Prime Minister.

The saba includes the Chamber of Representatives and the House of Commons.

Geographical position

The Republic of Croatia is located in Central Europe, borders in the north - with Slovenia, in the east - with Hungary and Serbia, in the south-east - with Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the south - with Montenegro, from the West, the country is washed by the Adriatic Sea.

By natural climatic conditions, the country is divided into four areas: Istroy, Kvarner, Gorsky Kotar and Flaka in the North-West; Dalmatia in the central and southern part of the Adriatic coast, the North-Western region in the central continental part, as well as Slavonia, Baran and Strem in the East.

Most of the territory of Croatia is located at an altitude of more than 500 m above sea level, but there are no mountains above 2100 m. The Adriatic coast is separated from the inland areas by mountain ranges the highest peaks: cingsar (2085 m), high-top (1890 m), dinar (1830 m), St. Yura (1762 m), Vaganski (1648 m) ), Rusnyak (1528 m), Coula (1534 m), Studies (1396 m). The eastern and northwestern part of the country is predominantly low.

The Croatian Adriatic coast is one of the most rich in the world. It has 1185 islands and islands with a total length of coastline 4058 km. The length of the coast of the mainland on the conditioned straight line is -600 km, and given its stencil - 1778 km. The largest island is Crook (409.9 km2); In the north - the big islands of the Cres, Losin, Pag and Slave, Arc Sotok - in the center, and in the south - Brac, Hvar, Korcula, Mute. The biggest peninsula - Istria and Plesezch.

Danube (188 km) and his Functions of Sava (562 km) and Drava (505 km) flow in the depths of the country and fall into the Black Sea. Little rivers carrying their waters to the Adriatic Sea in narrow gorges have strong height differences all over its entirety, forming a large number of waterfalls. The longest of them are Mirna and Race proceed to Istria, and Enteria, Krka, Nerretva and Cetina - in Dalmatia.

The largest lake of Croatia - Vrangesco (30.7 km2) is near Biograd. Plitvice lakes are most attractive (chain of 16 lakes with the River Koran), the Red and Lake of Lake near Imotski (Karst origin), the freshwater Van Lake on the island of the Cres and Lake Visovacco and Cursansko (along the Krka River near Sibenika). Artificial lakes - Locks and Bayer are well known in the Gorsky Kotar, Trakshchan in Croatian Zagorne and Peruza on the Cetina River in Dalmatia. Lake Kopachevo and wetlands around it - the habitat of birds in the largest ornithological reserve of Europe - Kopachka Rit.

Adriatic Sea

The Balkan and Apennine Peninsula is washes, its average depth is -252 m, the north-western part is small (maximum 23 m in the bay of Trieste), while in the south its depth reaches 1200 m. The water of the Adriatic at the Croatian coast is clear and transparent, t. to. Mountain rivers do not carry or sand in it. In August, water warms up to 25 - 27 °

C. In addition, in its characteristic, it meets all the strictest standards of the World Health Organization (WHO). The content of salts is 34mg / l. This means that it is twice with salt, than black.

In Croatia, the largest indicator of clear weather in Europe, it is 270 - 300 sunny days a year. Pine forests are adjacent here with tropical plants, and the transparency of water reaches 50 meters.

On the Adriatic Sea coast, the Mediterranean climate with hot and very dry summer, and warm and damp in winter. The climatic features of this region are determined primarily by the influence of the sea, which softens all seasonal fluctuations in temperatures. The average temperature of January from + 5 ° C to + 10 ° C, August - from + 23 ° C to + 32 ° C. Water temperature in summer - + 25 ° C, + 27 ° С. In mountainous areas, cool summer and cold winter with a large number of snow.

On the territory of Croatia, one of the smallest European countries, employs about 4,300 species of plants. The world is rich in sea flora and fauna, among which there are endemic species, i.e. We are found only in this area.

Capital

croatia Zagreb Economics Tradition

One of the youngest capitals of Europe - Zagreb, located on the influx of Danube Save, has a thousand-year history. In Zagreb, limited from the North, the Mountain Array of Medvednitsa, and his suburbs live almost 1/5 of the population of all Croatia.

Once at the site of the zagreb was the Roman settlement of Andautonia. Then the Croats came to this land. According to the legend, the Croatian warriors went long, exhausted by thirst, until their leader stopped and did not stick the sword to the ground, from where the water rose to the fountain. He shouted to delighted the warriors: "Cut the water!". Because of this phrase, the name Zagreb appeared. For another version, the name "Zagreb" occurred from the Croatian "Breg" - behind the hill.

At first, Zagreb consisted of two independent settlements, which were called Captol and Grades. Now Captol, and Grades are central historical areas of the city and are a unique ensemble of gothic architecture.

On the square of St. Mark, the Church of the XIV century with the roof, decorated with the Croatian coat of arms. Once the greldes was surrounded by a wall and a gate, only the stone gates were preserved until our time. From the observation point of the gladian opens a magnificent panorama of zagreb.

In the Captola there is a symbol of the city - a huge Cathedral of the Zagreb in Neo-ethaic style dedicated to the Ascension of the Virgin Mary. The cathedral is considered the highest building in Zagreb.

From Zagreb it is easy to reach anywhere in Croatia. The A1 high-speed motorway connects the capital with the resort cities on the coast of Split and Dubrovnik, and the Highway A6 - with the nearest seaport - Riekaya. Railway station and main bus station are located in the very center of Zagreb.

Museum lovers will appreciate the capital of Croatia, because Museums in Zagreb great many for every taste.

Transportation system of Croatia

Public transport

The busiest view of public transport in Croatia is the bus. In addition to buses in large cities (eg in Zagreb, Split, Riek, Osine, Pulet, etc.) there is also a network of tram lines (Zagreb and Osiseki tram). Tickets for travel are sold, as a rule, in the cabin of the bus or tram or in newsstands.

Buses

International bus service in Croatia is sufficiently developed. Bus routes run to Croatia from many European countries.

Almost all parts of the country are covered by a network of bus passenger traffic. Almost every town has a bus station (Autobusni Kolodvor), where you can buy tickets and familiarize yourself with the schedule.

Water transport

Between the cities of Croatia, located on the Adriatic coast, ride various ferries, boats, ships on underwater wings. Water transport can be reached to most inhabited islands. There are also international flights. From May 28 to September 30, there is a summer schedule with more frequent departures.

Airports

In Croatia, there are 6 international airports and three civil airports for local and charter flights.

