Scientists and travelers of the 19th century. Russian travelers of the 19th century

Russian discoverers and travelers of the 19th century made a number of outstanding discoveries that became the property of not only Russian, but also foreign, world science. In addition, they made a significant contribution to the development of domestic knowledge and did a lot to facilitate the training of new personnel for the development of marine research.

Prerequisites

Russian discoverers and travelers of the 19th century made their discoveries in large part because this century indicated the need to search for new trade routes and opportunities to maintain ties between Russia and other countries. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, our country finally consolidated its status in the international arena as a world power. Naturally, this new position expanded its geopolitical space, which required new exploration of the seas, islands and ocean coasts for the construction of ports, ships and the development of trade with foreign states.

Russian discoverers and travelers of the 19th century became talented navigators at the very time when our country achieved access to two seas: the Baltic and the Black. And this is no coincidence. This opened up new perspectives for naval research and gave impetus to the construction and development of fleets, and naval affairs in general. Therefore, it is not surprising that already in the first decades of the century under consideration, Russian discoverers and travelers of the 19th century carried out a number of outstanding studies that significantly enriched Russian geographical science.

Around the World Expedition Plan

Such a project became possible largely due to the successful military actions of our country at the end of the 18th century. At this time, Russia got the opportunity to build its own fleet in the Black Sea, which, of course, was supposed to stimulate maritime affairs. Russian seafarers at this time seriously thought about building convenient trade routes. This was also facilitated by the fact that our country owned the territory North America Alaska. It was also necessary to maintain constant contacts with her and develop economic cooperation.

I.F. At the end of the 18th century, Kruzenshtern presented a plan for a round-the-world expedition. However, he was then rejected. But just a few years later, after the accession of Alexander I, the Russian government showed interest in the presented plan. He got approval.

Training

I.F. Kruzenshtern came from a noble family. He studied at the Kronstadt Naval Corps and, being his student, took part in the war against Sweden, having established himself well then. After that, he was sent to an internship in England, where he received an excellent education. Upon returning to Russia, he presented a plan for a round-the-world expedition. Having received approval, he carefully prepared for it, purchased the best instruments and equipped the ships.

His closest assistant in this matter was his friend Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. He made friends with him while still in the cadet corps. The friend also proved himself to be a talented naval officer during the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-1790. Soon two ships were equipped under the names "Neva" and "Nadezhda". The latter was led by Count Nikolai Rezanov, who became famous thanks to the famous rock opera. The expedition set sail in 1803. Its goal was to explore and explore the possibility of opening new trade routes from Russia to China and the coast of North American territory.

Swimming

Russian sailors rounded Cape Horn and, having entered the Pacific Ocean, parted. Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky led his ship to the North American shores, where he recaptured the Russian merchant city of Novo-Arkhangelsk captured by the Indians. During this voyage, he also sailed for the first time in the history of sailing around South Africa.

The vessel "Nadezhda" headed by Kruzenstern set off for the Sea of ​​Japan. The merit of this researcher is that he carefully explored the shores of Sakhalin Island and made significant changes to the map. The main thing was to investigate what the leadership of the Pacific Fleet had been interested in for a long time. Kruzenshtern entered the Amur estuary, after which, having explored the shores of Kamchatka, he returned to his homeland.

Kruzenshtern's contribution to science

Travelers to Russia have significantly advanced Russian geographical science, bringing it to the world level of development. attracted the attention of the general public. After the end of the journey, both wrote books describing the results of their research. Kruzenshtern published A Journey Around the World, but his atlas with hydrographic supplements is of particular importance. He filled in many blank spots on the map, conducted the most valuable research of the seas and oceans. So, he studied the pressure and temperature of water, sea currents, ebbs and flows.

Social activity

His further career was closely associated with the naval corps, where he was first assigned as an inspector. Subsequently, he began to teach there, and then generally headed it. On his initiative, the Higher Officer Classes were created. Later they were transformed into the Maritime Academy. Kruzenshtern introduced new disciplines to educational process... This has significantly increased the quality of teaching maritime affairs.

In addition, he helped in organizing other expeditions, in particular, contributed to the plans of another prominent explorer O. Kotsebue. Kruzenshtern took part in the creation of the famous Russian Geographical Society, which was destined to take one of the leading places not only in Russian, but also in world science. The Atlas of the South Sea, published by him, was of particular importance for the development of geography.

