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Patagonia, Fire Land, Magellan Strait. Magellan and the first world swimming

Magellan raised the Admiral flag on the Trinidad's stotonic ship. The captains of the rest of the courts were appointed Spaniards - Royal Hean Antonio expedition controller (San Antonio, 120 ton), Gaspar Kesada ("Concepcion", 90 tons), Louis Mendoza (Victoria, 85 ton) and Juan Serrano ("Sant -Igo ", 75 tons). The crew of all flotilla consisted of 319 people more than 10 nationalities, and among 26 freelancers was Italian Antonio Pigafetta, thanks to which (as well as an assistant navigator Francisco ALBA), this expedition became the property of the Maigorian history.

Flotilla came out of the port of San Lucar on September 20, 1519. And already in the first weeks of swimming, problems caused by the ambitions of Spanish captains began. The royal controller of the expedition Cartagena demanded that the admiral coordinate with him any change to the flotilla. Magellan's reaction was brief and expressive: "Your duty is to follow the day after my flag, and at night behind my lantern." When a few days later, Cartagena began to "arise" again, Magellan grabbed him over the collar and planted under the arrest on Victoria, and the captain of San Antonio appointed his relative Alvara di merchant.

Gone at the end of September Canary Islands, November 29, the flotilla reached the coast of Brazil, December 13 - Guanabar Bay, and on December 26 - La fees, the mouth of the River Parana. Due to the high qualification of the expedition navigations, clarifications were made to the values \u200b\u200bof previously defined latitudes, and therefore corrections in the contours of the known part of the mainland. Magellan, more than a month examining the banks of La fees, sent the ship "Sant Yago" up parana, which on the secret map of Magellan was marked as the desired strait. Within two weeks, Magellan has made sure that it is not so.

Fearing to miss the entrance to an elusive strait and therefore not leaving the seduction of research and the capture of the unknown land opening in front of the travelers, on February 2, 1520, Magellan ordered himself from the anchor. The flotilla should be moved along the coast in close proximity to it, and with the onset of twilight stop. During such a parking, a terrible thunderstorm broke out in the bay of Baja-Blanca, but seafarers who saw the species were attracted to the mystical horror, non-romance and almost continuous lightning, and unprecedented spectacles of the mysterious glow on the masts of the courts. Later this phenomenon that received the name "Holy Elma's lights" will be perceived by superstitious sailors as a bad omen.

At the end of February, Magellan opened a large bay of San Mathias and the Valdez Peninsula. South, near the mouth of the Chubut River, the sailors discovered many penguins and unprecedented animals - huge seals with trunns, which made them similar to elephants. They were so named - the southern sea elephants - and turned out to be very useful to replenish foods. It was cold - the winter of a southern hemisphere was approaching, and winter clothes from seafarers, tuned on a swimming in the conditions of tropics, was not. At the end of March, when winter began to declare everything more persistently, Magellan decided to winter in the Bay of San Julian and ordered to reduce the diet for this.

Understanding that it will cause people's discontent, and considering the poorly hidden hostility of Spanish captains, Magellan prudently put his "Trinidad" at anchor at the entrance to the bay, where other four ships are located. The Spaniard officers who all this time quietly gloatted over the disappointment of the admiral, counting on his voluntary rejection of further swimming and not wanting to stay here on the wintering, demanded from Magellan to turn to the caulation Good Hope And walked to Molokkami Eastern way. Magellan has categorically refused.

On the night of April 1, the rose rose. The rebels were liberated by Cartagena, captured "Victoria", "Concepcion" and "San Antonio", arrested Misiech and killed his assistant devoteed to Magellan. As follows from "Essays ..." I.P. and V.I. Magidovyovy, the rowers brought guns to Trinidad and demanded that Magellan appeared to them for negotiations. Against the two admiral ships there were three rebellious, who prepared for battle. But the rebels did not trust their sailors, and on one vessel even disarmed them.

In difficult circumstances, Magellan discovered a calm determination. He sent her loyal Algwasil (police officer) Gonzalo Gomez Espinos with several sailors on Victoria - to invite her captain for negotiations on the admiral ship. He refused, then Algwasil looked into his throat the dagger, and one sailor finished him. Shurin Magellan, Portuguese Dartu Barbosa, immediately seized Victoria and was appointed by its captain. Now the rebels had only two vessels, and so that they did not deuters, prudent admiral, as mentioned above, took a convenient position in the exit from the bay. San Antonio tried to break through into the ocean, but the sailors after the volley from Trinidad were tied by officers and surrendered. The same happened on the "Concepcion". Magellan turned cool with Captain Bunovshchikov: he ordered Caesade's head, a quarters of Mendoza's corpse, land on the deserted coast of Cartagena, along with a priest's conspirator, but the rest of the riskers spared.

In early May, she crashed about the rocks of the Sant Yago ship, but the team, with the exception of one sailor, managed to escape. Magellan translated Serrano Captain on Concepcion. The flotilla remained on the scene of wintering until August 24, and then left San Julian bay and relocated to the mouth of the Santa Cruz River, so that there is already to stay until spring. During wintering, the international crew had the opportunity to get acquainted with the aborigines. These were Indians with beautiful faces and slender figures, very high growth. Seamarians were especially striking their legs, because of which they were named by the Patagonians (from the Spanish "Patagon" - long-legged). Some sailors (possibly, first of all, the low-speed admiral), the Patagonians seemed to be real giants - such and described their chronicler of the Pigafette expedition. With his light hand and their whole country since then is referred to as Patagonia.

When, finally, in the air, the admiral ordered an anchor to raise the admiral, and on October 18, the flotilla took the course of the south along the Patagonian coast. Before entering the sea, Magellan told the captains that she intends to continue the search for the South Sea's search for the South Sea, but in case the failure is ready to deploy ships to the east. At the same time, he pointed out the sister's search border - 75 degrees of southern latitude. But luck was close - the strait leading to the West was found on October 21, 1520 for 52 degrees. To find it, Magellan's ships had to do the path from 34 to 52 degrees of southern latitude and simply open an unknown atlantic coast South America For about 3.5 thousand kilometers.

Initially, there was no complete clarity - strait this or just a long and deep bay. To clarify this, the admiral, having encouraged Cape Cape Virhenez, sent two ships - "San Antonio" and "Concepcion", which Mishet and Serrano commanded. During the intelligence, the captains of both ships decided that the passage was found, and reported to Magellan. However, everything turned out to be not so simple. With a further movement, the alleged strait was divided into several sleeves, and was to find that one of them, which leads to the South Sea. However, before the exit to the South Sea was still far: Magellan walked a few days south through narrow straits, until he saw two channels that turn to the southeast and south-west. He sent "Concepcion" and "San Antonio" to the southeast, and on the south-west - a boat with sailors who reported in three days that the cape and the open sea saw. This Cape Admiral called the desired ...

Directional to the southeast "Concepcion" and "San Antonio" were divided in the way, and each ship fell into a dead end. But if "Concepcion" turned back and went on a connection with Trinidad and Victoria, then on San Antonio, which was overlooked with the flotilla, officer Ishtevan Gomiz raised the rebellion. Captain Mishkit, who tried to pacot, was injured and chained in the shackles. Gomiz declared himself a captain, and the deserters moved to the East to return to Spain at the end of March 1521. There they, to justify themselves, accused Magellan in treason. The authorities believed slander, Mishet was arrested, and the Magellan family was deprived of a stateless benefit.