International Airports:

§ Airport Zagreb (17 km from the center of Zagreb),

§ Airport Split (24 km from the center of Split),

§ Dubrovnik Airport (18 km from the city),

§ Pool Airport (6 km from the Pula Center),

§ Task airport,

§ Riekie Airport.

Airports for local and charter flights:

§ Airport Bola

§ Losijina Airport

§ Osijek Airport

To the category "Transport in Croatia" can be attributed to a taxi. A tariff for landing in a taxi is $ 2.4, plus 0.96 dollars for each kilometer. Trips, which are carried out on holidays and weekends, usually cost 20% more expensive.

In general, in Croatia with transportation, there are no problems. There is almost an alternative to the use of another type of transport, especially if it concerns the well-known resort centers. If you are an agile fan of outdoor activities, you can rent a bike.

Economy

Leading industries are: shipbuilding, mechanical engineering, chemical, food, textile, woodworking, electrical and electronic, pharmaceutical industry. An important branch of the economy is tourism.

Advantages: Stable economic growth. Under the auspices of the IMF, a program of reducing government spending is launched. Growth of tourism.

Weaknesses: stretching from 2001 privatization and resistance of trade unions. Damage from the war about 50 billion dollars. High unemployment (17.7% for January 2010).

Population

The population of Croatia has approximately 4,800 thousand inhabitants.

Of these, 78% are Croats, 12% - Serbs, 0.9% - Bosnians, 0.5% - Hungarians, 0.5% - Slovenians, and the Italians, Albanians, Czechs, Slovaks, Roma, Jews also live.

Religion: 87.8% - Catholics, 4.42% - Orthodox, 1.2% - Muslims, 0.19% - Protestants.

State language - Croatian.

Languages \u200b\u200bare also common: German, Italian, among young people, the older generation remembers Russian.

Latin alphabet.

Traditions

Croatia is a country that has rich national traditions. The seven values \u200b\u200bof this country are implied by customs, traditions and folk crafts are included in the UNESCO cultural heritage list. The following traditions were included:

Carnival "Calls", which takes place every year in the city of Kastav;

Church procession called "behind the cross". Passes before Easter on the island of Hvar. On this day, the inhabitants of the six villages of the island pass the procession, with a length of 25 kilometers. They are headed by a bare man carrying a cross. The procession passes without rest.

Lace with Hvar and Pag Island, from Leprograva. UNESCO believes that these are three traditions of lace weaving;

Wooden children's toys that have become folk crafts in Zagor;

Spring procession passing in hot;

In this country there is a traditional evening "Corzo". Under this word, it means evening walk along the promenade or in the city center, when everyone considers everything with interest. Only one goal is persecuted - people show themselves and look at others. Close attention here is not considered indecent. This tradition is pleasant to what anyone can join her.

Also, the tradition, which lies in love for strong coffee and sweets is also disseminated. Usually, Croats gather in a small cafe with friends, eat sweets and coffee, leading a leisurely confidence conversation.

In Croatia on Sundays, it is customary to visit the temple.

After the marriage ceremony in Croatia, it was accepted by married to the bride to take off the bride, and in return to put on the apron and a shock. This can be said symbol of its married position. After all those gathered three times, the well bypass and apples thrown into it.

National culture in this country is peculiar and deep. It has a letterprint of long periods of the Board of Inrogen and the most unique geographical location. Although Croatia was long-term dependent on foreign powers, it still managed to preserve its individuality and originality. In addition, she still bloomed and rose to a new height.

Kitchen Croatia

Croatian cuisine dates back to the central European and Mediterranean traditions of cooking. In the center of the country, the Slavic and Central European culinary influences are prevailed, where the main thing is simplicity, in coastal areas, it is very large, Italian influence with various research, and the country has also had a great influence of Austrian and Hungarian culinary influence in the kitchen.

The central regions of Croatia are famous for simple, but nutritional dishes: a samborsky steak, stew with sweet fragrant wine potatoes, sausages.

The coastal areas of Croatia are known for seafood dishes, fish, mollusks. Almost all over the coast you will be offered fresh marine fish on the grill, fried and baked mollusks, shrimps, lobsters, boiled seashells, stewed and fried mussels and fresh oysters.

The mountainous areas of Croatia are famous for dishes from lamb and abundant vegetable side dishes from beans, potatoes. Be sure to try a baked lamb. You will be amazed by a lot of types of sheep cheeses and of course the national delicacy of Croatia - we will leave. These are pork ham, squeezed and dried, it is served with sheep cheese or olives.

sights

In the last decade, Croatia has become one of the most popular tourist centers of Europe. This country has an unprecedented number of historical attractions covering a significant period in the history of European civilization - from the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Yugoslavia. Also on the territory of Croatia, one of the most beautiful and unique national parks of Europe, such as Plitvice Lakes and the Krk National Park. Every year, Croatia is visited by several hundred thousand tourists, who, in addition to enjoying historical and natural attractions, spend time on the Adriatic Sea coast, where one of the most beautiful beaches of our subcontinent are located.

The famous Croatian National Park of Kornat is located in one of the most picturesque regions of Croatia - Dalmatia, on the small archipelago of the same islands.

This national park is known not only to its natural diversity, but also an extensive network of water labyrinths - straits.

The cave led Spil is located near the city of Lee Luke on the island of Croatian Island Korcula. The name of the cave is translated from the Croatian language as a "big cave". Numerous artifacts were found in the cave, which are dated Mesolitis and Neolithic (7380-7080 BC). Other finds are dated a period of 13,500 - 12,600. BC, as well as dating some finds with the help of the method of radiocarbon analysis, and some of the finds have age for more than 20,000 years.

Plitvice Lakes in the National Park of Croatia National Park are located in the Mountain Area of \u200b\u200bLika.

This national park lies on Plitvice Plateau, which is surrounded by the mountains of the Dinar Alps from three sides. The most famous mountains of this chain in this region are Prysevitz (1640 m.), Mala drops (1280 m.) And Medbedk (884 m.). The national park covers the territory with karst cliffs, dolomites and limestones, which contain lakes and caves. Water in the lakes is known for its unique color scheme - it changes from azure to green, from gray to heavenly blue. The color of water in lakes depends on minerals and bacteria in water and how intense sunlight penetrates the surface of the lake.

Blue cave or blue grotto is a sea cave filled with water in a small bay called Balun, on the east side of the Island of Bisevo near the Croatian Adriatic coast. The cave is located in the central part of the Dalmician archipelago.

This grotto is one of the most popular tourist attractions in this region of Croatia.

The lower city of Zagreb is often referred to as the cultural and business center of the Croatian capital. Most of the hotel complexes Zagreb are located in the lower city.

