Maidans. Eyjafjallajökull volcano history and description Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption

Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption(also "Eyjafjallajök at for "; Isl. Eyjafjallajökull) in Iceland began on the night of March 20-21, 2010 and proceeded in several stages. The main consequence of the eruption was the ejection of a cloud of volcanic ash, which disrupted air traffic in Northern Europe.

First eruption.

Since the end of 2009, seismic activity has increased in Eyjafjallajökull. Until March 2010, there were about a thousand earthquakes with a force of 1-2 points at a depth of 7-10 km under the volcano.

At the end of February 2010, GPS measurements carried out by the Icelandic Meteorological Institute recorded a movement of the earth's crust by 3 cm in the southeast direction in the glacier region. Seismic activity continued to increase and reached a maximum on March 3-5 (three thousand tremors per day).

Temperature map

About 500 local residents were resettled from the area around the volcano (since the intense melting of the glacier, under which the volcano was located, could cause flooding of the area). Keflavik International Airport (Keflavik City) was closed.

On March 19, the tremors began to the east of the northern crater at a depth of 4-7 km. Then activity began to spread eastward and rise to the surface.

The eruption of the volcano began on March 20, 2010 between 22:30 and 23:30 GMT. At this time, in the eastern part of the glacier, a 0.5 km long fault was formed (at an altitude of about 1000 m above sea level, in the direction from north-east to south-west). During the eruption, large ash emissions were not recorded, the cloud rose to a height of about 1 km.

On March 25, due to the melted glacier water that got into the crater, a steam explosion occurred in the crater, after which the eruption passed into a more stable phase.

On March 31, at about 19:00 (Icelandic time), a new crack (0.3 km long) opened, which is located about 200 m northeast of the first.

Second eruption.

Second eruption, view from the north, April 2, 2010

On April 13, at about 23:00, seismic activity was recorded under the central part of the volcano, to the west of two erupting cracks. About an hour later, a new eruption began at the southern edge of the central caldera. The ash column rose 8 km. A new crack, about 2 km long, was formed (in the direction from north to south). The waters from the active melting of the glacier flowed both north and south, into inhabited areas. About 700 people were evacuated. During the day, the road was flooded with melt water, and destruction occurred. In southern Iceland, volcanic ash precipitation has been recorded.

A trail of a volcanic eruption on April 15 in a high pressure area over the Norwegian Sea. Aqua satellite image.

On April 15-16, the height of the ash column reached 13 km. When ash falls to a height above 11 km above sea level, it enters the stratosphere with possible transport over considerable distances. The anticyclone over the north Atlantic contributed to the significant spread of the ash cloud eastward.

The trail of the volcanic eruption on April 15. Aqua satellite image.

The eruption continued on April 17-18. The height of the ash column was estimated at 8-8.5 km, which means the cessation of the ingress of erupted material into the stratosphere.

Influence on air traffic in Europe.

On April 15, 2010, due to the high intensity of the eruption and the release of ash, flights were suspended in northern Sweden, Denmark, Norway and in the northern regions of the UK.

Due to the high concentration of volcanic ash in the air, on April 15, 2010 (the ash cloud rose to a height of 6 km), all UK airports stopped operating from noon, and Danish airports were closed from 21:00 Moscow time. In total, on April 15, 2010, from 5 to 6 thousand flights were canceled in Europe.

At the same time, the airspace of Iceland itself and its airports remained open.

Flights to Europe from America and Asia (USA, China, Japan) were postponed indefinitely.

According to the estimates of the International Air Transport Association, the daily losses of airlines from flight cancellations amounted to at least 200 million USD.

On April 19, the Association of European Airlines called for an "immediate review of restrictions and prohibitions" on flights in the airspace of the European Union. According to the results of test flights carried out by some European airlines, the ash does not pose a danger to air traffic. The International Air Transport Association has criticized European governments for the lack of thoughtfulness in the introduction of flight bans. " European governments made a decision without consulting anyone or assessing the degree of risk adequately,- said the head of ICAO Giovanni Bisignani. - It is based on theoretical calculations, not facts.».