Admiral, not knowing the reasons for the disappearance of "San Antonio", decided that the ship was killed. The remaining flotilla, following along northern Beach The narrow Patagonian Strait, reinforced the southernmost point of the South American continent, Cape Froord, and from November 23 to 28 he moved to the north-west. High mountains and desert rocky shores seemed deserted, but at night on the south side of the strait were visible fires. This gave the basis of Magellan to give these shores the name "Tierra del Fuego" - "Fire Earth". A month later, after the detection of the Atlantic entrance to the Strait, connecting two oceans, the flotilla was "welcome" (Pilar) from the Pacific exit. This sea corridor, having a length of 550 km, is now known as Magellan Strait.

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Remember how Neil Amstrong said a famous phrase, calling his first step in the lunar surface by a giant jump for humanity? But long before him, such feats made Middle Ages. For example, the discoveries of Magellan became a real revolution in the presentation of people about their planet and forced them to doubt the inviolability of the dogmas of the Catholic Church. So who was a man who has proven that the land is a round, who opened, where is Magellan Strait on the map? What consequences had its discoveries for the development of science? To find answers to these questions, it is worth meeting with historical factsMost of which are known thanks to Antonio Pigafetta - the Italian Seavwoman participating in the first-world tour.

Fernan Magellan: Biography

Unfortunately, today no one can say for sure where the first of the Europeans begged the South American continent. However, most researchers believe that this event occurred on October 17, 1480 in the port or sabrosis. At the same time, according to historical documents, in adolescence, Fernan served as a Page from Queen Leonora Avisa, so it is assumed that he had noble origin.

When Magellan turned 25 years old, he goes to India as part of the Squadron Franciska Almeida. Having served last 5 years, Fernan is trying to return to his homeland, but the will of the case is forced to stay in India, where it seeks the favor of the colonial authorities and conquers great authority in the military environment. Thus, the future great traveler turns out to be in Lisbon only in 1512. And participates in the war with Morocco, during which the anger of King Manuel first causes his unauthorized actions. During the audience, Magellan asks the monarch of permission to go to the maritime expedition, but it receives a refusal. At the same time, Manuel first gives him to understand that he will not be against if he becomes another suzerena. I wonder if the future discoveries of Magellan will be glorified by Spain, would he give him a similar advice?

What preceded the first round-the-world journey

The offended Magellan leaves his homeland and goes to Spain, buys a house in Seville, he marries his son is born. Having acquired useful connections, Magellan appeals to the organization engaged in the financing of maritime expeditions - the "Chamber of Contracts", but there are refused to allocate money for the implementation of its project to find the Western way to the islands of spices. At the same time, personal interest exhibits Juan de Aranda, requiring 1/8 of the possible profits, and Korol Spain Karl first gives permission to gear of five ships. Now you know who was to his famous journey Magellan. What he opened, will be told further.

Magellan: Expected Economic Benefits

Although Columbus made Spain with superpower, yet the main goal of this expedition, namely the achievement of India's coast in Western way, was not achieved. But this has thrown huge economic benefits! In particular, thus it would be proven that the famous spice islands, departed Portugal at the Tordeslim Treaty, are in the Spanish South Sea. In turn, this meant that the expected discoveries of Magellan could significantly expand the ownership of Karl first and end with the monopoly of Portuguese to trafficking in spices, which then appreciated the weight of gold.

Travel to Brazil and Patagonia

The Heroic Sea Epopea Magellan began on September 20, 1519, when 5 ships equipped with food for 2 years ahead, left San Lukar. A total of 280 people took part in the expedition, 100 of which were equipped as soldiers. In addition, the ships were equipped with 10 guns and 50 arkebuses. The main ship is "Trinidad" - and Karavella "Santiago" was managed by Magellan himself and another Portuguese, Zhuan Serran. The rest of the three ships went hike under the leadership of the High Spanish Hidalgo, agreed to arrange a rebellion, if it seems that the Commander Fernan got off the way.

Overcoming with great difficulty Atlantic Ocean, November 29, the Expedition of Magellan reached the shores of Brazil and began to explore the shores of La fees, hoping that this was a strait through which you can get to the South Sea. After making sure that this assumption was mistaken, the squadron continued on the south, along the coast of the South American continent and, having met the Penguins on the road, took them for the natives. The wandering continued until the end of March 1420, when Magellan decided to stand up for wintering and cut the crew solders. During wintering, the Spaniards got acquainted with local residents who went, wound on the feet of the hay. And called them by Patagonians (lard), and their country of Patagonia.

Magellan Strait.

On October 21, 1520, the expedition ships turn out to be a narrow strait. Ships "San Antonio" and "Concepcion", which miraculously manage to avoid death during a suddenly flushed storms. However, as they say, there would be no happiness, but misfortune helped. At the moment when the wave carried a ship to the shore, they hit a narrow passage, the studies of which showed that salted water, and the lot does not reach the shore. Both ships return to Magellan and report the good news that they were found in the South Sea of \u200b\u200bthe South Sea, and after many years it is denoted as Magellan Strait on the world map. Unfortunately, this discovery of neither at that historical moment nor the centuries could not bring any benefit from an economic point of view, since this path is extremely long and dangerous for shipping. However, he gave a huge impetus to the development of such sciences as a cartography and geography.

Islands of Fire Earth, open by Magellan

The south of the detected Strait members of the expedition saw the land at which lights lit up at night. Magellan mistakenly suggested that this is the northern tip of Terra Australis Incognita - southern mainland - and called her fiery ground. As it turned out later, it was an archipelago consisting of 40 thousand islands and islands. Thus, questions: "What did Fernan Magellan do?", "What did you open?" It is possible as an answer with full right to name and fiery land. Today everyone knows that from the continent of the archipelago separates Magellan Strait, and on the largest of its islands - Isle Grande - is the most southern City Planets - Ushuhai.

Opening of the Mariana Islands

Overcoming the strait for 38 days, the expedition ships went to the ocean and sailed about 17,000 km to the first uninhabited island, who met on their way. Sailors were surprised, as before that it was assumed that America is located near the shores of Asia. Then Magellan understood that he opened the world a true ratio between the land and the waters of the oceans, and also gave people an idea of \u200b\u200bthe size of the Earth. It was not possible to stick to the ground, and they continued their journey until they reached the island Guam, which refers to the group Mariana Islands. It turned out that the locals had no idea about private property, and therefore they tried to carry away from the ships any items that came across arm. That is why the Spaniards called Landrones Islands, which is translated as thieves. There travelers stored food and fresh water and continued their way.

Opening of the Philippine Islands

Since it was obvious that the expedition is already in the eastern hemisphere, Magellan, fearing meetings with the Portuguese, sought to stay away from the waters where maritime shipping paths were held. Soon his ships reached unknown islands. It was decided to call them the archipelago of St. Lazaror, and later they were renamed the Philippine Islands. For the landing was chosen, so when answering the question: "What is the name of the first island, Open Magellan in Asia?", You should specify on it.

The death of the traveler

Today, everyone knows which lands opened Magellan. However, few know the details of his death.

