A series of Far Eastern Island territories are represented Kurile Islands, they have one side, it is a Kamchatka Peninsula, and the other is about. Hokkaido in. The Kuril Islands of Russia are represented by the Sakhalin region, stretching in length about 1,200 km with an existing area of \u200b\u200b15,600 square kilometers.

The islands of Kuril Ridge are represented by two groups that are against each other - the large and small. A large group staying in the south, owned Kunashir, ITUURUP and others, in the center - Simushir, Keta and in the north are the remaining island territories.

Small smokers are shacking, haboma and a number of others. Mostly all the island territories of the mountains and go high by 2,339 meters. The Kuril Islands on their lands have about 40 volcanic sobs that have been operating so far. Also here is the location of sources with hot mineral water. South Kuril is covered with forest plantings, and the north attracts unique tundra vegetation.

The problem of the Kuril Islands was concluded in a unresolved controversial issue between the Japanese and Russian parties about who they belong. And it remains open since the time of the Second World War.

The Kuril Islands after the war began to belong to the USSR. But Japan considers the territories of southern smoked, and this is ITUURUP, Kunashir, Shikotan with a group of Habmioma Islands, its territory, without having a legal foundation. Russia does not recognize the fact of the dispute with the Japanese side about these territories, since their affiliation is legal.

The problem of the Kuril Islands is the main obstacle to the peaceful settlement of relations between Japan and Russia.

The essence of the dispute of Japan and Russia

The Japanese demand to return them the Kuril Islands. There, almost the entire population is convinced that these lands are angular Japanese. This dispute between the two states has long been long ago, exacerbated after the Second World War.
Russia is not inclined to give up to the Japanese leaders of the state. The peace agreement to this day is not signed, and it is due to four controversial South Kuril Islands. On the legality of the claims of Japan into the Kuril Islands in this video.

Values \u200b\u200bof southern smoking

Southern chickens have several values \u200b\u200bfor both countries:

1. Military. The southern chickens have military importance, thanks to the only way out in the Pacific Ocean for the Fleet of the country. And all because of the scarce of geographical formations. IN this moment The ships go into the ocean waters through the Sangar Strait, because through the strait of the lap, do not pass due to icing. Therefore, submarines are located on Kamchatka - Avachinskaya bay. Military bases currently operating in Soviet times were plundered and left.
2. Economic. Economic importance - in the Sakhalin region a rather serious hydrocarbon potential. And the access to Russia of the entire territory is smoked, allows the use of water there at their discretion. Although its central part belongs to the Japanese side. In addition to water resources, there is such a rare metal as rhenium. His mining, the Russian Federation is in third place for mining minerals and sulfur. For the Japanese, this territory is important for fishing and agricultural needs. This catchy fish is used by the Japanese to grow rice - they simply pour it into the fields with rice for fertilizer.
3. Social. By and large special social interest for ordinary people There is no south smoking. All because there are no modern megalopolises, people mainly work there and their life takes place in the cabins. The supply is delivered by air, and less often water due to constant storms. Therefore, the Kuril Islands are more a military-industrial facility than social.
4. Tourist. In this regard, it is better in the southern smokers. These places will be interested in many people who attract all the present, natural and extreme. It is unlikely that someone will remain indifferent at the sight of a thermal source driving out of the ground, or from lifting to the Calder of the Volcano, and crossing the fumarol field on foot. And about the look-up types and say nothing.

For this reason, the dispute on the belonging of the Kuril Islands does not move from the dead point.

Dispute about Kuril territory

Who owns these four island territories - Shikotan, ITUURUP, Kunashir and the Islands of Habmioma, the question is not from the lungs.

Information of written sources indicates the discoverers of Kuril - Dutch. The Russian first was settled by the territory of Tisima. Shikotan Island and the remaining three are marked for the first time by the Japanese. But after all, the discovery does not give the basis for the possession of this territory.

The edge of the world is the island of Shikotan because of the Cape Malokurilian village nearby. He is impressive with his 40-meter cliff into ocean waters. It is called this place the edge of the world due to the opening stunning view of the Pacific vastness.
Shikotan Island is translated as Big city. It stretches by 27 kilometers, in width, it has 13 km, which occupied area is 225 square meters. km. The highest point of the island is the Mountain of the same name, towering at 412 meters. Partially its territory belongs to the State Natural Reserve.