Preparing a new expedition

Kruzenshtern, several years after his journey, insisted on a thorough study of the southern latitudes. He proposed to equip two expeditions to the North and South Poles, two ships each. Prior to this, the navigator almost came close to the Antarctic, but ice prevented him from going further. Then he assumed that the sixth continent either does not exist, or it is impossible to get to it.

In 1819, the Russian leadership decided to equip a new sailing squadron. Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen, after a series of delays, was appointed its leader. It was decided to build two ships: "Mirny" and "Vostok". The first was designed according to the plan of Russian scientists. It was distinguished by its strength and water resistance. However, the second, built in Great Britain, was less stable, so it had to be altered, rebuilt and renovated more than once. The preparation and construction was supervised by Mikhail Lazarev, who complained about such a discrepancy between the two ships.

Travel south

A new expedition set off in 1819. She reached Brazil and, having rounded the mainland, came to the Sandvic Islands. In January 1820, a Russian expedition discovered the sixth continent - Antarctica. During maneuvers, many islands were discovered and described around it. Among the most significant discoveries are the island of Peter I, the coast of Alexander I. Having made the necessary description of the shores, as well as sketches of animals seen on the new mainland, Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen sailed back.

During the expedition, in addition to the discovery of Antarctica, other discoveries were made. For example, participants discovered that Sandwich Land is an entire archipelago. In addition, the island of South Georgia has been described. Descriptions of the new continent are of particular importance. From his ship, Mikhail Lazarev had the opportunity to observe the earth better, therefore his conclusions are of particular value for science.

The value of discoveries

The expedition of 1819-1821 was of great importance for national and world geographical science. The discovery of a new, sixth continent, turned the idea of ​​the geography of the Earth upside down. Both travelers published the results of their research in two volumes with an atlas attached and the necessary directions. During the trip, about thirty islands were described, magnificent sketches of the views of Antarctica and its fauna were made. In addition, the members of the expedition have collected a unique ethnographic collection, which is kept at the Kazan University.

Further activities

Bellingshausen subsequently continued his naval career. He participated in the Russian-Turkish War of 1828-1829, commanded the Baltic Fleet, and then was appointed governor of Kronstadt. An indication of the recognition of his merits is the fact that a number of geographical objects are named after him. First of all, the sea in the Pacific Ocean should be mentioned.

Lazarev also distinguished himself after his famous trip to Antarctica. He was appointed commander of the expedition to protect the shores of Russian America from smugglers, with which he successfully coped. Subsequently, he commanded the Black Sea Fleet, participated in for which he was awarded several awards. So, the great pioneers from Russia also made their outstanding contribution to the development of geography.

Russia was becoming a great maritime power, and this posed new challenges for Russian geographers.
In 1803-1806 the first Russian round-the-world expedition was undertaken from Kronstadt to Kamchatka and Alaska. It was headed by Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846). He commanded the ship "Nadezhda". The ship "Neva" was commanded by Captain Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky (1773-1837). During the expedition, the islands were studied The Pacific, China, Japan, Sakhalin and Kamchatka. Have been compiled detailed maps explored places. Lisyansky, independently making the transition from Hawaiian Islands to Alaska, collected a wealth of material about the peoples of Oceania and North America.
The attention of researchers around the world has long been attracted by the mysterious area around South Pole... It was assumed that there is a vast southern continent. English navigator J. Cook in the 70s of the 18th century. crossed the Arctic Circle, bumped into impassable ice and declared that sailing further south was not possible. Since then, there have been no South Polar expeditions for a very long time.

In 1819, Russia sent an expedition to the southern polar seas on two sloops led by Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1778-1852). He commanded the sloop Vostok. The commander of the "Mirny" was Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788-1851). Bellingshausen was an experienced explorer, participated in the voyage of the Krusenstern. Lazarev later became famous as a combat admiral, who brought up a whole galaxy of naval commanders (Kornilov, Nakhimov, Istomin).
The expedition crossed the South Arctic Circle several times, and in January 1820 saw the ice coast for the first time. Approaching it in the area of ​​the modern Bellingshausen Ice Shelf, the travelers concluded that in front of them was an “ice continent”. Then the island of Peter I and the coast of Alexander I were discovered. In 1821, the expedition returned to its homeland, having made the discovery of Antarctica and a complete voyage around it on small sailing ships, poorly adapted to polar conditions.
In 1811, Russian sailors led by Captain Vasily Mikhailovich Golovkin (1776-1831) examined Kurile Islands and were taken away into Japanese captivity. Golovkin's notes about his three-year stay in Japan introduced Russian society with this life mysterious country... Golovnin's student, Fedor Petrovich Litke (1797-1882) explored the Arctic Ocean, the shores of Kamchatka and America. He founded the Russian Geographical Society, which played an important role in the development of geographical science.
Major geographical discoveries in the Russian Far East are associated with the name of Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1813-1876). In 1848-1849. he sailed around Cape Horn to Kamchatka, and then led the Amur expedition. He opened the mouth of the Amur, the strait between Sakhalin and the mainland and proved that Sakhalin is an island, not a peninsula.
The expeditions of Russian travelers, in addition to purely scientific results, were of great importance in the matter of mutual knowledge of peoples. In distant countries, locals often learned about Russia for the first time from Russian travelers. In turn, the Russian people were enriched with knowledge about other countries and peoples.