So, how did the death of the man met, the first of the people managed to overtake the South American continent? It all started with the fact that the leader island Mactan refused to submit to the ruler of the neighboring Humabon, who squeal to the loyalty of the Spanish crown and even baptized, along with his family and approximate nobles. Magellan decided to show the local residents that the Europeans appreciate and defend their vassals, and went to pacify the recalcitable macans. At the same time, he did not calculate that the natives managed to study the methods of warring the war by Europeans, no longer belonged to them as a celestial. In addition, Magellan's military expedition was poorly prepared, and the Spaniards did not calculate that their ships would not be able to approach the shore. Almost immediately after the start of the battle, Magellan's army was caused a big damage, as the native warriors were aimed with spears into the legs of Spanish soldiers unprotected by the armor's armor, and when they tried to get to their vessels, they began to finish them. The same fate suffered the Commander of Fernan, who, wanting to cover up his retreating associates, remained to fight in water with a handful of faithful warriors, but was injured first in the face, and then the statute of copies tips. So died one of the greatest travelers in the history of mankind. However, he forever entered his name in the annals of world history, and today every schoolboy knows which strait opened Magellan.

Further fate of expedition sailors

The death of Magellan and the eight of his associates undermined the prestige of the Spaniards in the eyes of the natives. Therefore, Humabon decides to get rid of the aliens and suggests a dinner dinner, during which it is painted with a significant part of the commanders. The remaining has to run. Finally, to get to the islands of the spices, the surviving members of the Magellan expedition purchase goods and are going to return, when they learn that the Portuguese king declared Magellan Deserter and issued an order for the detention of his courts. At that time, only two ships remain afloat, whose commanders decide to go home in different ways. So the Trinidad ship is in captivity of the Portuguese, and his crew members finish life at the Katorga in India. A completely different is the fate of those who go to Spain on the "Victoria", under the command of Juan Elkanto, through the Cape of Good Hope. They are at the cost of incredible effort to get to Seville. Thus, before answering questions: "Who is Magellan?", "What opened?", It is worthwhile. After all, what is called his first traveler who has made around the world, is not entirely true. Moreover, he never put in front of him such a goal, since his only desire was to find the West way, according to which it was possible to deliver spices to Spain and receive profit from this.

Fernan Magellan: what opened

Such a short life, only 40 years long, but what brilliant results! Such thoughts arise when you read a story about the journey that Magellan made. What opened? The famous strait called him name, fiery land, Mariana and Philippine Islands. And most importantly, Magellan proved that from Europe to Asia, it is not only rising Africa, but also moving in the western direction.

the base of how Balboa opened the South Sea, the Spaniards began to relate very suspiciously to the appearance of Portuguese ships in the Caribbean waters. Spanish authorities on about. Espanyola (Haiti) at the end of 1512 received from the king Ferdinand the order "follow the non-existent strait" and capture any ship. The first victims of this order became Portuguese captain Ishtevan Froish In 1512, who focused on slaves from the northern shores of South America. His Karavelus demanded repairs, and he decided to approach the shores of Espanyola. Here he was immediately captured and brought into prison with the whole team. Accompanying Froyish Another Karavel under the team already familiar to us Juan Lyhboa managed to disappear and get to Madeira safely; Then, apparently, without rest, he went to the Spanish port of Cadiz, where he sold his cargo of the Brazilian tree. In the port or on Madeira, he, as they say now, took an interview with the "Correspondent" of a small newspaper, published in Augsburg. Lyhboa told the "journalist" that somewhere in South America there is a long strait for which you can go to Eastern Indies. A note about this opening, published no later than 1514, reported, not mentioning the names and names of the courts, about swimming "to the river fee". Opening historians today, believe that I. Froish and J. Lyhboa reached approximately 35 ° YU. sh., entered into the Bay of La Plata, but did not explore to the end - the length of his 320 km - and therefore they took for the strait. It is consequently, it is possible to say that they opened the coast of South America from 26 ° 15 "Yu. Sh. Up to 35 ° Yu. Sh. For more than 1.5 thousand km.

reliable to say whether the Spaniards knew about Froyish and Lyhboa swimming, but it's just known that the King Ferdinand, in 1514 he received news about the opening of the Southern Sea, decided to send a flotilla from three ships into search. Her commander, he appointed Juan Diaz Solis, who became from 1512 (after Amerigo Vespucci) the main pilot of Castile. Solis sailed not earlier than October 8, 1515, but it is not known where he touched the South American mainland, and, moving along the evading southwest of the Brazilian coast, in 35 ° YU. sh. reached a new "fresh sea". Then he encouraged a minor protrusion (Montevideo) and passed to the West about 200 km, probably convinced that he found a passage to the Eastern Ocean. But he opened the mouth of two large rivers - Parana and Uruguay. Solis landed ashore in mid-February 1516 and was killed there by Indians. Two vessels of his flotilla in September of the same year returned to Spain. Later, Magellan called the total mouth of two rivers Rio de Solis (from the middle of the XVI century - La Plata).

Project Magellan and the composition of his expedition

conquesting India and Malacca from 1505 to 1511 participated Poor Portuguese nobleman Fernan Magellan - so it is customary to be called; Genuine surname - Magalyansh. He was born around 1480 in Portugal, in 1509 and 1511. In Portuguese courts reached Malacquica, and on S. Moricon, even the "Islands of the Spices" (about. Ambon). In 1512 - 1515. He fought B. North Africawhere was injured. Returning to the Motherland, he asked the King to enhance the service, but received a refusal. The offended Magellan went to Spain and joined the company with Portuguese Astronomer Rui Faleirwho assured that as if found a way to accurately determine geographical longitude. In March 1518, both were in Seville to the Council of India The institution made by the affairs of newly open territories. And they stated that Molokki, the most important source of Portuguese wealth, should belong to Spain, as they are in the Western, Spanish hemisphere (under the contract of 1494), but to penetrate these "islands of spices" need Western way, so as not to initiate the suspicions of Portuguese, through South Sea, open and attached Balboa to Spanish possessions. And Magellan convincingly argued that between the Atlantic Ocean and the South Sea should be shed south of Brazil. Magellan and Falairu demanded first of the same rights and advantages that Columbus were promised.

After a long bargaining with the Royal Advisors who spoke to himself a solid share of the expected income, and after concessions from the Portuguese, a contract was concluded with them: Karl I pledged to equip five ships and supply an expedition to the supplies for two years. Before sailing, Faleir abandoned the enterprise, and Magellan, undoubtedly, the soul of the whole case became the sole head of the expedition. He raised the Admiral flag on Trinidad (100 T). The captains of the rest of the courts were appointed Spaniards: "San Antonio" (120 tons) - Huang Cartagenawho also received the powers of the Royal Expedition Controller; Concepcion (90 tons) - Gaspar Kesada; "Victoria" (85 tons) - Louis Mendoza and "Santiago" (75 tons) - Juan Serrano. The full-time composition of the entire flotilla was estimated at 293 people, there were still 26 freelance crew members on board, among them a young Italian Antonio Pigafetta, Future expedition historian. Since he was neither a sailor, nor a geographer, a very important primary source, serve records in ship journals, which Francisco Albo, assistant navigator, led to Trinidad. An international team went to the first round-the-world swimming: except for Portuguese and Spaniards, representatives of more than 10 nationalities entered its composition.

september 1519 Flotilla came out of the port of San Lucar at the mouth of Guadalquivir. When moving across the ocean, Magellan has developed a good signaling system, the diversionable ships of its flotilla never separated. Disagreements between him and the captains of the Spaniards began very soon: the Cartagena demanded that Cartagena demanded that the boss consistent with him with respect to any course change. Magellan quietly and proudly replied: "Your duty to follow my flag in the afternoon, and at night behind my lantern." A few days later, Cartagena raised this question again. Then Magellan, distinguished, despite the small growth, great physical strength, grabbed him for the collar and ordered to hold in custody on "Victoria", and the captain of San Antonio appointed his relative, the "superstand" sailor Alvaru Mishita.