Shikotan Island has a very rugged coastline with multiple bays, capes and rocks.

Previously, they thought that the mountains on the island, these were no longer erupting volcanoes, which the Kuril Islands are replete. But they turned out to be rocks, displaced lithospheric slabs shifts.

A bit of history

Long before the Russians and the Japanese, the Kuril Islands inhabited Aina. The first information from Russians and the Japanese about Kurilah appeared only in the 17th century. The Russian expedition was directed in the 18th century, after which about 9,000 Ainov became citizens of Russia.

A treatise (1855) was signed between Russia and Japan, called Simodist, where the boundaries were established, allowing Japanese citizens to trade on 2/3 of this land. A draw of the territory remained Sakhalin. After 20 years, Russia began to hold this land unprisoned, then losing the south in the Russian-Japanese war. But during the WWI, the Soviet troops were still able to return to themselves the south of Sakhalin Earth and the Kuril Islands in general.
There was still a signing of a peace agreement between states who won the victory and Japan and it happened in San Francisco in 1951. And on him, Japan has absolutely no right to the Kuril Islands.

But then the Soviet side of the signing did not occur that many researchers were considered a mistake. But there were serious reasons for:

• In the document was not designated specifically, which was included in Kuriles. The Americans stated that they need to go to a special international court. Plus, a member of the Japanese state delegation announced that the southern controversial islands were not the territory of Kuril.
• The document also did not point exactly who will belong to Kuriles. That is, so the question at the same time remained controversial.

Between the USSR and the Japanese side in 1956, the declaration was signed by the platform before the main peace agreement. In it, the country of tips goes towards the Japanese and agrees to convey to them only two disputed Islands of Habomai and Shikotan. But with the condition - only after signing a peace agreement.

The declaration contains several subtleties:

• The word "convey" means that they belong to the USSR.
• This transmission will be actually made after the signature will be raised in the world contract.
• This applies only to the two islands smoked.

It was a positive shift between the Soviet Union and the Japanese side, but thereby caused the alarm from Americans. Thanks to Washington pressure, in the Japanese government, ministerial chairs have completely changed and new officials have become preparing for high positions began to prepare the Military Agreement of America and Japan, which began to act in 1960.

After that, from Japan, a call came to give no two offered to the USSR of the island, but four. America presses that all contracts between the country and Japan are not necessary, they allegedly declarative. And the existing and existing military agreement between the Japanese and Americans implies the placement on the Japanese territory of its troops. Accordingly, now they approached Russian territory even closer.

Based on all this, Russian diplomats stated that until all foreign troops were displayed from its territory, it is impossible to even talk about a peaceful agreement. But in any case, we are talking only about the two islands of the territory of Kuril.

As a result, the strengths of America are still located in Japan. The Japanese insist on the transfer of the 4th Kuril Islands, as written in the declaration.

The second half of the 80s of the 20th century is marked by the weakening of the Soviet Union and under these conditions the Japanese side raises this topic again. But the dispute about who will belong to the South Kuril Islands, and remained open countries. In the Tokyo Declaration of 1993, it was said that the Russian Federation is the successor of the Soviet Union, respectively, and previously signed papers should be recognized by both parties. It also indicated the direction to move towards the solution of the territorial affiliation of the controversial four islands of Kuril.

The coming 21st century, and specifically 2004, was marked by a raising this topic again at the meeting of President of the Russian Federation Putin with the Prime Minister of Japan. And again everything happened - the Russian side offers its conditions for signing the peace agreement, and Japanese officials insist that all four South Kuril Islands are submitted to their disposal.

2005 was marked by the readiness of the Russian president to finish the dispute, guided by the 1956 Agreement and transfer two island territories Japan, but the Japanese managers did not agree with this proposal.

In order to somehow reduce the tension between the two states, the Japanese side was invited to help in the development of nuclear energy, the development of infrastructure and tourism, still improving the environmental and situation, as well as safety. The Russian side adopted this proposal.

At the moment, there is no question for Russia - who own the Kuril Islands. Without any doubt this territory Russian FederationBased on real facts - according to the results of the Second World War and the generally accepted UN Charter.

which opens only
who truly interests it ...