Unlike the upper city, the streets of this part of the city are wider, with a large number of parks, squares and alleys. The main shopping streets are also located here, in particular, the most famous street for shopping zagreb is the street of Ilitsa. In the same area, the Square of Marshal Tita, at which the National Theater of Croatia is located.

Cathedral of St. Lotch XIII - XVI century is the most famous architectural construction of Trogir. He was erected in Romanesque style.

The cathedral is among the monuments of world culture. Based on research, the Cathedral was built on the foundation of ancient basilica, which was destroyed during the invasion of Saracinov in 1123.

Visa and customs control

Visa questions: Between RF and PC there is a visa regime.

However, during a tourist trip, it suffices to show a tourist voucher, with an individual (private) - the original invitation from relatives or friends, certified by a notary.

For a business trip to Croatia, you must have an invitation (fairly fast copy) from a Croatian partner, certified by the seal and signature of a responsible person.

In all cases, on the border it is necessary to present a valid passport.

Children must have their passport or be included in the passport of one of the parents.

The term of stay of Russian citizens in the country without a visa is limited to 3 months. Rosgenezhdan, the tenure of which in Croatia can exceed 90 days, before entering the country should be issued in the Embassy of the PC in Moscow an entry visa.

Customs control:

Customs rules of the Republic of Croatia are agreed with EU standards.

Alcohol and cigarettes. In the country you can import: 200 cigarettes, 50 cigars, 250 g of tobacco, 1 l of strong alcoholic beverages, 2 liters of wine (goods, the number of which exceeds the specified quota, is withdrawn).

Jewelry and jewelry. The importation of jewelery and jewelry is allowed within the limits of personal needs.

If they are intended for gifts, it is necessary to present a commercial check with the price and pay a fee in the amount of 30% of the cost of the goods.

Artistic and cultural and historical values. No special permission is forbidden to import objects representing artistic or collective value.

Weapons and ammunition. Importing firearms and ammunition must be declared.

Currency. Foreign currency and checks at entry and travel from the country can be in any quantity.

Other. A 1 kg of coffee or tea, 50 ml of perfumes or toilet water intended for personal use can be imported into the country. Products whose number exceeds the specified quota is made.

Items forbidden to import / export:

Prohibited to import:

Explosives;

Antique objects;

Drugs;

Objects damage to the ozone layer.

Institutions of Russia

Embassy address:

Republic of Croatia, 10,000 Zagreb, ul. Bosanska, 44.

Fax: (385 1) 3755-040

Mode of operation: Monday-Thursday 8.00 - 17.30 (Lunch break from 13.00 to 14.00); Friday 8.00 - 14.00.

Embassy does not work on weekends and holidays of the Russian Federation

Press attache embassy

Pavlov Boris Nikolaevich

Telephone: (385 1) 3755-038, 3755-039

Fax: (385 1) 3755-040

E-mail: [Email Protected]

Consular Department of Embassy

Head of Department - Ivankov Andrei Borisovich

Telephone: (385 1) 3755-904

Fax: (385 1) 370-59-82

E-mail: [Email Protected]

Mode of operation: Visitors are accepted on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays from 9.00 to 12.00 (Central European time).

Advisor to Embassy on Economic Issues

Mirzoyan Georgy Surenovich

Telephone: (385 1) 3755-038, 3755-039

Fax: (385 1) 3755-040

E-mail: [Email Protected]

Office of OJSC "Aeroflot - Russian Airlines"

ul. Zrinerev, 6.

Telephone: (385 1) 4872-055, 4872-076

Fax: (385 1) 4872-051

Office at the airport "Pleso"

Telephone: (385 1) 4562-288, 4562-258

Representative of the Russian Center for International Scientific and Cultural Cooperation

Grapes 82.

Tel.: (385 1) 3702-683

Placement facilities

Croatia offers its guests a lot of diverse and multi-level hotels. From family mini hotels and hotels with apartments instead of numbers, so-called apart Hotels, to upscale five Star Hotels.

Hotels are scattered throughout the Adriatic coast of Croatia, some hotels are located right on the seafront, other closer to the mountains, many hotels also in the continental part of Croatia: Zagreb, Zagor'a. Cheap apartments and rooms without commission Thanks to direct contact with apartment owners. You yourself decide the issues of payment and placement with the owner of the real estate. You can rent apartments in Croatia without paying agency remuneration

Useful phones:

Police - 92.

Fire service - 93.

Ambulance - 94.

Help on the roads - 987.

International Phone Code Croatia - 385.

City reference service - 988.

General reference service in the country - 989.

International Reference Service - 902.

List of used literature

1. http://www.croatia.mid.ru - site of the Embassy of the Russian Federation in Croatia

2. http://www.kdmid.ru - Consular Information Portal

3. http://ru.wikipedia.org - Free Information Encyclopedia

4. http://euguide.ru/ - Magazine on vacation in Europe

5. http://www.adriariva.com.

6. http://www.croatia.awd-bt.com - Internet Travel Guide for Croatia

7. http://etnolog.ru - Encyclopedia of the peoples of the world

8. http://www.tribuna.ru - publishing house

9. http://journeying.ru - online magazine about tourism and travel

10. http://cratia.ru - Official site of Croatia in Russia

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Croatia is a European state. It is located on the Balkan Peninsula, at the Adriatic Sea. Croatia Square is 5,6542 square kilometers. The size of Croatia is located in 126th place.

At the disposal of the Croatian water area of \u200b\u200b1185 islands, both inhabited and uninhabited. The number of islands with the population equals 67. Approximately 60% of the total area of \u200b\u200bCroatia refers to the Black Sea basin. The largest rivers of Croatia are Sava (is the longest river Croatia - 562 kilometers), Danube, Mura, Coupe and Drava. The rest of the country is the pool of the Adriatic Sea. The main river of this basin is Nerretva.

National currency in Croatia is Croatian Kun. As a currency unit, Croatian Kuna was introduced in 1994 and since then, it is relatively resistant to the course of the American dollar. The amount of wages in Croatia is 3276 Croatian kun - in terms of euro it is 441 euros.

The capital of Croatia is the city of Zagreb. It is also the largest among Croatian cities. The number of residents in Zagreb - 790.017. In terms of population, Croatia occupies 126th place, the same as in terms of territory. Its territory is approximately equal to 641.29 square kilometers. The foundation of the city happened more than nine hundred years ago. The city is located on the Sava River. The city is the only population in Croatia over one million people.

This state is independent and borders on the following countries:

• In the east, the neighbors of Croatia were two countries - Serbia and Montenegro.
• The northern border borders with Hungary.
• In the northwest, Slovenia is located.
• Bosnia and Herzegovina in the south-east.
• It has a naval border with Italy.