On September 26, flotilla came to the Canary O'-you, on November 29 reached the coast of Brazil near 8 ° Sh., December 13 - Guanabar Bay, and on December 26 - La fees. The attachments of the expedition were the best at that time: performing the definitions of latitudes, they made adjustments to the map of the already known part of the mainland. So, Cape Kabi Frou, by their definition, is not at 25 ° YU. sh., and at 23 ° sh. - Their mistake amounted to less than 2 km from his true position. Do not trust reports from Salis satellites, Magellan has been examined for about a month and both low-lying shores of La fees; Continuing the opening of the plain territory of Pamppa, he started Lyuba and Solis, he sent "Santiago" up parana, and, of course, did not find a passage to the South Sea. Next extended unknown land. And Magellan, afraid to miss the entrance to the elusive strait, on February 2, 1520, ordered himself with an anchor and move as close as possible to the coast only during the day, and in the evening it is to stop. In the parking lot on February 13, in the Bahia-Bahia, the fleet discovered by him, the terrifying thunderstorms, during which lights of St. Elma appeared on the masts of vessels. Electrical discharges in an atmosphere having a shape of luminous brushes. On February 24, Magellan opened another major bay - San Magias, revealed to him Valdez, revealed to him and shelted overnight in a small harbor, which Puerto-San Mathias called (Gulfo-Nuevo Bay of our cards, 43 ° sh.) . South, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe mouth of r. Chubut, February 27, flotilla came across a huge accumulation of penguins and southern sea elephants. To replenish the reserves of food, Magellan sent a boat to the shore, but unexpectedly flourished squalls threw the court into the open sea. The remaining sailors in order not to die from the cold, they were hidden by the bodies of dead animals. Taking the "stovers", Magellan moved to the south, pursued by storms, examined another bay, San Jorge, and spent six storm days in a narrow bay (estuary r. Rio-Eeteado, located 48 ° sh.). March 31, when the winter approach was noticeably, he decided to winter in San Julian Bay (in 49 ° H.). Four ships entered the bay, and "Trinidad" became anchored at the entrance to her. The Spaniard officers wanted to force Magellan "Run Royal Instructions": Rotate to the caution of good hope and eastern way to go to Molokkam. The same night began a riot. Cartagena was released to freedom, the rebels seized the "Victoria", "Concepcion" and "San Antonio", arrested Mishet, and Cesada was mortally injured by Assistant, devoted to Magellan. They assrated guns to Trinidad and demanded that Magellan appeared to them for negotiations. Against the two admiral ships there were three rebellious, who prepared for battle. But the rebels did not trust their sailors, and on one vessel even disarmed them.

In difficult circumstances, Magellan discovered a calm determination. He sent her loyal Algwasil (police officer) Gonzalo Gomez Espinos With several sailors at Victoria, to invite her captain for negotiations on the Admiral ship. He refused, then Algwasil looked into his throat the dagger, and one sailor finished him. Shurin Magellan, Portuguese Daarti Barbosa, immediately seen the "Victoria" and was appointed by its captain. Now the rebels had only two vessels, and so that they did not deuters, prudent admiral, as mentioned above, took a convenient position in the exit from the bay. San Antonio tried to break through into the ocean, but the sailors after the volley from Trinidad were tied by officers and surrendered. The same happened on the "Concepcion". Magellan turned cool with Captain Bunovshchikov: he ordered Caesade's head, a quarters of Mendoza's corpse, land on the deserted coast of Cartagena, along with a priest's conspirator, but the rest of the riskers spared.

In early May, Admiral sent to the south at the exploration Serrano on Santiago, but on May 3, the ship crashed on the cliff from the river. Santa Cruz (in 50 ° J. sh.) And a team with difficulty managed to escape (one sailor died).

Magellan translated Serrano Captain at Concepcion. Indians of very high growth were approached by the place of wintering. They were named by the Patagonians (in Spanish "Patagon" - Big), their country from that time is called Patagonia. Pigafette exaggeratedly described the Patagonians as real giants. The name of this Tekhuelch tribe. Capes from Huanano skins with high hoods and moccasins did them higher than they were in reality: the growth of the Indians on the measurers of the end of 1891 was from 183 to 193 cm. On August 24, the flotilla came out of the Bay of San Julian and reached the mouth of Santa Cruz, where he stayed until mid-October, waiting for the offensive of spring. On October 18, the flotilla moved to the south along the Patagonian coast, which forms on this site (between 50 and 52 ° H. Sh.) Wide bay of Bahia Grande. Before entering the sea, Magellan declared the captains, which will look for a passage to the South Sea and turns to the east, if it does not find the strait to 75 yi. sh., that is, he himself doubted the existence of a "Patagonian Strait", but he wanted to continue the company to the last opportunity. The bay, or the strait leading to the West, was found on October 21, 1520 for 52 °. Sh., After Magellan discovered the previously unknown Atlantic coast of South America for about 3.5 thousand km (between 34 and 52 ° H.).

Having conceded Cape Dev (Cape Virhenes), Admiral sent two ship forward to find out if there is a way out in the West to the open sea. At night, a storm rose, which lasted two days. Messenger ships threatened death, but at the hardest moment they noticed a narrow strait, goud rushed and found themselves in a relatively wide bay; They continued the way and saw another strait, followed by a new, wider bay.

Young Karl I, King of Spain (later - Emperor Karl V), grandson Ferdinand and Isabella

Artist: Bernard Wang Orly

Then the captains of both ships - Mishkit and Serrano - decided to return and report to Magellan, which, apparently, found a passage leading to the South Sea. "... We saw these two ships, approaching us on all sails with flag flutters. Going closer to us ... They began to shoot from guns and wake up us noisily. " However, before the exit to the South Sea was still far: Magellan walked a few days south through narrow straits until he saw two channels from about. Dawson: one - southeast, the other - to the southwest. He sent San Antonio and Concepcion to the southeast, and the South West is a boat. Sailors returned "Three days later with the news that Cape and Open Sea saw." The admiral was sacrificed from joy and called this Cape desired.

Trinidad and Victoria entered the Southwest Canal, stood there anchor waiting for four days and returned back to connect with two other ships, but there was only "Concepcion": in the south-east he went to a dead end - in Bay Inutil - and turned back. San Antonio fell into another deadlock; On the way back, not a dropping on the spot of the flotilla, officers wounded and challenged into the shackles of Mishkit and at the end of March 1521 returned to Spain. Deserters accused Magellan in treason to justify themselves, and they believed them: Mishkit was arrested, Magellan's family is deprived of a stateless benefit. His wife and two children soon died in poverty. But the admiral did not know under what circumstances the "San Antonio" disappeared. He believed that the ship was died, as Misiek was his tested friend. Following along the northern coast, a strongly narrowed Patagonian Strait (this was so called Magellan), he hesitated the southernmost point of the South American continent - Cape Froord (on P-Oves Brunswick, 53 ° 54 "Yu. Sh.) And five more days (23- November 28) three ships were led to the north-west as if the bottom of the mountain gorge. High mountains (southern end of the Patagonian Cordillera) and the naked shores seemed to be deserted, but in the south of the day haze were visible, and at night - fires fires. And Magellan I called this southern land, the size of which he did not know, "Land of Fire" (Tierra del Fuego). According to another version, he called the southern country of "earth grounds" (foci) - Tierra de Los Iskos (so shown in the Spanish card 1529 g) but Karl I renamed it into the "Earth of Lights" on the grounds that "no smoke without fire. " On our maps, it is inaccurately called fiery ground. After 38 days, after Magellan found the Atlantic entrance to the strait, which really connects two oceans, he passed the "desired" cape (now Pilar) at the Pacific exit from Magellanov Strait (about 550 km).