Kurile Islands.

Archipelago volcanic islands At the border of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and the Pacific Ocean, between Hokkaido Island and the Kamchatka Peninsula (Sakhalin region). It consists of a large and small Kurilic Grocery, separated by Kuril Strait. Islands form a arc for. OK. 1175 km. General 15.6 thousand km?. The largest O-Va of the Big Curil Ridge: Paramushir, Onekotan, Simushir, Mr., ITUURUP, Kunashir. Small Kuril ridge consists of 6 o-GOBs and two groups of rocks; The biggest one. Shikotan.
Each island is a volcano or chain of volcanoes connected by foot or separated by small varies. The shores mostly breakdown, on the cesses of sandy, covered bakes little. The islands of the mountainous, with heights of 500-1000 m, the volcano Alaid (about. Atlasov on S. Ridge) rises to 2339 m. On OK OK. 160 volcanoes, including 40 existing, many thermal sourcesThere are strong earthquakes.

Monsonic climate. Cf. August 15 from 10 ° C on C. up to 17 ° C on Yu. February -7 ° C. The precipitation falls 600-1000 mm per year, the autumn parts of typhoon. Many lakes, including in crater and lagoon. On sowing The islands threatened alder and rowan, cedar stabinations and a barley, on O-Wah cf. Groups are rare-resistant forests from stone birch with a Kuril bamboo, south. O-Wah - Forests from the Kuril Larch, Bamboo, Oak, Clean.

Remarks on the Kuril Islands "V. M. Golovnna, 1811

In 1811, the outstanding Russian navigator Vasily Mikhailovich the head was instructed to describe Kuril and Chartarka Islands And the coast of the Tatar Strait. In the course of the fulfillment of this task, he together with other navigators was captured to the Japanese, where he spent more than 2 years. We invite you to familiarize yourself with the first part of his notes "Comments on the Kuril Islands", which was drawn up on the basis of the study in the same 1811.

1. On the number and names of them

If all the islands located between Kamchatka and Japan, mean by the name of the Kuril Islands, then there will be 26 of them, namely:

1. Alaid.
2. Schuza
3. Paramushir

4. Shirinka
5. Makan-rook
6. ONEKOTN
7. Charimkathan *
8. Schnyashkol **
9. Ekarma
10. Chirincatan ***
11. Musir
12. Raikok
13. Matuy
14. Rassa
15. Middle Island
16. Eshisir
17. Keta
18. Simusir
19. Skippy
20. Yang-Tchirpoy
21. Makintor **** or Brotonova Island
22. Urup
23. ITUPU.
24. Chicotan
25. Kunashir
26. Matsmai.

Here is the current account of the Kuril Islands. But the smokers themselves and the Russian visiting them numbers only 22 islands, which they call: the first, second, etc., and sometimes with their own names, koi ...
Schisha First Island
Paramushiruisoye
Willies Third
Makan Rush Fourth
Onekotan Fifth
Charimkathan Sixoy
Schnyashkol Seventh
Ekarma eighth
Chirincan ninth
Musir tenth
Raikok eleventh
Matu is twelve
Thirteenth raishes
Eshisir Fourteenth
Fifteen ketta
Sixteenth simusser
Tchyrp seventeenth
Mr. Eighteenth
ITUURUP NEINTEENT
Chicotan twentieth
Kunashir twenty first
Matsmai twenty second

The reason for this difference is among the islands is the following: Neither the smokers, nor Russians in the very edge of those inhabited, Alaid does not consider the Kuril Island, although he belongs to this ridge on all relationships. The islands of the requiring-tchierpoy and Yang-Tchirpoy are separated by a very narrow strait and not far from them to NW almost naked, not big Island Makintor, or Brotonov Island, they mean under the general name of the seventeenth island and, finally, the island of middle, almost connected to the embryos of the surface of the surface and underwater stones, they do not consider a special island. So, with the exception of this four islands, 22 islands remained somehow usually relies in the Kuril Ridge.
It is also known that in different descriptions and on different cards of the Kuril Islands, some of them are different: the misstantity of this occurred from error and ignorance. It will not be superfling here, under what names some of the Kuril Islands are known on the best foreign maps and in the description of Captain Kruzenchtern.
Musir Island, otherwise the inhabitants called the Silent Stone, Captain Cruzenshtern calls the stone traps.
Raikoka, he calls Musir, Matuy - Raikok, the Matua, Ishisir - Rasha, Keta - Ears, Simusir - Ketio, and in foreign maps they write him Marikan.