According to EU Transport Organization CEO Matthias Root, the flight ban was triggered by a computer program of dubious scientific value that simulates the spread of volcanic ash. He urged EU leaders to consider adopting US safety regulations. " On the other side of the Atlantic, one piece of advice would be given to airlines - don't fly over a volcano. Otherwise, all necessary precautions would be left to be determined by the carriers themselves."- said Mathias Ruth.

The volcanic eruption prevented the leaders of many heads of state from flying to the funeral of Polish President Lech Kaczynski and those killed in a plane crash near Smolensk on April 10, 2010.

Distribution of volcanic ash in Russia.

According to the Met Office, Great Britain, as of 18:36 on April 18, 2010, volcanic ash in Russia was recorded in the Kola Peninsula region, in the south of the Central Federal District, part of the Volga, South and North Caucasian federal districts, as well as in the north east of the Northwestern Federal District. St. Petersburg was located on the border of the expected spread of ash, according to forecasts, the ash was supposed to reach the city on the night of April 18-19. Volcanic ash was not recorded on the territory of Moscow, and its spread was not expected in the next 24 hours (April 19).

According to other information, the first particles of volcanic ash reached Moscow on April 16, 2010. On the night of April 16-17, small ash particles could be collected on a sheet of paper laid on the windowsill. Microscopic examination of the particles revealed debris of plagioclase crystals and foamed volcanic glass.

Marina Petrova, general director of the Roshydromet meteorological agency, said on April 19 that Russian experts do not observe volcanic ash over the territory of Russia. Valery Kosykh, director of the Federal Information and Analytical Center of Roshydromet, said that the ash data over Russia was based on information from the London Volcanic Ash Tracking Center. “The main problem is that no one in Russia can measure the concentration of this ash,” he said.

Volcanic ash distribution schemes.

Ash cloud spread by April 17, 2010 18:00 UTC.

Ash cloud spread by April 19, 2010 at 18:00 UTC.

Ash cloud spread by April 21, 2010 at 18:00 UTC.

Ash cloud spread by 22 April 2010 18:00 UTC.

Impact on the environment.

During volcanic eruptions, huge volumes of aerosols and suspended particles are emitted, which are carried by tropospheric and stratospheric winds and absorb part of the solar radiation. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 in the Philippines threw so much ash to an altitude of 35 km that the average level of solar radiation decreased by 2.5 W / m2, which corresponds to a global cooling of at least 0.5-0.7 ° S, but, according to the Deputy Director of IGRAN for Science Arkady Tishkov, “ what took off in Iceland until it even reached a volume of one cubic kilometer. These emissions are not as large as, for example, those that were noted as a result of recent eruptions in Kamchatka or Mexico.". He thinks that " this is an absolutely ordinary event», Which can affect the weather, but will not cause climate change.

In the spring of 2010, the whole world watched the strongest eruption of the Icelandic volcano with the unusual and fabulous name Eyjafjallajokull. It has become one of the most powerful in the modern history of mankind, scientists are still discussing the consequences of this natural phenomenon.

Iceland

This island state is often called the ice kingdom, it is located between Greenland and Norway in the immediate vicinity of the Arctic Circle. Most of Iceland is located on a volcanic plateau, so earthquakes and eruptions are common here. Despite the geographical location, the climate in the region is by no means arctic, but moderately cool, with strong winds and high humidity.

Despite the harsh nature, very positive and friendly people live here. Icelandic hospitality is renowned all over the world. Thousands of tourists come to these harsh lands every year to get acquainted with the unique nature and, of course, see the most famous volcano in Iceland - Eyjafjallajokull. After 2010, the flow of those wishing to observe this wonder of the world with their own eyes has noticeably increased.

Historical reference

Iceland is located at the junction of two continental plates, the Eurasian and North American, and is considered the country with the largest number of geothermal springs, lava fields, ice and volcanoes. There are more than a hundred of them, and twenty-five are active. The most popular volcanoes among tourists are Laki and Hekla, they have almost a hundred craters and are a unique sight.

But in 2010, the whole world learned about another attraction of Iceland - the Eyjafjallajokull volcano. Photos of lava erupting from under the glacier spread all over the world news feeds, perhaps this event did not have such popularity in the media, if not for the problems with air travel that arose in most of Europe.