Open lesson for grade 8. Education and Science in the 19th Century.

Russian pioneers and travelers.

At the very beginning of the 19th century, a system of higher, secondary and primary education took shape in Russia. The educational reform carried out in 1803 led to the creation of a gymnasium in every provincial town. In every district town of the district school. The Ministry of Public Education was created to manage educational institutions. The government paid much attention to the development of higher education.

1. Match the universities and the dates of their formation.

Derpt 1802

Kazan 1804

Kharkiv 1804

Vilensky 1804

Petersburg 1819

Alexandrovsky (Tsarskoye Selo) Lyceum 1811

In which representatives of the highest noble society studied (A.S. Pushkin).

2. Complete the table. Educational institutions under Nicholas 1.

Whom and what they taught.

Parish schools

Representatives of the lower classes. The law of God, literacy, arithmetic.

County schools

Children of merchants, artisans, bourgeois. Russian language arithmetic, geometry, history, geography.

Gymnasiums

Children of nobles, officials, merchants of the first guild. Studied exact and humanitarian subjects.

3. Indicate a book publisher whose books contributed to the development of education in the 40s. 19th century?

A. Sytin I. D.

B. Smirdin A.F

V. Soldatenkov K.T.

G. Pavlenkov F.F.

4. Fill in the table.

Improvement of the education system in many ways contributed to the development of domestic science.

Science field

opening

biology

Dvigubsky I.A.

The earth's surface and the creatures inhabiting it undergo radical changes over time under the influence of natural causes.

Dyadkovsky I.E.

Life is a continuous physical and chemical process.

Baer K.M. 1834g

The general law of the development of nature.

the medicine

Pirogov N.I. 1856

The founder of military field surgery was the first to use anesthesia.

geology

N.I.Koksharov 1840

A geological map of European Russia was compiled.

Astronomy

Creation of powerful telescopes. Pulkovo Observatory

mathematics

Lobachevsky N.I. 1826

Non-Euclidean geometry.

Petrov V.V. 1802

Developed a galvanic battery. The prototype of the light bulb.

Lenz E.H. 1833

The rule of the direction of the driving force of induction. A year later he invented the electric motor.

Jacobi B.S. 1840

Galvonoplasty - a method of applying metal to the desired surface using electricity .. Letter-printing apparatus for telegraph. 1850g

Schilling P.L. 1832

Invented the electric telegraph.

Guess the crossword puzzle. Chemistry, Science and Manufacturing. Using the tutorial on pages 105-106

1. In 1826-27 one of these researchers laid the foundation for powder metallurgy.

2. This researcher discovered the basic law of photochemistry.

3. 6.In the 30s of the 19th century, these brothers, serf mechanics of the Nizhniy Tagil Metallurgical Plant, built the first steam railway.

4. In 1840, this scientist discovered the basic law of thermochemistry.

5.In 1817, this outstanding metallurgist developed four variants of the technology for producing damask steel.

6. This chemistry researcher has developed a method for producing glucose.

7. One of these chemists developed permanent chemical dyes for the booming textile industry.

Distinctive features of the development of education and science in the first half of the 19th century were: an increase in the number of higher and secondary educational institutions and representatives of various strata of the country's population studying there; growth in the number of researchers; the major successes of Russian scientists achieved on this basis in the development of domestic and world science; strengthening the practical orientation of scientific research; strengthening links between science and industrial production

6. Russian discoverers and travelers.

19th century was the time of the largest geographical discoveries by Russian researchers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors, explorers and travelers in the 17-18 centuries, they enriched the perception of Russians about the world around them, contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. For the first time, Russia has fulfilled its old dream: its ships have entered the World Ocean.