A significant territory of the state is at the height (about 500 meters above sea level). The territory of Croatia can be divided into the one that is in the middle of the continent and the one that is located directly at the Adriatic Sea.

The center and the Western Territory of Croatia is a dinar Highlands. In these areas, you can often meet various caves and funnels. On the territory of the country there are 49 caves of the length of which reaches 250 meters, about fourteen reach the lengths of over five hundred meters and only 3 caves extend to the length of a more kilometer. The highest point of Croatia - Mount Dinara. It has a height of 1831 meters.

Croatia climate is different in certain regions:

• In the center of the country he is moderately continental. In these edges, a cold and wet winter period is characterized, and the summer is absolutely different - dry and roast. In winter, the average temperature ranges from -1 to +3 degrees Celsius, in summer from 20 to 23 degrees Celsius.
• Winter will be cold and abundant on snow sediments in the mountainous area, and the summer will not be hot. The temperature in the mountains of Croatia in the winter is approximately equal to -5 to 0 degrees Celsius, and in the summer months from 13 to 18 degrees Celsius.
• The Mediterranean climate prevails on the territory of the sea. It is characterized by a warm winter and dry hot summer. In winter, the thermometer will show from +5 to +10 degrees Celsius, in the summer 23-26 degrees Celsius.

Population of Croatia

Croatia is a multinational country. 4.154.213 people live in Croatia. In the state there are peoples like: Croats, Serbs, Hungaries, Italians and others. The main mass of the population is the nation of this country - that is, the Croatians themselves - 90 percent of the entire population, the Serbs are located in second place - there are about 4 percent of them in the country, in the third place of Bosnians.

In the religious plan in the country, Catholics prevail - about 86 percent of the population. Orthodox people - 4.5 percent, Muslims are about 1.5%. Unbelievers in the country about 4.5 percent.

The main and main languages \u200b\u200bin the country is Croatian. He is considered their native language.

Minerals

The country has deposits of such natural resources as: stone coal, gas, oil, iron ore, manganese and many others.

Flora and fauna

Croatian Flora has about 4,300 species of all kinds of plants. Vegetation in each region of the state is different from each other.

In the mountainous terrain lives the representatives of the animal world such as: brown bears, wolves, foxes, cunits, roasted. Also not uncommon are snakes and lizards. The Adriatic Sea has a turtle. Among the birds can be distinguished by KORSHUN, eagles, falcons, grooves and storks.

In the Adriatic Sea, over hundreds of different types of fish live. Also, oysters, lobsters and other water inhabitants live here.

Industry

Agriculture is one of the main industries in the current Croatia. These include the production of such goods such as food products, fabrics. Independent is the shipbuilding industry. The country is one of the leading states in shipbuilding.

Tourism in Croatski

Tourism is a very developed niche in Croatia, it is also very important for the economic development of the country. The main objects of tourism in Croatia are the Adriatic Sea and a large number of islands near the coast. On the coast, diving, yachting, sailing and windsurfing are developed. The tourism season begins from mid-May to early October. Among the tourists are extremely popular by the National Park of Plivitsky Lakes and the city of Zagreb and Varazdin.

Agriculture Tips National Features Electricity Healthcare

Geographical position

Croatia is located on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. The country area is about 56 thousand km 2, water area - about 33 km 2.

Croatia has a border with several countries:

In the south with Bosnia and Herzegovina - 932 km, as well as with Montenegro - 25 km;

In the east with Serbia - 241 km;

In the north with Slovenia - 670 km;

In the North-West with Hungary - 329 km.

The country is divided into 2 parts: the adriatic (elongated narrow strip along the Adriatic Sea coast); and continental, which is located in the Sava River basin.

In the central region of the country, the climate is moderately continental. Summer roast and dry, winter is cold and wet.

In the mountainous area, cool summer and cold winter with a lot of snow.

On the Adriatic Sea coast, the Mediterranean climate. Summer roast and dried very dry. Winter warm and wet.

The average temperature of January in various climatic zones:

In the central region from -1 to 3 ° C;

In the mountain region from -5 to 0 ° C;

On the coast 5-10 ° C.

The average temperature of August:

In the central region, 20 - 23 ° C;

In the mountains 13 - 18 ° C;

On the coast 23 - 26 ° C.

Visas, entry rules, customs regulations

Since 2012, a Schengen visa is required to enter the territory of Croatia.Because Croatia enters the EU.

But during the entire tourist season of 2011 - citizens of Russia will be able to enter Croatia without visas, and simply upon presentation of a passport. A similar possibility is provided to citizens of Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Citizens of the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, who entered in Croatia without a visa, have the right to remain in the territory of this country are uncommon to 90 days.

At the usual time, tourists from Russia entering Croatia should be submitted on the border the tourist voucher, the original invitation or visa.
On the border it is necessary to present a passport, the term of which expires after the end of the trip, an invitation certified by the notary or at the Croatian Embassy, \u200b\u200bor confirmation of the hotel's hotel with printing and signature of a responsible manager. A passport is stamp with the entry date.

If the goal of the trip is a transit or a tourist trip, during which a visit to other countries is scheduled, a visa must be issued in advance by contacting the Croatian Embassy.

Passengers of cruise ships, which travel through the islands of the Adriatic along the coast of Croatia, requires a visa to the seashide. Such a visa must be obtained in advance at the Embassy of Croatia.

The transit visa is valid for 7 days, other types of visas - up to 3 months. Consular fee $ 52. For children under 6 years old is not required to pay.

For citizens of other countries, the visa is drawn up on time from 1 day to 1 month.

There is a limitation of import and export of local currency - 2000 kun. Foreign currency is imported and exported without limitation.

You can import duty free:

200 cigarettes, 50 cigars, 250 grams of tobacco;

Strong alcoholic beverages up to 1 liter;

Wine up to 2 liters;

Tea or coffee no more than 1 kg;

Sports equipment and radio equipment within personal use.

It is forbidden to import and exporting: any kind of weapons, drugs, antiques, historical value items, animal skins.

When you arrive a collection - $ 8.

Population, political state

The population of Croatia is 4,700 thousand people. Croats make up 90% of the population, the rest of the nation are presented in minor quantities (Serbs, Bosnians, Hungarians, Albanians, Italians, Slovenians, Germans, Czechs, Gypsies and others). Serbs - the largest national minority - they live mainly in Slavonia, Lik, Gorsky Kotar. Italians live Istria, Hungar along the Hungarian border, Czechs in Daruwar. The rest of the nation is scattered throughout the country.