Eyjafjallajokull belongs to stratovolcanoes, the cone of which is formed by layers of solidified lava and rock left there after numerous eruptions. Officially, this is not a volcano, but a glacier, the sixth largest on the island, located 125 kilometers from the Icelandic capital Reykjavik. The height of the summit is 1666 m, the area of ​​the volcanic crater is 3-4 km, until 2010 it was hidden under a thick layer of ice. The previous eruption of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano took place from 1821 to 1823, and for two hundred years it was considered dormant.

Preceding Circumstances

Almost a year before the main events, the glacier was already showing signs of high activity. In 2009, at a depth of seven kilometers, scientists noticed seismological shocks of 1-2 points. They continued for several months, and even a shift of the crust by 3 cm was recorded.

The activity of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano worried the regional authorities, they took the necessary measures to resettle local residents, and the nearest airport was also closed. First of all, people were afraid of flooding, since the glacier could begin to melt under the influence of the earth's heat.

Scientists have long observed activity in this area, so casualties were avoided. In total, more than 800 people left the disaster zone. After the studies were carried out, the possibility of flooding was ruled out and some residents returned to their homes.

Chronicle of events

On March 20, 2010, the eruption of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano began in the late evening. From the fault that appeared in the glacier, smoke and ash poured down, the first emissions were small and did not reach a height of more than one kilometer. After five days, activity had dropped significantly. The reason was that melted water poured into the throat and partially extinguished the hearth.

But on March 31, a new crack formed, and for several days lava flowed abundantly from two holes at once. As it turned out, this was just the beginning. On April 13, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull was once again shaken by tremors, resulting in a new crack 2 km away, and a column of smoke rose to a height of eight kilometers. On the fifteenth and sixteenth of April, this figure was already 15 km, and the volcanic ash reached the stratosphere, from where the spread of substances already occurs over long distances.

Closing flights in Europe

Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull will go down in the history of the XXI century due to the large-scale consequences of its eruption. Due to its activity, flights have been suspended in dozens of countries. Companies suffered losses, thousands of passengers huddled in air terminals and in the homes of caring people.

Events in Iceland have had a major impact on the revision of some laws and regulations governing air travel in such situations. Many companies said that a computer program that calculates the risks from flying in the ash spread zone is questionable, moreover, they accused the heads of European countries of deliberately inflating the problem and helplessness in making important decisions.

Effects

In addition to economic damage, the volcano in Iceland Eyjafjallajökull has caused serious environmental damage. In the first three days, about 140 million cubic meters of dust were released into the atmosphere. When erupting together with particles of terrestrial rocks, ash is thrown into the air a huge amount of suspended particles or aerosols. The danger of such a substance is that it quickly spreads over a long distance and has a detrimental effect on the composition of the atmosphere, absorbing part of the solar radiation.

Although geophysicists and meteorologists did not support the general panic that erupted in the pages of some newspapers. According to scientists, the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull was not so powerful that emissions could somehow cause climate change, maximum - affect the weather. So, long and thick clouds were observed over many thousands of kilometers from the island, even in Russia.

Ash spread

The course of the eruption of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano was recorded from space, and a daily forecast of the movement of the dust cloud was made by the meteorological services. In mid-April 2010, ash covered more than half of Europe and some regions of Russia. Officially, the Roshydrometeorological Center did not confirm the assumption that particles of dust and volcanic matter reached the territory of our country. True, eyewitnesses claim that the ashes could be easily detected with a sheet of paper laid on the windowsill.

The ejected dust was a fine-grained volatile tephra, some of which settled near the vent and on the glacier, but the bulk of it rose into the air. However, experts assured the public that the gases emitted into the atmosphere do not pose a serious threat to humans.

Only almost a month after the beginning of the events, the media of all countries reported that the Eyjafjallajokull volcano finally ceased its activity. The eruption of 2010 was remembered primarily not for its uniqueness, because this happens on earth all the time, namely for the increased attention to this event in the news and newspapers.