so, Magellan came out on November 28, 1520. From the strait to the open ocean and led the remaining three ships first north, trying to leave the cold high latitudes as soon as possible and keeping with a 100 km from the rocky coast. On December 1, he passed near P-ov Titao (in 47 ° Yu. Sh.), And then ships retired from the mainland - December 5, the maximum distance was 300 km. December 12 - 15, Magellan once again approached the shore of 40 ° and 38 ° 30 "Yu. Sh., That is, at least three points saw high mountains - the Patagonian Cordillera and the southern part of the main Cordillera. From about. Urine (38 ° 30 "Yu. Sh.) Court turned to the north-west, and on December 21, being in 30 ° YU. sh. and 80 ° z. d., - on the West-North-West.

Of course, it is impossible to say that during his 15-day swimming north of the Prait Magellan opened the coast of South America for 1500 km, but at least he proved that in the range of latitudes from 53 ° 15 "to 38 ° 30" . sh. The western coast of the mainland has an almost meridional direction.

"... we ... plunged into the expanses of the quiet sea. Three months and twenty days we were completely deprived of fresh food. We fed on breadcrumbs, but then no crackers were no longer, and sugar dust, mixed with worms ... She strongly stuck with rat urine. We drank yellow water that was already rotting for many days. We also ate wild leather covering rei ... We were soaked them in seawater in the continuation of four or five days, after which they put for a few minutes on hot coals and eaten. We often fed on wood sawdust. Rats were sold by the Polforka per piece, but for such a price they could not be delivered "(Pigafetta). Almost all sick quiet; 19 people died, including the Brazilian and Patagonian "Giant". Fortunately, the weather was good all the time: because Magellan called the ocean tiche.

It is probably precisely during the transition through the Pacific Ocean in the southern hemisphere, Magellan's satellites drew attention to two star systems, which later received the name of large and small magtellane clouds. " South Pole Not such a star, like the North, - writes Pigafetta, - here are visible to the clusters of a large number of small stars, resembling the clouds of dust. There is a small distance between them, and they are somewhat dull. Among them are two large, but not very bright stars moving very slowly. " He meant two stars of the arrogant constellation Hydra. The Spaniards also found "five unusually bright sparkling stars located in the cross ..." - Constellation Cross, or South Cross.

Crossing the Pacific Ocean, Magellan flotilla passed at least 17 thousand km, of which most in the waters of South Polynesia and Micronesia, where countless small islands were scattered. It is amazing that at the same time the sailors met for all the time only "two deserted islets, which were found only by birds and trees." According to the ALBO, the first (San Pablo), open on January 24, 1521, is located 16 ° 15, "and the second (Jeturonee, i.e." Sharks ", February 4) - at 10 ° 40" Yu. sh. Magellan and Albo very accurately defined latitude, but since the correct calculation of longitude in the XVI century. You do not have to say, then you can not confidently identify these islands with some islands on our cards. It is most likely that San Pablo is one of the northeastern islands of the Tuamot Archipelago, Beturonez, one of the southern islands of Line (Central Polynesia). On this segment, Magellan performed the first measurement of sea depths, which can be classified as "scientific". To achieve the bottom with the help of six-related lines in several hundred sea seeds, he could not and came to the conclusion that he found the deepest part of the ocean.

Historians are perplexed why Magellan crossed the equator and went in 10 ° C. sh. - He knew that Molokki was at the Equator. But it was there that there is a southern sea, already known to the Spaniards. Perhaps Magellan wanted to make sure whether it really is part of the newly open ocean.

On March 6, 1521, two inhabited islands (GUAM and Rota, the most southern group of Mariana) finally appeared in the West. Dozens of boats with balancing emerged to meet alien. They floated with the help of triangular "Latin" sails, stitched from palm leaves. Guama (13 ° 30 "s. Sh.) Residents - dark, well-folded people, naked, Women wore loose dressings, "a narrow strip of thin, like paper, bark." But in small hats made of palm leaves - they climbed the ship and grabbed everything that they came to the eyes, as a result of which this group was named "robbing islands" (Ladree).

When the islanders kidnapped the boat tied behind the feed, annoyed Magellan landed on the shore with a detachment, burned a few dozen huts and boats, killed seven people and returned the boat. "When someone from the natives was wounded by arrows from our crossbows, which pierced him through, he swayed the end of the arrows in all directions, pulled it out, considered him with great amazement and so died ..."

March 15, 1521, having passed to the West of about 2 thousand km, the sailors saw the mountains of the sea - it was about. Samara East Asian Group of Islands, later than these philippines. Magellan was in vain sought a place for anchor parking - the rocky shore of the island did not provide a single chance. Ships advanced a little south, to Siargao Island near the southern tip about. Samar (10 ° 45 "s. Sh.) And there spend the night. The length of the path passed by Magellan from South America to the Philippines turned out to be many times more than the distance, which was shown on the maps of the time between the new light and Japan. In fact, Magellan Proved that there is a giant water space between America and Tropical Asia, a much wider atlantic ocean. The opening of the aisle from the Atlantic Ocean into the South Sea and the swimming of Magellan through this sea produced a real revolution in geography. It turned out that most of the surface of the globe is not destroyed by land, And the ocean, and has proven the presence of a single world ocean.

z caution Magellan March 17r moved from Siargao to the uninhabited island of Homonkhon, The water area to the West has become famous in our time: October 24-26, 1944, the US Navy defeated the Japanese fleet here; As a result, the Americans occupied all the Filipino O-Wa, except for. Luzon. lying south of the big about. Samar to stock water and give to relax people. Residents of the neighboring island delivered to the Spaniards of fruits, coconuts and palm wine. They reported that "in this edge a lot of islands." Magellan called the San Lasaro archipelago. The local elders, the Spaniards saw gold earrings and bracelets, cotton fabrics embroidered with silk, cold weapons decorated with gold. A week later, the flotilla moved to the southwest and stopped at about. Limasava (10 ° C. sh., 125 ° C. d., South of Leite). The boat approached "Trinidad". And when Malats Enrique, Slave Magellan, called the rowers in his native language, they immediately understood him. After a couple of hours, two large boats arrived, full of people, with the local ruler, and Enrique was freely explained with them. Magellan became clear that he was in the part of the old world, where the Malay language was spread, that is, not far from the "Islands of the spices" or among them. And Magellan, who visited about. Ambon (128 ° C. d.) As part of the expedition A. Abreu, thus completed the first on-the-world swimming in the history.