The French by the French are called the four brothers after Laperose.
Weaving foreigners write the company's land, and the Russian American company calls Alexander Island.

ItUPU in foreign maps is under the name of the state of states. Chicotan, or the island of Shpampberg. Matsmai, or Earth Esso.
--

The Island of Alaid is the island of Atlasov, who received its modern name in 1954 - the Ostrian-Volcano Alaid. It represents the almost right cone of the volcano, the base diameter of which is 8-10 km. The peak is at the mark of 2339 m. (According to historical data to strong eruptions of 1778 and 1821, the height of the volcano was much more), which means that Alaid is the most high volcano Kuril ridge.

Please note that the 26th island of the Kuril Ridge is called Matsmai Island - this is Hokkaido. Hokkaido entered Japan only in 1869. Until that time, the Japanese lived only on the southern tip of the island, where there was a small Japanese principality. All the rest of the territory was populated by Aina, which even externally differed sharply from the Japanese: Bellitz, with a strong hairproof, for which the Russians and called them "shaggy smokers." From the documents it is known that at least in 1778-1779 from the inhabitants northern Beach Hokkaido Russians collected Yasak.

The largest of the Kuril Islands in the direction from north to south: Schoysh - 467 square kilometers,

Paramushir - 2479 square kilometers,

Onekotan, or Omukotan, - 521 square kilometers,

Charimkathan - 122 square kilometers,

Shiashkoltan - 179 square kilometers,

Simusir - 414 square kilometers,

Vrup - 1511 square kilometers, ITUURUP, the largest of the Kuril Islands - 6725 square kilometers.

Kunashir Island - 1548 square kilometers

and chicotan or cattle - 391 square kilometers.

Island Shikotan - This is the place of the world. Just 10 km from the village of Malokurilskoye, his main attraction was stretched at a small pass - Cape The Edge of Light. ... Russian navigators Rykort and Golovin called him about. Chicotan.

Small islands are located from north to south: Alaid - 92 square kilometers (about. Atlasova), shirinki, Maca Maca or Makan - 65 square kilometers, Avos, Chirintan, Ekarma - 33 square kilometers, Musir, Raikok, Malua or Musi - 65 square kilometers . Islands: Frames - 64 square kilometers, ketoes - 61 square kilometers, brothlo, chirpos, brother Chirpoov, or Brother Hirny, (18 square kilometers). Between the islands from the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk to the East to the Pacific Ocean, straits are carried out: a Kuril Strait, a small Kuril Strait, shed hopes, strait Diana, the Strait of Bussoliprolive de Fris and Pico Strait.

The whole range of the Kuril Islands of Volcanic Origin. There are 52 volcanoes here, including 17 valid. On the islands there are many hot and sulfur sources, here constantly happen

earthquake .

Aina - Peoples, inhabited by Curiles, dubbed each island separately. These are the words of the Ayn language: Paramushir - a wide island, onjectored - an old settlement, Ushishira - Earth of the Bay, Chipoy - Birds, Vrup - Salmon, ITUURUP - Big Salmon, Kunashir - Black Island, Shikotan - the best place. Starting from the XVIII century, Russians and the Japanese tried to renamers in their own way. Most often used ordinal numbers - the first island, the second, etc.; Only the Russians considered from the north, and the Japanese from the south.

The Kuril Islands are administratively included in the Sakhalin region. They are divided into three areas: North-Kurilsky, Kuril and South Kurilsky. The centers of these areas have appropriate names: North-Kurilsk, Kurilsk and South Kurilsk. And there is another village - Major-Kurilsk (the center of the Small Kuril Ridge). Total four Kurilsk.

Kunashir Island.