The volcano in Iceland Eyjafjallajokull, whose photo appeared on the covers of many publications seven years ago, has a special history. Such a complex name comes from the combination of three words at once, denoting a mountain, a glacier and an island. And in fact, the name belongs to the glacier, under which the volcano was located for a long time. In connection with the events of 2010, linguists from different countries became interested in the origin and meaning of the toponym, trying to determine the exact meaning of the word.

After the hype about the eruption of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano subsided, the scientific world started talking about another possible problem that could lead to much greater consequences. We are talking about Mount Katla, which is located just 12 km from the epicenter of the 2010 underground explosion. Geophysicists' research confirms that each previous activity of Eyjafjallajokudl preceded the eruption of the much more powerful and destructive volcano Katla. Therefore, scientists have put forward the assumption that the events of seven years ago may be the beginning of a more grandiose catastrophe in the future.

There are still many places in this region where nature can surprise you. So, a few hundred kilometers away is the only active volcano in Norway. Eyjafjallajokull and Berenberg (translated as "Bear Mountain") are similar in structure and physical data. The northernmost volcano in the world was also considered extinct for a long time, but in 1985 a strong eruption was recorded.

Reflection in culture

Today, the story of seven years ago on the distant island of Iceland has been somewhat forgotten, but at the same time this event made a strong impression on many, because not every day you can see a real volcano erupting live. Society reacted differently to the event. Videos appeared on the Internet in which people tried to pronounce an unusual name, and people composed jokes on this topic.

National Geographic has produced a documentary about the events of the spring of 2010, and some feature films are related to the Icelandic volcano, for example, the French film Volcano of Passion and some episodes of the American-made film The Walter Mitty Story.

Perhaps the sweetest note in the craze for the Icelandic phenomenon of nature was brought by a native of this country, singer Eliza Geirsdottir Newman. She composed a perky song about Eyjafjallajökull, which helps to learn how to pronounce the exotic name correctly.

Scientists record outbreaks of activity of the giant and most dangerous Katla volcano in Iceland, which has been silent for almost a hundred years. A volcanic explosion can be so colossal that the volcano will release toxic ash emissions into the atmosphere that can instantly kill more than 200,000 people. Katla is a close neighbor of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, whose eruption in April 2010 caused the largest aviation collapse since the Second World War.

Deep under a glacier in Iceland, a massive disaster is brewing. According to experts, the Katla volcano, popularly known as the "evil sorceress", is preparing to unleash its deadly wrath across northern Europe.

Katla is a volcano on the south coast of Iceland, one of the largest in the country.

At the moment, Katla is showing all the clear signs of an imminent explosion. It can be so colossal that the volcano will release toxic ash emissions into the atmosphere that can instantly kill more than 200,000 people. Scientists fear that Katla will once again plunge Europe into chaos, as in 2010, when the eruption of its neighbor, the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, led to the largest aircraft collapse since World War II. A powerful column of ash practically paralyzed air traffic - millions of people were stuck in Northern Europe from mid-April to mid-May.

A total of 14 Katla eruptions are known. Previously, the volcano erupted every 50-80 years, but since 1918 it has been silent - during the last eruption, it threw five times more ash into the sky than its neighbor Eyjafjallajökull in 2010. The Katla eruption predicted today will be the first in nearly 100 years. Currently, Katla emits 12 to 24 kilotons of carbon dioxide daily, the volcano's magma chambers are filling up, which speaks of an impending catastrophe and makes experts sound the alarm.

The peak of seismic activity in Iceland occurs in the fall, which carries the highest risk of eruptions. The accumulation of magma inside Katla is greatly enhanced by the presence of a glacier on its crater - it acts just like a lid on a giant pressure cooker. The fact that the volcano is hidden under glaciers also makes it much more difficult to monitor its activity.

Katla is located far from major settlements in Iceland and the eruption does not threaten the local people. One of the main dangers is that Katla's volcanic activity can cause violent melting of nearby glaciers and flooding of neighboring areas with melt water.

The Icelanders have a legend about Katla that goes back more than eight centuries. According to legend, Katla is the name of a hot-tempered and cruel housekeeper in a local monastery who possessed supernatural powers. Once, when she was accused of witchcraft, the "evil witch" escaped and jumped into the Mirdalsjökull glacier (which is located above the volcano). An eruption began, destroying the monastery and killing all its inhabitants. Legend warns that one day Katla will return to take revenge.