The ruler of the island gave Magellan Lotsmanov, who accompanied the ships to the major trading port Cebu. In the journal Albo and Pigafetta appear new for Europeans the names of the islands - Leite, Bochol, Cebu, etc. Western European historians call it the discovery of the Philippines, although they have long been visited by Asian Moreleholds, and Magellan and his companions saw Chinese goods there, for example, porcelain dishes. In Cebu, they met the orders of this "civilized" world. Raja (ruler) began with the fact that he demanded the payment of duty. Pay Magellan refused, but offered him friendship and military assistanceIf he recognizes himself by the Vassal of the Spanish King. The ruler Cebu accepted the offer and was even baptized in a week with his family and several hundreds of subjects. Soon they were baptized, according to Pigafetta, "All the inhabitants of this island and some from other islands." On about. Cebu he talked with several Arab merchants who reported to him about other archipelago islands. As a result, for the first time in geographical use with minor distortions, such names were included as Luzon, Mindanao and Suul.

In the role of the patron of new Christians, Magellan intervened in the internecine war of the rulers of the island of Macan, located against the city of Cebu. On the night of April 27, 1521, he went there with 60 people by boats, but they could not come close to the shore due to reefs. Magellan, leaving crosses and musketeers in boats, Lodod on the island crossed with 50 people. There, in the village, they were expected and attacked three detachments. From the boats began shooting on them, but the arrows and even muscle bullets at such a distance could not break through the wooden shields of the attackers. Magellan ordered the population of the village. It faded the maleans, and they began to shower alien to arrows and stones and throw a spear in them. "... Ours, with the exception of six or eight people left under the captain, immediately rushed into flight ... Recalling the captain, a lot of people thrown on it ... But still he continued to hold standing. Trying to pull the sword, he exposed him only to half, because he was wounded in his hand ... one [of the attackers] wounded him into his left leg ... The captain fell face down, and there was a tight of him ... spears and began to strike Tesakov, until they wanted ... Our light, our reflection ... He all the time turned back to see if we managed to plunge into the boats "(Pigafetta). In addition to Magellan, eight Spaniards and four allied islanders were killed. Among the sailors there was a lot of wounded. The old saying was confirmed: "The Lord God gave the Portuguese a very small country for life, but the whole world for death." On the deserted shore about. Mactan, where Magellan found Death, he was set a monument in the form of two cubes crowned with a ball.

the dock of the death of Magellan captains of the flotilla were elected D. Barboz and X. Serrano. The newly-standing ruler Cebu, having learned that the ships are going to leave, invited their allies to the farewell feast. 24 Sailors, including Barboz and Serrano, took an invitation and went ashore, but two - Espinos and Pilot "Concepcion" Portuguese Zhuan Lopic Carvalue - Returned, suspecting unkind. Hearing on the shore of the shouts and screams, they ordered the ships to come closer to the shore and firing from the city's guns. At this time, the Spaniards saw Serrano wounded, in one shirt; He shouted to stop shooting, otherwise it would be killed and that all his comrades were killed, except for Malaitz Enrique translator. He begged to redeem him, but Korvalo forbade the boat to come to the shore. "... And he did so with the goal," writes Pigafetta, "so that they remain the owners on the ships." And despite the fact that Juan Serrano crying prayed him not to raise him so fast sail, as they kill him ... We immediately left. " Immediately, Carvalia was announced by the head of the expedition, and Espinos was elected by the captain of Victoria. 115 people left on the courts, there are many patients among them. It was difficult to manage three ships with such a crew, so in the Strait between your Cebu and Bochol, the dilapidated "Concepcion" was burned.

"Victoria" and "Trinidad", coming out of the strait, passed by the island, "where people are black, as in Ethiopia" (the first indication of the Philippine Negritos); Spaniards called this island Negro. At Mindao, they first heard the large-to-north-west. Luzon. Random Lotsmans led ships across the sea of \u200b\u200bSulu to the Palawan, the western island of the Philippine group.

Pigafette - accurate and thorough chronicle - was not a professional cartographer. But as an impartial artist, he made rude sketches of a number of the islands of the Philippine Archipelago, who touched the Expedition of Magellan. They do not have similarities with originals and can be identified only by names: Samar, the first of the visited islands, Homonkhon, where the first landing, Mactan, the place of the death of Magellan, as well as Panon, Leite, Cebu and Palawan. From about. Palawan Spaniards arrived - the first of Europeans - to the giant about. Kalimantan and July 9 were anchored by the city of Brunei, by whose name is the whole island, and then other Europeans began to call Borneo. The Spaniards concluded alliances with local rages, bought products and local goods, sometimes robbed oncoming vessels, but still could not learn the road to the "Islands of Spices".

Pigafett productively used the monthly parking lot "Victoria" - almost all of July he conducted a Sultan city of Brunei as a guest and gathered the first reliable information about. Kalimananta: "This island is so great that it will take three months to get it on Pura" (Malay vessel).

September 7, the Spaniards went to swim along the north west Bank Kalimantana At the same time, bypassing Pigafetta saw the rocky top and dubbed her "Mount St. Peter" - this is Kinabalu (4101 m), highest point Malay archipelago. And, having reached his northern tip, I stood almost a month and a half in a small island, stroking products and firewood. They managed to capture Johncu with the Malay sailor, who knew the way to Molokkami. Carvalo soon was shifted "for non-fulfillment of royal decrees" and Espinis was elected admiral. Captain "Victoria" was the former assistant of the navigator at Concepcion Basque Juan Sevastyan ElkanoOtherwise - Del Kano. October 26, in the sea of \u200b\u200bSulawesi, the ships kept the first storm after the strait was left for Magellan. On November 8, the Malay Major led the court to the market of spices on about. Tidor, the western shore chamkeeper, the largest of Molukkskiy oagues. Here, the Spaniards cheaply purchased spices - cinnamon, nutmeg, carnation. Trinidad needed repair, and it was decided that, at its end, Espinos would go to the east, to the Panaman Bay, and Elkano will lead to the Motherland "Victoria" by Western way - around Cape of Good Hope.

december "Victoria" with a crew of 60 people, including 13 Malaysers captured on the Islands of Indonesia, moved from Tidore to the south. At the end of January 1522, Lotsman Malats brought the ship to about. Timor. On February 13, the Spaniards lost him out of sight and took the course to Cape of Good Hope, spending on wandering among Malay O-Great Bords three times longer than on the transition through the Pacific Ocean.

Elkano deliberately held away from the usual path of Portuguese ships, the meeting with whom threatened the Spaniards prison and maybe execution. In the southern part of the Indian Ocean, the sailors saw only one island (in 37 ° 50 "Yu. Sh., Amsterdam). This happened on March 18. On May 20, Victoria warned Cape of Good Hope.

Having passed the first in this part of the Indian Ocean, Elkano proved that the "South" mainland does not reach 40 ° sh. During the transition to the unknown maritime expanses of the Indian Ocean, the crew of the vessel decreased to 35 people, including four Malayans. On the O-Wah of Green Cape, belonging to Portugal, where the stop was made to replenish fresh water and food reserves, it turned out that the sailors "lost" one day, bypassing the Earth from the West; For this "loss", all the surviving members of the crew "Victoria" were subjected to humiliating punishment - a public repentance: from a church point of view, such a "negligence" led to improper observance of posts. This fact is a bright illustration of the ignorance of churchmen who refused to even assume the possibility of a natural explanation of the interesting fact of the "loss" of the day, first manifested during the circular voyage of Magellan and his companions. Here, in Santiah, another 12 of the Spaniards and one Malats arrested on suspicion are that they fell on Molokki Eastern way. On September 6, 1522, "Victoria" lost another sailor in the way, reached the mouth of Guadalquivir, making the first on-the-world swimming in history for 1081.