Most of the population are people from 15 to 65 years - 67%. Children under 15 years old - 16.6%, and older people over 65 years old - 16.4%. Fertility per 1000 people - 9.51. Life expectancy in average in the country of 74.14, and in men - 70.21, and in women - 78.29. About 370 thousand people in Croatia have no permanent residence.

Croatia is a parliamentary republic with a presidential form of government. Legislative power - Cathedral of the Republic of Croatia. Consists of 2 chambers of community and chambers of Representatives. Term of office of 4 years. In the House of Communities 68 deputies (3 from each community + 5 appointed by the President).

Executive Power - Cabinet of Ministers, formed by Prime Minister and approved by Parliament.

The President is the head of state. The term of the Board is 5 years. The President is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, appoints and exempts from the post of Prime Minister, his deputies, ministers and other government members, appoints parliamentary elections, referendums, assigns awards, appoints and recalls the diplomatic representatives of Croatia abroad, represents the country abroad.

What to see

Croatia has a richest story, which is why there are a huge number of interesting places in the country that you should visit.

Peninsula Istria - the most developed region in Croatia. The combination of green hills and picturesque landscapes of tiny towns make it look like a French or Italian province. Thanks to its rich history, azure sea and excellent opportunities for recreation Peninsula is the most popular among tourists. The most attractive for travelers of the city of Umag, Rovinj, Pula, Porec. The monuments of the ancient Roman architecture are perfectly preserved in the pool (Arena Amphitheater, the Roman Theater, the Triumphal Arch, the Colosseum, Hercules of the Gate), in some of them to this day, performances are held. In Umaga, it is worth looking at the Church of St. Roca, built in 1514. It is impossible to place the ancient Roman temples, medieval fortress walls and towers located in Porec. In the city of Rovinj, the City Town Hall, the Church of St. Efimia, the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, the Frasciscan Monastery, the City Museum.

In two hours of driving from Istria, there are Alps and if you have a Slovenian visa, you can easily go there. From the peninsula you can visit two of the seven national parks

Croatia - Plitvice Lakes and Brionic Archipelago. The National Park "Plitvice Lakes" is 16 lakes, which are interconnected by 92 different waterfalls. These lakes are protected by the UNESCO Foundation.
From Istria, an excursion is organized in the capital of Croatia - Zagreb. Acquaintance with the capital of Croatia is best to start from the old city, which in the Middle Ages was surrounded by walls. The market area of \u200b\u200bIlitsa begins from the central street. It is located hundreds of small snacks and shops, here you can buy gifts and souvenirs. The National Theater and Zagreb "Tretyakovka" - Mimara Museum is completely close. Be sure to visit the Archbishop Palace, built in the Baroque style. If there is a desire to admire the view of the city is worth a visit to the LotRscak Tower .. Walking around the city, it is worth seeing and visit: Botanical and Zoological Gardens, the remains of the fortifications of the XII-XVIII centuries, a variety of museums and art galleries at your request and taste, Gothic churches, Town Hall, Latestone Cathedral, palaces in the style of baroque and classicism, the building building (end of the XIX century, eclecticism) and the stock exchange (1920s).
Korcula Island is one of the most beautiful islands in Croatia.

Bays and bays, century-old pine forests, brown Mediterranean vegetation, solid covering island. Hot summer softens the wind Mistral, creating ideal surfing conditions. Here you can see the monastery religion, Leonardo da Vinci canvas, rich icons collection and much more. In the north-western part of the island of Mlex, there is a national park, which was founded in 1960.

In the 7th century, the Slavic tribes of Croats migrated to the Adriatic Sea coast. Very soon, the Croatian kingdom has become the strongest in the region. But as a result of the dynastic crisis in 1102, the country fell dependent on the Kingdom of Hungary. In the 15th century, the Turks began to rule in the north of the country, and Dolmation fell under the influence of Venice. Only the Dubrovnitsky Republic remained independent.

In 1526, the Union was concluded between Croatia and the Empire of Habsburg to counter the Turkish expansion.
In 1929, the state was renamed to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1941, under the leadership of Ante Pavelich, an independent state of Croatia was created. But soon, Pavelich's regime fell and was created by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRA, it included six federated republics: Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In 1991, Croatia proclaimed independence. International Commonwealth independence was approved. After the proclamation of the independence of Croatia and some other countries, the collapse of SFRrew began. Finally, the country's integrity was restored in 1998. Fano Tudzhman became the first president of the new country.

International trade

The shops

Shopping time on weekdays from 8.00 to 20.00, on weekends until 14.00. During the beach season on the coast, small shops are open.

Tourists in Croatia can be purchased ceramics, embroidery, leather and wool products, carpets, jewelry.

Fans of aromatherapy you can buy oils and herbs. As a gift, a man can be purchased a tie or a feather handle. Food is best to purchase cheese, weathered in olive oil. From alcoholic beverages, preference is better to give the tincture or leather.

Demography

Age Structure: from 0 to 14 years: 16% (husband. 368,639 / Women. 349,703) from 15 to 64 years: 67.1% (husband. 1,499,354 / Women. 1,515,932) 65 years old: 16.9% (husband. 292,526 / Women. 467,158)

Average age: Total: 40.6 years Husband: 38.6 years Women: 42.3 years (2007)

Population growth rates: -0.035%

Fertility rate: 9.63 Novistan. / Per 1000 people

Mortality rate: 11.57 deaths / per 1000 people

Migration level: 1.58 MGR. / Per 1000 people

Sex ratio: At birth: 1.06 husband / wives. Up to 15 years: 1.054 husband / wives. from 15 to 64 years old: 0.989 husband / wives. 65 years old and older: 0.626 husband. / Women. All population: 0.926 husband / wives.

Child mortality rate: Total: 6.6 deaths / per 1000 newborns Husband: 6.6 deaths / per 1000 newborns Women: 6.6 deaths / per 1000 newborns

Life expectancy at birth: All population: 74.9 years Husband: 71.26 years Women: 78.75 years

Common fertility: 1.41 newborns / wives.

Industry

As part of the Unified Yugoslavia, Croatia ranked second after Slovenia in terms of the development of the industry and production of products per capita (this figure exceeded the middle country). The Republic specialized in mining (oil, coal, bauxites), shipping and tourism.

The formation of the independent Republic of Croatia and the subsequent civil war of 1991-1995 provoked hyperinflation and a sharp decline in economic development. The economy of the country until 1996 can be regarded as a wartime economy, when 40% of government spending was directed to defense. For the period from 1989 to 1994, the economic decline in Croatia reached 46%.