Working with text insert missing words.

1.Kruzenshtern I.F. and Lisyansky Yu.F.

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander 1, an expedition was undertaken on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" to explore the North Pacific Ocean. This was the first Russian expedition, which lasted for three years. It was headed by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the largest navigator and scientist-geographer of the 19th century.

During the voyage, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island was mapped for the first time. YF Lisyansky discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of data was collected by the members of the expedition about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. Pacific Islands and Arctic oceans.

The results of the observations were presented in the report of the Academy of Sciences. Kruzenshtern I.F. was awarded the title of academician. His materials formed the basis for the Atlas of the South Seas, published in the early 1920s. In 1845, Admiral I.F. Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society.

Working with the map. Correlate the information received with the task.

2. Bellingshausen F.F. and Lazarev M.P.

Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen became one of the students and followers of Kruzenshtern. He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

In 1819-1821 Bellingshausen was assigned to lead a new round-the-world expedition on the sloops Vostok and Mirny. The expedition plan was drawn up by I.F. The main goal was designated "the acquisition of the fullest knowledge about our the globe"And" the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole. "

On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of the then unknown Antarctica, which Bellingshausen called the "ice continent". After anchorage in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands called the Russians.

For 751 days of sailing, Russian sailors covered about 50 thousand km. The most important geographical discoveries were made, valuable collections were brought. Observational data on the waters of the World Ocean and ice coverings of a continent new to mankind.

Student report. Suck in missing words.

3. Baranov A.A. and the development of Russian America.

Alexander Alexandrovich Baranov can hardly be attributed to discoverers or travelers in the strict sense of the word. But he was a man who made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian America by our compatriots.

In search of new hunting areas, Baranov studied in detail the Kodiak Island and other territories, searched for minerals, founded new Russian settlements and supplied them with everything they needed. Established an exchange with local residents... It was he who, for the first time, truly secured for Russia vast territories on the Pacific coast of North America. Baranov's activities were extremely difficult and dangerous. The constant raids of the Indians cost the Russian settlers not only considerable funds, but also their lives. In 1802 alone, more than 200 settlers were killed while trying to establish a settlement on the island of Sitka.

Baranov's efforts were so successful that in 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American Company, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of the Russian colonies in America. In 1804, Baranov on the island of Sitka founded the Novoarkhangelsk fortress, and then the Ross fort. In 1825 he undertook an expedition to the Hawaiian Islands with the aim of their annexation to Russia. However, she did not bring good luck. In 1818 he received consent to leave America for his homeland. On the way, on the island of Java, Baranov died in 1819.

Working with the map. Correlate the information received with the task

4. Nevelskoy G.I. and E.V. Putyatin.

The largest researcher of the Russian Far East in the mid-19th century was Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy.

In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855), he managed to bypass Sakhalin from the north, discover a number of new, previously unknown territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur. Here in 1850 he founded the Nikolaev post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelskoy's travels had essential: For the first time it was proved that Sakhalin is not connected to the mainland at all. And the Tatar Strait is an island and it is a strait, and not a bay, as it was believed.

Efimy Vasilievich Putyatin in 1822-1825 committed trip around the world and left a description of what he saw to the descendants. In 1852-1855. during the expedition led by him on the frigate "Pallada" the islands of Rimsky-Korsakov were discovered. Putyatin became the first Russian who managed to visit Japan, closed from Europeans, and even sign an agreement there in 1855.

The result of the expeditions of Nevelskoy and Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the consolidation of the Primorsky region in the Far East for Russia.

The scientific information collected by Russian travelers was so extensive and significant that it took the creation of special institutions for their generalization and use.

The most important of them was the Russian Geographical Society, opened in 1845. It has become the center of geographical knowledge in Russia. The organization of scientific expeditions has become regular. Conducting research on the population of Russia and neighboring countries. Publishing of geographic and statistical compilations. For the development of economic and geographical research in Siberia, the Far East, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia in 1851, the Caucasian and Siberian departments of the Russian Geographical Society were created.

8.Homework paragraphs 15.16.