HEADING: MATRIX
Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Almost all types of volcanoes found on Earth are represented in Iceland. Actually, the country is one big "Vulcanland". Icelandic volcanoes, overflowing with magma, can emit much larger volumes than their mainland cone cousins. Ice caps and other glaciers cover an area of ​​11,900 square kilometers.
Eyjafjallajokull Volcano, translated as "Island of Mountain Glaciers", is located 200 kilometers east of Reykjavik. The volcano is crowned by a conical glacier, the fifth largest in Iceland. Its height is 1666 meters. The crater diameter is 3-4 kilometers, the glacial cover is about 100 square kilometers.
The last eruption in this area took place in 1821-1823, and before that - in 1612.
Eruption - EARTH'S WRATH!
Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull woke up after 200 years of hibernation on March 21 this year. A violent eruption of a huge cloud of volcanic ash, which rose to a height of 6 km, thanks to sunny weather, began on the night of April 14.
On Saturday, the 15th, a column of ash was visible above the volcano - a thick dark gray cloud 8.5 kilometers high. The wind improved visibility in the area of ​​the eruption, and experts were able to assess the situation from the air for the first time in the past few days.
The incandescent magma changed its course and began to flow underground right in the area of ​​the glacier, '' said volcanologist Sigurun Hansdottir, who, together with her colleagues from the University of Iceland, observed the activity of the volcano over the past three months. The mixture of magma and ice is explosive, so incessant explosions occur at the bottom of the crater. The ashfall layer is up to 3 cm. Volcanic ash is solid particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 microns. The volcano releases poisonous gases, the evaporation of which people may not even notice. Now the volcano emits sulfur, fluorine, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The latter is odorless and deadly gas.
Thousands of hectares of land east of the crater are covered in thick ash.
While it is impossible to study what is happening with Eyjafjallajokull in the immediate vicinity. Scientific equipment cannot be delivered to the site, as the ash cloud does not allow approaching the crater. It is not known exactly how much of the emitted substances enters the atmosphere. During the day, according to experts, about four million tons of volcanic substances are released.
Nevertheless, brave volcanologists were able to approach the crater at a distance of several meters and record the eruption on camera. They saw that the crack from which the lava is coming out is about 500 meters long.
On the 15th, Professor of Geophysics at the University of Iceland, Magnus Tumi Gudmundson, noted that the volcano has intensified its activity.
Scientists will try to fly around the crater to find out how much ice has melted on it. It depends on how long the volcano will spew ash. These data are provided by the Republican Center for Radiation Control and Environmental Monitoring from the London Calculation Center. Information is updated every six hours.
A stormy correspondence began on the Internet - the Earth is angry with people and sends them a warning - come to your senses, live peacefully, destroy weapons, stop destroying nature, get rid of the unforgivable sins of murder, greed and pride!
AIRCRAFT - THREATS
Once in the combustion chamber of the engine, they melt and re-solidify in the cold parts, which can disrupt the operation of the turbine.
Ash, which is a mixture of glass, sand and rock particles, is extremely dangerous for aircraft engines, especially jet engines.
Volcanic ash consists of glass particles less than 2 millimeters in size, explains aviation engineer Igor Vasenkov. - The particles are very hard. They act on parts like an abrasive. First, the compressor elements are damaged. They melt in combustion chambers, blocking them. And they stick further on the turbine blades. The motors can eventually stop. Peroclastic, so-called glassy substances, which are present in the ash, are dangerous for the working mechanisms.
In addition, large amounts of ash are deposited on the wings and fuselage of the aircraft. The third big danger is that the Icelandic volcano is basaltic, and during its eruption a significant amount of sulfur and chlorine is released. Sulfur as a low-melting element, when it comes into contact with hot parts of the aircraft, mixed with ash, forms a mass that can even disrupt the movement of the turbine blades.
The trajectory of the movement of the volcanic eruptive cloud coincides with the trajectory of the air corridors of the movement of aircraft. Therefore, the airports were obliged to stop flights, since the situation could lead to malfunctions of aircraft, to the crash of airliners.
If the wind direction were north, then in general, by and large, no one, except for specialists, would have noticed this eruption.
"This fine dust is very nasty," Stuart John, a professor at the Royal Academy of Engineering and former chairman of the Royal Society of Aeronautics, told the BBC. "It clogs the cooling air vents and the engines stall."
AIRCRAFT - COLLAPSE
A transcontinental transport collapse has occurred.