The heavy industry of modern Croatia includes metallurgical and steel rolling enterprises, machine-building factories, hydroelectric power plants, shipbuilding shipyards, plants for the production of cement and reinforced concrete products.

Industry industry leading industries - chemical, petrochemical, electrical and electronic, food, textile, woodworking, pharmaceutical. The country has brewing and wine-vodka plants, meat processing plants, enterprises for the production of leather products, sugar, for the processing of agricultural products.

Flora and fauna

Croatia is an incredibly beautiful country in the Mediterranean Sea. About 4,300 species of plants grows on the territory of the country.

In the south of Dalmatia and on the islands of the Adriatic Islands, the vegetation of subtropical - broad-sized forests from oak, ram, maple, intermitted with thickets of a shiblyak. In the central mountainous areas - Dubovo-ram, beech, and in the upper mountain belt - beech-fir and fir forests.

In Slavonia, the natural vegetation is steppe and forest-steppe with significant sections of the deciduous forests of oak, linden, grab, maple.

In the valleys of large rivers, the meadows are common, poplar, Iva, oak, shrubs are growing. The richest Flora Croatia on the islands.

In the waters of the Adriatic Sea, borants, red and green algae grow.

Animal world is represented by a smaller variety of individuals. In the highland forests there are brown bear, a forest cat, a forest and stone cunits, hares, foxes, wolves, deer, sulna, roe, badge. In flavored, well-heated slopes of Dinar Highlands live snakes and lizards. In the coastal areas the turtles are common. There are various species of birds in Croatia: eagles, cereals, dermochari partridges, storks, seagulls and some waterfowl. There are many types of dyatlov in the forests. On the island of the Cres there is a Belogola Eagle-Vulturenik.

In the Adriatic Sea, there are many fishing species of fish. From the aqueous mammals is characterized by a seal-monk.

Banks and money

Croatia Current / Currency Converter

Croatia's monetary unit - KUN (HRK, KH) is equal to 100 linden. In circulation there are banknotes in 1000, 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5 kun, as well as coins in 1, 2, 5 kun and 10, 20, 50 lind.

Currency exchange can be made in banks, in the post office, in exchange offices, in travel agencies, as well as in any hotel. In many banks, the exchange is made without commission, but usually the Commission is 1-1.5%. Reverse exchange can be implemented only in the bank in the presence of receipts. In most banks, road checks are accepted. Plastic cards are accepted everywhere.

Banks work on weekdays from 8.00 to 19.00 and on Saturday from 8.00 to 12.00.

When buying goods in one place by more than 500 kun, VAT can be screwed down when departing from the country at the customs paragraph. To do this, it is necessary to present a check, the product itself and passport.

Currently in Croatia, the main part of the population professes Catholicism - 76.5%. Such religions are also common as: Orthodoxy - 11.1%; Muslims - 1.2%; Protestantism - 1.4%; Atheists in the country - 3.9%; 6.9% accounted for other religions.

Located at the crossroads of the paths leading to Central Europe and the Mediterranean, the Republic of Croatia simultaneously refers to the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern and Sudenai regions. She stretches in the form of an arc from the Danube River in the northeast to the West to the Istria Peninsula and to the south to the Beki Kotor.

The land of Croatia borders on five countries, and the overall length of its borders is 2028 km. The country has a land border with Hungary (329 km), Serbia (241 km), Bosnia and Herzegovina (932 km), and with Slovenia (546 km) and Montenegro (25 km) it borders both on land and by sea. With Italy, the country has an exclusively marine border.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe land part of the Republic of Croatia is 56,538 square meters. km, the area of \u200b\u200bits territorial waters is 31,067 square meters. KM, - Thus, the Republic of Croatia covers a total area of \u200b\u200b87,605 square meters. km. The total length of its coastline is 5,835 km, of which the continental part accounts for 1778 km, and on island - 4,057 km. The direct distance between the extreme capes of the Croatian continental coastal part is 559 km. The country's continental coastline is significantly ruined, and in the distant past it had a huge influence on the creation of numerous ports and berths, and in the last 100 years - and the development of picturesque tourist centers. In Croatia, there are about 1185 islands and small islets along the Adriatic coast, of which 66 are inhabited.

• The largest Croatian island is CCR with a total area of \u200b\u200b409 km2.
• The longest, as it may seem in the title, is not an island of arc (long), and the island of Hvar. Its length is 68 km, and the area is 300 km2.
• The highest island - Brac. His Vidova Mountain (779 m) is the highest point of the Adriatic archipelago.
• The most wooded island of Adriatic - mute. Almost 72% of its surface occupy forests, 22% - the land being processed, and B% - stones.
• The most sunny Adriatic Island (and, in general, the solar place in Croatia) - Hvar. Here the sun shines 2,718 sundials per year. At the same time, for the entire Adriatic Sea, the average annual figure is 2,600 hours.

The territory of the northern part of the country is mostly lowlands and plains: the basin of the Sava River, hilly plains of Slavonia, Pribans, Posavy. On the Adriatic coast there is a dinar Highlands with the highest mountain of the country Torhoglav (1,913 m), the mountain range is Velebit (maximum height of 1,758 m), a droplet ridge. Main rivers: Sava, Danube with Drava and Mura's tributaries.

According to Sushi and the number of residents (according to the latest census of the population - 4,381,352 people), the Republic of Croatia is located on the 25th place among European countries. Croatian citizens live in 6.694 settlements, and about 20% of the inhabitants - in four large cities (in Zagreb - the main city is about 770,000 inhabitants, as well as in Osine, Riek and Split), having a population over 100,000 inhabitants, and 51% in 177 Cities or towns of urban-type, which occupy 16% of the territory of Croatia. North-Western regions are most closely populated (over 140 people / sq. Km), and the least populated areas are the Lika Zones, the Gorsky Cotar, the internal regions of the Istria Peninsula and some Islands.

Geographical position Croatia
Country Area - 56538 square kilometers. The Republic of Croatia is located in Central Europe, borders in the north - with Slovenia, in the East with Hungary and Serbia, in the south-east - with Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the south with Montenegro. From the West, the country is washes the Adriatic Sea.
The number of islands - 1185, of which 66 are populated.
The highest point - Mount Dinara (1831 meters) is located near the city of Knon.
The capital of Croatia is the city of Zagreb.