I. Kruzenshtern and Yu. Lisyansky In 1803 an expedition was undertaken to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. It was the FIRST RUSSIAN EXPEDITION. It was headed by I. Kruzenshtern. For the first time, more than a thousand km of the coast of about. Sakhalin. Lisyansky discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago. We have collected a lot of data about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. These materials formed the basis for the Atlas of the South Seas. In 1803, an expedition was undertaken to explore the North Pacific. It was the FIRST RUSSIAN EXPEDITION. It was headed by I. Kruzenshtern. For the first time, more than a thousand km of the coast of about. Sakhalin. Lisyansky discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago. We have collected a lot of data about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. These materials formed the basis for the Atlas of the South Seas.

F. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev F. Bellingshausen headed a new round-the-world expedition. The plan was drawn up by I. Kruzenshtern. In F. Bellingshausen he headed a new round-the-world expedition. The plan was drawn up by I. Kruzenshtern. The goal was designated "the acquisition of the fullest knowledge about our globe" and "the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole" On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, then, after anchorage in Australia, the ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands called the islands of the Russians The goal was "to acquire the fullest knowledge about our globe" and "the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole" On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, then, after anchorage in Australia, the ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands called the islands of the Russians

A. Baranov and the development of Russian America In search of new hunting areas A. Baranov studied the Kodiak Island in detail. It was he who managed for the first time to truly secure for Russia vast territories on the Pacific coast of North America. In 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American Company, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of Alaska. In 1815 he undertook an expedition to the Hawaiian Islands with the aim of their annexation to Russia. In search of new hunting areas A. Baranov studied the Kodiak Island in detail. It was he who managed for the first time to truly secure for Russia vast territories on the Pacific coast of North America. In 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American Company, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of Alaska. In 1815 he undertook an expedition to the Hawaiian Islands with the aim of their annexation to Russia.

G. Nevelskoy and E. Putyatin G. Nevelskoy is the largest researcher of the Far East. In 2 expeditions (s) he succeeded in discovering new territories and entering the lower reaches of the Amur. G. Nevelskoy is the largest researcher of the Far East. In 2 expeditions (s) he succeeded in discovering new territories and entering the lower reaches of the Amur. E. Putyatin - discovered the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands. And he was the first Russian who visited Japan and signed an agreement there. E. Putyatin - discovered the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands. And he was the first Russian who visited Japan and signed an agreement there. The result of the expedition of G. Nevelsky and E. Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the consolidation of the Primorsky region in the Far East for Russia. In 1845 the opening of the Russian Geographical Society. The result of the expedition of G. Nevelsky and E. Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the consolidation of the Primorsky region in the Far East for Russia. In 1845 the opening of the Russian Geographical Society.

In the 19th century, Russian explorers made a number of outstanding geographical discoveries. In 1803 I. Kruzenshtern on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" made the 1st Russian round-the-world expedition exploring northern part Pacific Ocean, Sakhalin, Alaska, Aleutian Islands. Yuri Lisyanaky discovered one of the Hawaiian Islands on the Neva. In 1819-21 F. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev on the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" made the 2nd Arctic expedition. During its 16.1.1820 ships approached Antarctica, which Bellingshausen called the "ice continent." After resting in Australia, the expedition moved to the tropical Pacific Ocean and discovered islands in the Tuamotu archipelago. They were named in honor of Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Ermolov and others. Having rested in Sydney, the ships returned to Antarctica and discovered about. Peter I and the land of Alexander I. In July 1821 the ships returned to Kronstadt, bringing a huge amount of materials and collections. The development of Russian America is associated with the name of A. Baranov. A merchant from Kargopol traded in Alaska since 1790. He made detailed maps of Alaska and the surrounding islands. In 1799 Baranov became the ruler of the colonies in America. B1804 He founded Novoarkhangelsk. Baranov tried to annex Hawaii to Russia, but failed. Despite his illness, he remained in office until his death. The territory of the Far East remained a blank spot on the Russian map. In 1848 Nicholas 1 sent to Far East expedition G. Nevelskoy. He proved that Sakhalin is an island and explored the lower reaches of the Amur. E. Putyatin during the expedition around the world in 1822-25. discovered the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands and entered into an agreement with Japan. Around the world expeditions were made by V. Golovin-1807-11, F. Litke-1826-29 and made 50 maps. I. Voznesensky in 1839-40 described Alaska, the Aleutian and Kuril Islands. In 1809 A. Kolodkin began to study the Caspian. In 1848 E. Hoffman and M. Kovalsky investigated the Sev. Ural. In 1845 the Russian Geographical Society was established.