On April 15, due to emissions, a number of countries in northern Europe were forced to close airports. And it is no coincidence. F-18 Hornet fighters of the Finnish Air Force were incapacitated after flying through a cloud of volcanic ash and dust, shortly before Europe closed the airspace.
The aviation crisis, in the very first days, according to the European Commission, affected over 10 million passengers; in the future, this number can grow exponentially.
Later, the airports of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, the Baltic countries and China were closed.
PROSPECTS
"The eruption may stop tomorrow, but it may continue and disrupt the normal operation of air transport for several more weeks or even months, or even years," said professor of geophysics at the University of Iceland, Magnus Tumi Gudmundson.
A volcano can paralyze half the earth.
The Russian World Wildlife Fund (WWF) warns that the spread of the ash cloud can lead to a cold snap on the earth for two to three years, after which there will be a sharp warming in temperature.
In addition, airborne ash particles interfere with the passage of sunlight to the surface of the earth, which can greatly affect future crops by slowing down plant growth. But volcanic ash is an excellent fertilizer for the soil.
70 thousand years ago in Indonesia, the eruption of the super-volcano Toba almost killed the then wild humanity. The ash thrown into the air enveloped the entire planet and triggered a global cooling process. According to the calculations of scientists, no more than 15 thousand ancestors of modern man survived, which laid the foundation for our entire civilization.
The eruption of Tambora in Indonesia in 1815 caused the global average temperature to drop by 3 degrees Celsius. In the following year, there was no summer in both Europe and North America, notes Alexei Kokorin, head of the climate program of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Russia.
An ash cloud from the Krakatoa volcano, which exploded in 1883, circled the Earth twice. And for several years the average temperature across the planet dropped by several degrees.
The mechanism of "volcanic winter" is as follows: when the concentration of ash particles in the atmosphere is high, they become a screen - they reflect the sun's rays and prevent them from heating the air.
In this case, another negative factor that can affect not only Iceland is the appearance of the so-called ashfall, as a result of which vast territories can be covered with a layer of ash. Forecasters predict that the ash may spread not only to the European part of Russia, including Moscow and St. Petersburg, but further.
Icelandic geophysicist Einar Kjartansson says: “It is possible that ash emissions will continue with similar intensity for several days, or even several weeks. ash"…
Aleksey Kokorin is sure that a volcanic eruption in Iceland will slow down the rise in temperature in the world, and, moreover, for several years at once, but then a sharp warming will begin. After all, it will not reduce the anthropogenic growth of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.
VOLCANO HECLA IS RUNNING?
Icelandic volcanologists have proposed an even more frightening scenario: the activity of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano could wake up a larger volcano in the vicinity. If Eyjafjallajökull erupts for at least another month, it is very likely that its magma will fall into the craters of its "big neighbor" Katla, which is located slightly to the east. “The Katla volcano has been unusually quiet in recent decades. Therefore, we will not be surprised if an eruption occurs in the near future that is much more powerful than we are seeing now. This will lead to real chaos, ”said volcanologist Hansdottir
PROTECT YOUR HEALTH!
The UK Ministry of Health recommends that citizens not leave their homes - particles of volcanic mud have already begun to fall on the country.
WHO representatives said they did not know for sure whether the ash threatens human health. However, WHO spokesman David Epstein suggested that microscopic particles of volcanic ash are potentially dangerous, as they can cause problems in people with lung disease.
Deputy Arkady Tishkov, Director for Scientific Issues of the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, believes that there is nothing wrong with the eruption for Russia. Yes, the volcano's emissions have entered the atmosphere, and they will affect the climate, and if they fall on the ground in the form of precipitation, they will slightly oxidize the rains and cause problems for people with diseases of the respiratory system and digestion. Tishkov says: "Locally, sour rains may fall, but in the capital there are rains with higher acidity." According to Tishkov, if Moscow falls into the zone of volcanic emissions, then it is necessary to use masks and carry out wet cleaning.
Scientists also fear that a cloud of volcanic ash, which has already covered Europe and paralyzed air traffic over a large part of it, could pose a threat to wildlife. As explained by experts from the Institute of Geosciences at the University of Iceland, the cloud contains high concentrations of fluorite - a mineral that is used, in particular, in the metallurgy and chemical industries, as well as in ceramic production. This substance can be extremely dangerous for animals.