The relief most of the territory of Croatia is located at an altitude of more than 500 meters above sea level, but there are no mountains above 2100 meters. The Adriatic coast is separated from the inland areas by mountain ranges (Gorsky Kotar, Velibit, Great and Mala - Drop, Pleeshevitsa, Dinara). The highest peaks - cingsar (2085 m.), Velika-vertex (1890 m.), Dinara (1830 m.), St. Yura (1762 m.), Vaganski (1757 m.), Pleshevitsa (1648 m.), RUSNEYAK (1528 m.), Kula (1534 m.), Studies (1396 m.).
The Croatian Adriatic coast is one of the most rich in the world. It has 1185 islands and islands with a total length of coastline 4058 kilometers. The length of the coast of the mainland on the conditioned straight line is 600 kilometers, and given its cutting - 1778 kilometers.

River
Danube (188 kilometers) and his Functions of Sava (562 kilometers) and Drava (505 kilometers) flow in the depths of the country and fall into the Black Sea. Little rivers carrying their waters to the Adriatic Sea in narrow gorges have strong height differences all over its entirety, forming a large number of waterfalls.

The lake is the largest lake of Croatia - Vrangesco (30, 7 square kilometers) is near Biograd. Plitvice lakes are most attractive (chain of 16 lakes with the Koran river); Red and blue lake near Imotski,
Freshwater lake on the island of Cres and Lake Visruovsko and Cursansko. Artificial lakes are well known - Lock and Bayer in the Gorsky Kotar, Trakshchan in Croatian Zagorne and Peruza on the River Cetina A Dalmatia. Lake Kopachevo and wetlands around it - the habitat of birds in the largest ornithological reserve of Europe - Kopachka - Rit.

The Adriatic Sea sea ishes the Balkan and Apennine Peninsula, its average depth is 252 meters, the north-western part is small (maximum 23 meters in the Bay of Triestes), while in the south its depth reaches 1200 meters. The water of the Adriatic at the Croatian coast is chisty and transparent, as the mountain rivers do not carry or sand into it. In August, water is heated by Daogradov Celsius. In addition, in its characteristic, it corresponds to all the strictest standards of the World Health Organization. The content of salts is 34 milligrams per liter. This means that the Adriatic Sea is twice with salt, than black.

General and political and economic

Year of education (grounds)

The declaration of exit from Yugoslavia was released in June 1991

Formally independence proclaimed on October 8, 1991

Territory 56.6 thousand square meters. KM
Population, national composition and religion
4.68 million people (July 1999).

78.1% - Croats, 12.2% - Serbs, 0.9% - Muslims, 0.5% - Hungarians, 0.5% - Slovenians.

The main religion - Catholicism (76.5%), is also approved by Orthodoxy (Serbian Orthodox Church, 11.1%), Islam (1.2%) and Protestantia (0.4%).

State system parliamentary republic.

The Constitution of the Republic was proclaimed on December 22, 1990.

The head of state is the president, elected by direct vote for 5 years.

The legislative authority is a two-bearet parliament (Caboor - Sabor), consisting of the House of Representatives (ZASTUPNICKI DOM, 80 seats) and the Chamber of County (communities) (Zupanski Dom, 68 seats), the term of office of parliament - 4 years.

The executive power is carried out by the Government consisting of the Chairman of the Government and Ministers. Head of Government - Chairman.

The government was formed on January 27, 2000. Recent changes in the government were produced on February 5, 2000.

The government coalition includes: SDP-PDKH, HSLP, "Istar Democratic Sabor (IDC), Croatian People's Party (CHDP), Croatian Peasant Party (HCP), Liberal Party (LP) ..

President - Stipe Mesic (Stype Mesic, from February 18, 2000, HTN).

Culture and attractions

The peculiarity of Croatian culture in the Slavic world is largely due to the fact that Croatia was the only country of Western (Roman) patriarchate, in which the Roman Catholic Church allowed the Liturgy not in Latin. Slavic liturgy in Croatia was written by a verbian on Church Slavonic language, a related Croatian language, but distinguished from a spoken language.

Over time, secular literature began to develop, written by a verbal letter on the mixture of Church Slavic and Croatian languages. The golden era of the Croatian verbic literature (1075-1475) was a unique phenomenon. During the early Middle Ages in the rest of Western and Central Europe, European languages \u200b\u200b(in their literary form) were still in the process of becoming, competing with Latin. In Croatia, many literary works appeared in the local language, representing all secular literary genres.

In addition, a number of liturgical works - lesters and psaltiri - from the Dalmatian seaside zone of Croatia testified to the heyday of Croatian literature in the cities of the Adriatic (slave, Zadar, Sibenik, Trogir, Split, Hvar, Korcula, Dubrovnik, and which became the centers of Croatian Renaissance). The famous poets and playwrights of this epoch were Marco Marulich from Dubrovnik (1450-1524), the author of numerous religious, historical and poetic works; As well as Marine Drysich (1510-1567), an outstanding comediographer. Both of them, on the one hand, were experiencing a strong Italian influence, and on the other hand, they retained the tradition of using the verbs. Marulich gave himself due to his anonymous predecessors - the vacancys (i.e., the initiators), which he followed the style when writing an epic poem on the Biblical Scene Judith (1501), which is traditionally considered to be a classic work of Croatian literature.

If other Slavic countries were in cultural isolation or focused in literature and art to the east, then in Croatia, artists paid their eyes to the West, borrowing and developing every new type of European style, from the Middle Ages to this day. The Illyrian Movement (Illarism) of the 1830s and 1840s, forming modern Croatian culture, preferred the achievements of the Renaissance and the baroque period. But in the 20th century. Works of socio-political focus, for example, Miroslav Rrufas (1893-1981), reflect the tradition of the rope against Western European culture rather than a blind way.

Modern Croatian art and sculpture developed in two main directions. To the first one can attribute the work of Ivan Mesault (1883-1962) in the field of modernist monumental sculpture; Meshtrolovich sought to create a national style in plastic art based on the European tradition. The second direction is represented by the School of Artists of the Primultivist Direction (among them, Ivan Generalist, r. 1914), who were looking for a national style in the images of rustic life in rural Croatia. In music, the search for the national style was also noticeable, especially in the works of Ivan Zaita (1831-1914) and Yakov is a ready-made (1895-1982). In 1842, the National Literary and Educational Organization "Matitsa Croatskaya" was founded, which played a key role in the cultural and literary life of Croatia. Cinematography in Croatia has reached international recognition thanks to the cartoons created by the directors. Zagreb school.