From the five ships of Magellan only one ended earth, and from his crew in 265 people returned to their homeland only 18 (there were three Malaya on board). 13 sailors arrested in Santing, arrived at their homeland later, released by Portuguese at the request of Charles I. But "Victoria" brought so much spices that the sale of them with interest covered the cost of the expedition, and Spain received the "right of first discovery" to the Mariana and Philippine O-Wa and presented claims to Molokki.

Magellan has proven to his round-the-world swimming that the greatest water space extends between America and Asia, and established the presence of a single world ocean. Magellan forever put an end to the disputes of the form of our planet, providing a practical testimony of her sofiform. Thanks to him, finally, scientists got the opportunity to establish the true dimensions of the Earth not speculative, but on the basis of irrefutable data.

emonst "Trinidad" delayed more than three months, and he sailed from Tidor under the team Espinos (navigator Leone Pankaldo) With a crew of 53 people and almost 50-ton vesting cargo only on April 6, 1522, having encouraged the North End of ON. Halkeher, Espinos immediately took the course east, to Panama. However, nasty winds soon forced him to turn to the north. In early May, he discovered O-Va Sonzorol (5 ° C. sh., In the extreme West of the Carolinskaya chain), and between 12 and 20 ° C. sh. - 14 other islands from the Mariana Group. From one of them, most likely with about. Agrikhan (at 19 ° C. sh.), On board was taken to the native. Fighting eastern winds, storm weather and cold, June 11, Espinos reached 43 ° C. sh. How far the ship has advanced to the east, now you can only assume - probably the Spaniards were between 150 and 160 ° C. D. 12-day storm, bad food and weakness forced the sailors to turn back. From hunger and Qingi by this time more than half of the team died. On the way back, on August 22, Espinos, several more northern Mariana O-Greats opened, including Maj 20 ° C. sh., and returned to Molokkamka around October 20, 1522. Deserted from Mauga Gonzalo Vigo crossed later on the boat to about. Guam with indigenous people. Having got acquainted in this way to almost all the significant islands between Maug and Guam, he completed the opening of the Mariana chain, stretching for more than 800 km.

Meanwhile, in mid-May 1522, Portuguese military flotilla came to Molokkam Anthony Brita. By performing the task - to take possession of the archipelago and prevent violations of the Portuguese monopoly, he built a fort on about. Ternate. Having received the news in late October that there is a European ship, the European ship is located, Brita sent three ship with order to capture it, and they led to the Trinidad ternate, on which there were 22 people. Brita imposed arrest on the cargo and took the seaworthy tools, maps and, undoubtedly, ship magazine. This explains the awareness of the Portuguese about the path of the Magellan expedition, his death and later events, and the additional information of Brita received by interrogation "with the addiction" of seafarers captured by him. After a four-year-old imprisonment from the Trinidad team survived and in 1526, only four were returned to Spain, including Gonzalo Espinos, also completing round-the-world swimming.

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Strange, fantastic this, right
it was a sight when four ships for the first time
in the history of mankind slowly and silently
entered into a silent, grim strait,
where the time of time did not penetrate the people.
Scary silence meets them.

Stephen Collegu. "Feat Magellan"

On October 21, 1520, Fernan Magellan, during the first round-the-world travel, opened the strait, dividing South America and the Fire Earth archipelago. Magellan's ships entered the sheds on the day of all saints and first called him Estrecho de Todos Los Santos - the strait of all saints. After seven years, the Strait received his current name, in honor of Fernana Magellan.

flagship Karavel Tinidad

fernan Magellan's Expedition in the Ocean

If you have a big map of the world, play with the child on the journey of Magellan. Estate it on the floor, take a suitable little boat or blind it from plasticine. Prepare for the game in order to tell the child to tell the child interesting details.

Magellan asked the Portuguese King Manuel I to equip an expedition to the "Islands of Spices". However, the king not only did not agree to the expedition, but on the contrary dismissed Magellan from the service, having allocated his allowance for him, which was barely enough for life. Magellan reflected a lot about the possibility to achieve the "islands of spices", and he caught fire the idea to carry out that once did not manage to make Columbus - to open the West way to the East, which Magellan thought would be shorter than the eastern path. The Spanish king helped him, and on September 20, 1519, together with the flagship ship of Magellan "Trinidad" in the direction of South America, 4 other ships sail from the mouth of Guadalquivir: "San Antonio", "Consepesion", "Victoria", "Santiago" with a crew in 265 people.
So, Magellan's ships were floating from Spain, sailed across the Atlantic Ocean by the banks of Africa, the Canary Islands and sailed to the Rio de Janeiro Bay. Next, they warked out southern America and passed through the strait, named after Magellan. Further, the ships came to the Pacific Ocean and floated for a long time, not expecting such distances and experiencing huge deprivation. In the Philippine Islands during the battle with local residents Magellan was killed. The remaining ship "Victoria crossed Indian Ocean, I came down the cape of good hope and again in the Atlantic Ocean returned to Spain. On the ship was only eighteen survivors, their journey lasted almost three years! This is the first worldwide swimming in history proved that the Earth is a ball that the water on Earth is more than sushi and that the Pacific Ocean extends between America and Asia.

Map of Magellan around the world 1519-1522gg

How to play with children in Magella's swimming?

a) the navigators called the Pacific Ocean, because for all the time they did not get into any storm. And if the storm was? Complete the blanket and arrange a strong storm on the sofa.

b) Light small candles and put them on the territory of the fiery ground. When your ship goes on there, extinguish the light in the room and then you will see the same thing that I saw the Magellan team: a lot of lights on the island. These are aborigines burned the signal fires for their comrades who came to the sea.

c) Put a penguin figure to the southernmost point of South America. It is here that Europeans
the first time they saw this bird. The Expedition of Magellan called the penguins "Housing": "The Great Many Gosseat is not amenable to calculatory. Those geese are black and white, and they have the same lengths of the same length and quality. They can not fly and feed fish. "

d) During the swim, the Expedition of Magellan tried a new unknown fruit before this. This is how this fruit described the chronicler of an expedition: "Similar to large round firing cones, but extremely sweet and excellently delicious." You can guess the child this riddle, ask him to close your eyes and give to try a piece of ... Pineapple. Will he be able to guess what it is?

e) Cook the spices, followed by Magellan's expedition to travel around the world: pepper, cinnamon, carnation, nutmeg. Offer the child to the smell determine where what spice. Discuss why the spices are so appreciated by Europeans.

And several beautiful photos of Patagonia and Fire Earth.
The coast of South America, the expedition of Magellan was noticed by high Indians, the face of which is painted with red paint, dressed in animal skins. Especially unusual seemed to Spanish sailors very large feet feet. "Patagono" ("Big Lapa") - they called the Indians from the Teulche tribe. So the southern tip of South America was named Patagonia, and the inhabitants of the Patagonians.

Types of fiery land

From Patagonia, a fascinating round-world tour of the crew of a two-volume yacht "Duncan" was found in search of captain Grant. Through the Atlantic Ocean, having passed by the Magellan Strait along the Rocky Coast and Islands rich fjords, the adventurers hoped precisely in this wild edge to discover the victim of the shipwreck of the captain.

Mount Darwin is the highest peak in the archipelago Fire Earth (2488 m).

Island fiery ground.

Isla Magdalena (Isla Magdalena).
it small island In the Magellan Strait is located 35 km from Punta Arenas.
In 1982, the island declared a national natural monument.