VOLCANOPSYCHOSIS
"It's just that the cloud went to the densely populated territories of Europe, that's why there is so much attention to this active volcano. We had more powerful volcanic eruptions in Kamchatka, but there was no such discussion, excitement - cloud emissions occurred in sparsely populated areas or in the oceans," Tishkov said.
According to Tishkov, what is happening now in Europe cannot be called panic in the full sense of the word, but one can already speak of a "definite psychosis".
According to Tishkov, although the volcano, in addition to ash, also emits toxic gases - chlorine-containing, sulfurous, ammonia gases, they can only affect the immediate vicinity.
"There shouldn't be any apocalyptic sentiments, this is an absolutely ordinary event," Tishkov said. "This is not the most powerful volcano, and the emissions were in relatively low layers of the atmosphere."
DO NAKED WOMEN PROCESS VOLCANO Eruptions?
One of the leaders of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Kazem Sediki, said during the traditional Friday prayer in Tehran that "debauchery, vicious dress give rise to earthquakes, eruptions and other natural disasters."
According to the opposition newspaper Aftab-e Yazd, Sediki said: “Many women dress to show off their dignity. This leads to the fact that young people deviate from the path of the truth, stain their chastity, initiate extramarital sex in society, which leads to an increase in the frequency of earthquakes. .Cataclysms are the result of human deeds. We have no choice but to turn to Islam for protection from all these scourges.
NORWEGIAN PILOT THINKS THERE IS PARANOIA
This is stated in an interview with the Norwegian Daglbladet with an experienced Norwegian aviation pilot Per-Gunnar Stensvåg from polar Tromso. The 35-year-old pilot believes that the organizations that have closed air traffic over Europe are gripped by paranoia and nothing threatens flights.
“We often get black snow from industrial emissions in Germany in eastern Norway, but we continue to fly,” Siensvåg says. The pilot sees nothing terrible and threatening in air pollution with volcanic ash.
FINANCE SING ROMANCE
The volcano with the difficult name has caused conflicts in travel companies. Travelers demand a refund. However, most often they get rejections - sorry, force majeure.
The same opinion is shared by Rospotrebnadzor of Russia: the head of the Consumer Rights Protection Department O. Prusakov confirmed that tourists whose departure was impossible due to the Icelandic volcano eruption cannot demand a refund from the tour operator for unused days in hotels, since the change the tour dates were due to force majeure.
The airlines suffered billions of dollars in losses.
HIT FOR THE GOLDEN BILLION ECONOMY
First of all, global corporations and cartels will suffer, transporting goods of particular value to them, the safety of which can be most firmly ensured by air transportation. Weapons, drugs, precursors, raw materials and equipment for them, antiques, money, securities - contracts, shares, promissory notes, etc., electronic media with secret information - the results of state and industrial espionage, secret mail , precious metals, radioactive materials and devices, listening equipment, classified chemical materials, including GMOs and bioadditives, all sorts of prestigious luxury items: crocodile leather, ostrich feathers, jewelry, precious stones, collections of fashionable clothes and shoes, fur, high-quality spices, anti-aging medicines that are essential for the elderly rulers of the world, exclusive sex toys, expensive prostitutes, an agent network, members of the billionaire club, high officials of states and the like.
The exploitative system of the world economy is in danger of total collapse.

The fire god showed his face.
The Icelandic volcano is now erupting from three vents. They were contrastingly manifested in the picture taken in the heat rays, and formed a kind of nightmarish physiognomy - either the devil, or the god of fire. View from space.

Based on materials from Internet media
Olga Olenich