On Kunashir installed a memorial sign of Russian pioneers

Memorial sign In honor of the 230th anniversary of the landing of Russian Cossacks-pioneers, under the start of Dmitry Shabalina, on September 3, opened in with. Heat (South Kuril district, Kunashir). It is set near the rural culture house. The famous Sakhalin historian-archaeologist Igor Samarin discovered the documents and the so-called "Mercator Card" of the Kuril Islands, compiled by the results of the navigation 1775-1778. near Kunashir. It has an inscription: "... D where there were raheering people in two Bidars in 778." The "D" icon is depicted on the place of the current location with. Heat - next to the strait of treason (southern part of the island). The historical fact Russian scientists have proven to the real location of Russians to the coast of Kunashir. The expedition was headed by the Irkutsk merchant D. Shabalin.

Kurile Islands

If you look at the map of Russia, then at the very Far East, between Kamchatka and Japan, you can see the chain of the islands, which are - smoke. The archipelago forms two ridges: a large Kuril and Small Kuril. Big Curil Ridge includes about 30 islands, as well as a large number of small islets and rocks. Small Kuril Ridge stretched parallel to large. It includes 6 small islands and many cliffs. At the moment, all the Kuril Islands are controlled by Russia and enter its Sakhalin region, some of the islands is the subject of a territorial dispute between Russia and Japan. The Kuril Islands are administratively included in the Sakhalin region. They are divided into three areas: Seversocuril, Kuril and South Kurilsky.

Kuril Islands, which are an area of \u200b\u200bactive volcanic activity. Sea terraces of different high-rise levels play a significant role in the formation of the relief of the islands. Coastline replete with bays and capes, the coast often rocky and climbing, with narrow wound-pebble, less often sandy beaches. Volcanoes are located almost exclusively on the islands of the Big Curil Ridge. Most of these islands are active or extinct volcanoes, and only the most northern and most southern islands are composed of sedimentary formations. Most of the volcanoes of the Kuril Islands arose directly on sea Dn.. The Kuril Islands themselves are tops and ridges hidden under water of a solid mountain range. Big Curil Ridge is a wonderful visual example of the formation of the ridge on the earth's surface. On the Kuril Islands there are 21 acting volcano. The most active volcanoes of the Kuril Ridge include Alaid, Peak Sarychev, Fuss, Snow and Milna. Flowing volcanoes, located in the solfatar stage of activity, are mainly located in the southern half of the Kuril Ridge. On the Kuril Islands there are many extinct volcanoes of Akapuri Aka Roco and others.

The climate of the Kuril Islands is moderately cold, monsoon. It is determined by their location between two huge water spaces - the Okhotsk Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The average temperature of February from - 5 to - 7 degrees S. The average temperature of August from 10 degrees S. The features of the monsoon climate are stronger than expressed in the southern part of the Kuril Islands, which mostly experiencing the influence of the coolant in winter asian mainland, from which cold and dry western Winds. Only on the climate of the most southern islands has some softening effects of soybeans soy.

Significant precipitation and high drainage coefficient favors development on the islands of a thick network from small watercourses. In total, there are more than 900 rivers here. The horizons of the islands also determines the river bias and greater speed of their flow; In the rivers, rivers frequent thresholds and waterfalls. Rivers of the flat type make up a rare exception. The main nutrition of the river is obtained from rain, also a significant role is also played by snow meal, especially from snowflates that run in the mountains. Ice is covered annually only slowly current flows within the equilibin sites. Many rivers are unsuitable for drinking due to high mineralization and large sulfur content. On the islands there are several dozen lakes of various origin. Some of them are associated with volcanic activities.

The name of the Kurilsky Islands is not at all from the "smoking" volcanoes. It is based on the Aynian word "chickens", "Kuru", meaning "man." Thus called themselves - indigenous inhabitants of the islands, so they were represented by Kamchatka Cossacks, and they were "smokers", "Kuril's men." Hence the name of the islands.