Croatia city

The largest croatia cities - Zagreb, Split, Rijeka. Their architecture is very diverse. The construction of Dalmatia shopping cities (Split, task) was under the influence of the Romanesque style, many of the cities of Northern Croatia retained the Gothic appearance. The construction of numerous Croatian castles and fortresses (Varazdin, Karlovac) belongs to the XV-XVIII centuries. On the coast and the islands of Croatia are world-famous resorts. The largest of them are Dubrovnik and Opatiy. Several reasons why it is necessary to relax in Croatia.

The capital of Croatia - Zagreb (population of man in 1991). Other major cities are (population population 1991) Split (, Rijeka (, Osijek (, Zadar and Dubrovnik

History of Croatia

Ancient history

The Romans won the territory of modern Croatia in 3-1 centuries. BC e. For most of the territory, stretching from the Middle Flow of the Danube until the Adriatic coast south up to the northern part of the current Albania, they used the name of the Illirik, the territory between Savoy and the Danube was called Pannonia, and the territory between the Adriatic Sea and Savoy - Dalmatia.

Roman colonization led to partial novenomization of the ancient people of Illirik - Celts, which settled in Pannonia to 4 V. BC e., Greek sea colonists and Illyrians of the Dinar Mountains, which lived in this territory for two millennia to Roman conquest. The Romans began to extract minerals in Dalmatia, fall asleep swamps in Pannonia, breed grapes on the Danube, improving agricultural methods, built roads and bridges, founded cities.

In 3-6 centuries. Waves of barbaric tribes (Gunns, Islets, Westges, Langobard, Slavs, Avaras), attracted by the riches of Roman provinces, invaded the territory of the current Croatia.

First Croatian state

In 6-7 centuries. Slavs and Avars destroyed many cities in the West of the Balkan P-ov. Then, during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Irakli (rules in 610-641), the two Slavic groups of Croats and Serbs were settled by the Western and Central Districts of the Balkans, respectively. They managed to create new tribal unions, impose their names tribes to the Slavs settlers who were settled here earlier, and together with their predecessors to begin the Slavicization of a significant part of Pannonia and Dalmatia. However, when in 800 francs won Croatia, Karl the Great recognized the Croatian "jeenes" (princes) with its vassals and appointed one of them to the coastal area (Dalmatian Croatia), and the other - the region of Sava (Posava Croatia).

In 819, the prince of Lyudyevit Posavsky raised the uprising, (it was defeated in 823), seeking to put an end to the policies of the feudalization and the Christianization, which francs carried out. Speaking on the side of Frankings Borne, the prince of Dalmatian Croatia, it was possible to expand his possessions to r. Sava, i.e. to master Panneon Croatia. Thus, after the decline of the Karroling Empire in the West in the 9th century. There was a first combined Croatian state.

Prince Tomislav (rules in 910-928), appointed by Prosonsul Byzantium in the cities and on the islands of Dalmatia, proclaimed himself "King of Croatia" (925), and Pope admitted his right to this title. The new kingdom flourished to 1000, when Dalmatia fell under the power of Venice; Soon after that, all Croatia was under the rule of Byzantium.

Croatia has again achieved complete independence at Peter Krissera IV (rules in 1058-1074), its outstanding medieval prince, who joined the Byzantine Dalmatia to Croatia, as well as Slavonia. In religious struggle, he preferred the reformist party, relaxing the influence of local noncatolic traditions. His successor, Dmitar Zonimir (Rules in 1074-1089), continued this policy, but lost support from many Croats due to its dependence on the papacy. After his death, his power in Croatia was striving to establish stronger powers - Byzantium, Hungary, Venice, Paper and Norman from Southern Italy.

Hungarian epoch

The dynastic struggle between the main Croatian births weakened Croatia, and, in the end, King Kalman (a scribe) from the Hungarian Dynasty of the Arpadov took away Dalmatia from Venice and established his power in Croatia. Trying to prevent the uprising against his power, the tribal leaders (Tsupans) of Malaya Croatia (territory between Dalmatia and Slavonia) in 1102 concluded an agreement with Squean, who authorized the education of personal union between the kingdoms of Hungary and Croatia under the rule of the King of Hungary, freed the Croatian aristocracy from paying taxes and Guaranteed the inviolability of their property.

The Hungarian-Croatian Union (Pacta Conventa) inflicted a fatal blow to the Croatian tribal system. Forestry and mining of minerals began to develop in Croatia, in a number of areas, a three-field agriculture system was introduced, coins as a means of exchanging steel and skins were made, favorable opportunities were created for the development of foreign trade.

At the same time, large feudal-landowners were strengthened their power, which acquired large estates in Croatia and especially in Slavonia. The smaller nobility, the free peasants and the townspeople rebelled against them and in 1222 forced the Hungarian King of Andrei (Endre) II (rules in 1205-1235) to publish the Golden Bulla, which limited the royal authority and recognizing the rights of the small nobility and free people. In 1241 and 1242, the Mongolian invasion and ruin of Pannonia and Dalmatia occurred. Economic revival was associated with the name of King Bella IV (rules in 1235-1270), which invited foreign artisans and merchants and expanded the privileges for many urban communities. During this period, many cities with Magdeburg law arose in the northern part of Croatia. The largest of them was Gradeans (1242), which is 19 V. It was merged with the capol (founded in 1094), forming a modern Zagreb. When the last king of the Arpadov dynasty (1301) died, a dynastic struggle was launched, the end of the victory of the Anzhuy House, which was ruled in Croatia in 1301-1382. After 1301, the monarchy was formally elected, and not only the representatives of the Anjui House, but also the Dynasty of Luxembourgs, the domestic kings and the Polish-Litovsk dynasty of Yagellonov, were applied to the throne.

During this period, the Croatian princes were actually not considered the royal power. The king did not establish administrative bodies, did not collect taxes and did not give places in Croatia. These powers were enshrined by a banner (governor of the King) and the Croatian Noble Assembly - Sabor (Parliament). Some magnates, such as the princes of a briberium in the 13-14 centuries, made the title of Ban in hereditary.

At 15 in. Venice and Ottoman Turks captured significant parts of the Croatian territory. In 1493, the Croatian nobles were defeated on the Krbavawa Plateau, in the western part of Croatia. Attempts by Croats to receive support from European powers did not have success.

On August 29, 1526, the Turks defeated the Hungarian-Croatian troops in Mohache and occupied a significant part of Hungary and Croatia. In the hope that Habsburgs will help in the fight against the Turks, Ferdinand I Gabsburg was elected King of the Czech Republic, Croatia and Hungary. On most of Hungary and the Slavs occupied by the Turks, the nobility preferred to Janosha Polylia, the Hungarian Nobleman of Croatian origin, which has entered into a compromise agreement with the Turks and received their support. A civil war was added to the Hungarian-Croatian defeat.