Penguins
The growth of Magellanov Penguin comes to 70 cm, the weight is about 4 kg. Nests on fiery land, Falkland (Malvinsk) islands, the island of Juan Fernandez and the southern coasts of Patagonia and Chile.

photo from here - http://sl.photo-traveller.net/foto/chile/chile2008/index10.htm

Interesting facts about fiery land:

Geographical names from fire land is a kind of historical chronicle. Strait, according to which, for the first time in history, the Europeans fell out of the Atlantic Ocean in a quiet, named after Magellan. Another strait, connecting two oceans, separating South America from Antarctica and being the most southernmost point of the new world - the widest on Earth, is the name for the first English navigator and Pirate Francis Drake. Finally, the third strait and the highest mountain of the fiery land are associated with the great scientist Charles Darwin: the vertex is named after him, and the Strait - in honor of the Beagle ship, on which the naturalist collected materials for the "origin of species."

The most southernmost settlement is the tiny Chilean village of Puerto Toro, located on the island of Navarino, a fiery land in the archipelago. Now there are only 36 people living there - the family of fishermen, industrially in the strait of beagle fishing fish and crabs. The south of this village is only scientific stations in Antarctica.

from here - http://ruslan-r-safin.livejournal.com/33528.html

Despite the harsh climate, a large number of nautical lions, seals, lame (called Guanaco called here live on fiery land). There are many cormorants and chains that form noisy bird bazaars on both shores of the straits.

from here - http://skitalets.livejournal.com/10702.html

For many years, Magellan remained the only captain in the spiring of his behalf and did not lose any ship. In general, the coastal waters of Cape Gorn - the largest ocean cemetery of sunken ships. Each sailor who was lucky to survive on the way from the Atlantic Ocean in a quiet, had the right to wear a silver earring in the left ear. Nowadays, every tourist who has converted Cape Horn, receives the appropriate certificate.

from here - http://1001face.ru/2013/12/ognennaya-zemlya-interesnye-fakty/

And children can be said that Magellan's sailors during the circular travel lost one day. Member and historian of the Magellan Expedition Italian Antonio Pigafetta recorded in his diary at the end of the trip when the ships went to one of the Portuguese ports: "Wanting to know whether our diary was working, I asked the ex-on board the Portuguese, what day of the week they had. I was answered that Thursday, that I was very surprised, since on my diaries we had a medium. We could not think that was mistaken by the day: I was surprised by these more than others, as I always had a very good journal and noted, not missing, all the days of the week and the number of month. We learned later that there were no mistakes in our account. "
How did travelers have lost all day? Magellan's satellites made around the world. If they were floating to the east, then every day would have seen the morning for 24 hours earlier than "you need," that is, they would take forward for the whole day. For them, Wednesday would be Thursday. They, on the contrary, floated to the West, saw the sun and later and later and at the end of the way "lost a day."

Patagonia, Fire Earth, Magellan Strait

MINing at the end of September, the Canary Islands, on November 29, flotilla reached the coast of Brazil, December 13 - Guanabar Bay, and on December 26 - La fees, the mouths of the Parada River. Due to the high qualification of the expedition navigations, clarifications were made to the values \u200b\u200bof previously defined latitudes, and therefore corrections in the contours of the known part of the mainland. Magellan, more than a month examining the banks of La fees, sent the ship "Sant Yago" up parana, which on the secret map of Magellan was marked as the desired strait. Within two weeks, Magellan has made sure that it is not so.

Understanding that it will cause people's discontent, and considering the poorly hidden hostility of Spanish captains, Magellan prudently put his "Trinidad" at anchor at the entrance to the bay, where other four ships are located. The Spaniard officers, who all this time quietly gloated on the disappointment of the admiral, counting on his voluntary rejection of further swimming and not wanting to remain here for the wintering, demanded from Magellan, so that he would turn to the caulation of good hope and went to Molokkam's eastern way. Magellan has categorically refused.

When, finally, in the air, the admiral ordered an anchor to raise the admiral, and on October 18, the flotilla took the course of the south along the Patagonian coast. Before entering the sea, Magellan told the captains that she intends to continue the search for the South Sea's search for the South Sea, but in case the failure is ready to deploy ships to the east. At the same time, he pointed out the sister's search border - 75 degrees of southern latitude. But luck was close - the strait leading to the West was found on October 21, 1520 for 52 degrees. To find it, Magellan's ships had to do the way from 34 to 52 degrees of southern latitude and simultaneously discovering the previously unknown Atlantic coast of South America for about 3.5 thousand kilometers.

Admiral, not knowing the reasons for the disappearance of "San Antonio", decided that the ship was killed. The remaining flotilla, following along the northern shore of a narrow Patagonian Strait, reinforced the southernmost point of the South American continent, Cape Froord, and from November 23 to 28 he moved to the north-west. High mountains and desert rocky shores seemed deserted, but at night on the south side of the strait were visible fires. This gave the basis of Magellan to give these shores the name "Tierra del Fuego" - "Fire Earth". A month later, after the detection of the Atlantic entrance to the Strait, connecting two oceans, the flotilla was "welcome" (Pilar) from the Pacific exit. This sea corridor, having a length of 550 km, is now known as Magellan Strait.

From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary (N-o) by Brocgauz F. A.

From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary (P) by Brocgauz F. A.

From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary (m) by Brocgauz F. A.

Magellan Strait Magellan Strait - separates the mainland of South America from the O-Great Body of Fire Earth. Vost. Part of it (320 km.), Starting between the Cases of De Las Virgenes and the Catherpoint, consists of three bays, interconnected by two straits (Narrows), its shores are deserted and flat,

From the book 100 Great geographic discoveries Author Balandin Rudolf Konstantinovich

Strait of the Pirate (Strait Drake) Geographical discoveries of the Renaissance Age were committed by people who were in a state of hypnotic trance. Not only that swimming through the Atlantic Ocean was a dangerous enterprise. Arriving in a new light,

From the book unknown, rejected or hidden Author Tsareva Irina Borisovna

Patagonia and Fire Land When Magellan's ships stood on the wintering in the San Julian bay, one day an unusually high figure of a man appeared on the hill, dressed in the skins. His face was painted red paint, eyes circled with yellow circles and two red hearts decorated

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia (Ma) author BSE

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia (OG) author BSE

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia (PA) author BSE

From the book 100 Great Wonders of Nature by Vagner Bertil

From the book Encyclopedic dictionary of winged words and expressions Author Serov Vadim Vasilyevich

From the book full encyclopedia of our delusions Author

From the book full illustrated encyclopedia of our delusions [with illustrations] Author Mazurkevich Sergey Alexandrovich

Patagonia (Argentina) Argentina is the second largest after Brazil country in South America. Most of it is occupied by PAMPA - an attributive high-level steppe, similar to Ukrainian or Canadian. But south of the riookolorado river begins a kind, none in the world

From the book full illustrated encyclopedia of our delusions [with transparent pictures] Author Mazurkevich Sergey Alexandrovich

Geenna Fiery initially - the name of the valley (hard) near Jerusalem, where the ancient Jews sacrificed to the pagan gods Waal and the As-Tarta of children, betraying them to burn (the Old Testament, the fourth book of kingdoms, ch. 23, Art. 10). Synonym for hellish torment and the most

From the book of the author

Patagonia Southern South America for a long time called Patagonia. The name did this happen from the word "Patagonians", i.e. laponods. This was how Fernan Magellan Nazytsev called, having met them on the southern, pretty desert banks of South America during their famous

From the book of the author

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