Aina gave the appropriate name to each island: Paramushir means "wide island", Kunashir - "Black Island", Vrup "Salmon", ITUURUP - "Big Salmon", Onekotan - "Old Settlement", Paranai - "Big River", Shikotan - " the best place". Most anine names have survived, although there were attempts with Russian, and from the Japanese side to rename the islands on their own way. True, I didn't shine like a fantasy - both as names were trying to assign ordinal numbers to the islands: the first island, the second, etc., but the Russians thought from the north, and the Japanese, of course, from the south.
Russians, like the Japanese, learned about the islands in the middle of the XVII century. First detailed information They provided Vladimir Atlas in 1697 at the beginning of the XVIII century. For their existence, Peter I became known, and the expedition began to be sent for the land of the Kurilskaya. In 1711, Kazak Ivan Kozyrevsky visited two northern Islands Schisha and Paramushira, in 1719 Ivan Jeriov and Fyodor Luzhin reached the island of Simushir. In 1738-1739. Martyn Shppberg, having passed along the entire ridge, inflicted the islands on the map. The study of new places was followed by their development - collecting Yasaka from the local population, attracting Ainov to Russian citizenship, accompanied, as usual, violence. As a result, in 1771, Aina rebelled and killed a lot of Russians. By 1779, it was still possible to establish relations with the smokers and more than 1,500 people from Kunashir, ITUPU and Matsumai (current Hokkaido) to lead to Russian citizenship. All of their Catherine II decree freed from the filings. The Japanese did not suit the same situation, and they banned the Russian to appear on these three islands.
By and large, the status of the islands of South Urupa was then not clearly defined, and the Japanese also considered them their own. In 1799, they founded two outposts on Kunashir and Itupe.
At the beginning of the XIX century, after an unsuccessful attempt to Nicholas Rezanov (the first Russian envoy in Japan) to resolve this issue, Russian-Japanese relationships only worsened.
In 1855, according to the Simoda Treaty, Sakhalin Island recognized "unrequited between Russia and Japan", the Kuril Islands of the North of the Vope's possession of Russia, and the southern smokers (Kunashir, ITUURUP, Shikotan and a number of small) possessions of Japan. Under the contract of 1875, Russia handed over Japan all the Kuril Islands in exchange for the official rejection of claims to Sakhalin Island.
In February 1945, an agreement on the unconditional transfer of the Kuril Islands of the Soviet Union after the victory over Japan was reached at the Yalta Conference of the Honor of the Anti-Hitler Coalition. By September 1945, Soviet troops occupied the southern chickens. However, in the act of surrender, signed by Japan on September 2, the transfer of these Isles of the USSR directly nothing was said.
In 1947, from the islands included in the RSFSR, 17,000 Japanese and an unknown number of Ain were deported to Japan. In 1951, Japan began to make claims to ITUURUP, Kunashir and the Small Kuril Rud (Shikotan and Habomai), which were given to her in the Simed Treatment in 1855
In 1956, the USSR diplomatic relations were established with Japan and adopted a joint agreement on the transfer of Japan Shikotan and Khaboma. However, the actual transmission of these islands must be made after the conclusion of a peace treaty, which has not yet been signed because of the remaining claims of Japan on Kunashir and ITUURUP.

The ridge of the Kuril Islands is a special world. Each of the islands of the volcano, a fragment of a volcano or a chain of volcanoes that fled to their soles. Curiles are located in the Pacific Fire Ring, there are only about hundreds of volcanoes on them, 39 of them are active. In addition, there are many hot springs. The continuing movements of the earth's crust are evidenced by frequent earthquakes and fruitry, causing tidal waves of the huge devastating force of the tsunami. The last powerful tsunami was formed during the earthquake on November 15, 2006 and reached the shores of California.
The highest and most active of Alaid volcanoes on Atlas Island (2339 m). Actually, the whole island is the superwater part of a large volcanic cone. The last eruption occurred in 1986. The Ostrian is almost the right form and looks incredibly picturesque in the midst of the ocean. Many find that his forms are even more correct than that of the famous.
The Eastern underwater slopes of the Kuril Islands undergo a narrow deep-water vpadina - the smoke-Kamchatsky gutter with a depth of 9717 m and a medium width of 59 km.
The relief and nature of the islands are very diverse: bizarre forms of coastal rocks, multicolored pebbles, large and small boiling lakes, waterfalls. Special attraction Call column on the island of Kunashir, rising with a wheel-rising wall over the water and the whole consisting of columnar separates - giant basalt five- and hexagon pillars formed as a result of the frozen of the lava, which is in the thickness of the water, and then raised to the surface.
Volcanic activities, warm and cold sea currents determine the unique variety of plant and animal world of the islands, strongly elongated from north to south. If in the north in conditions of harsh climate, wood vegetation is represented by shrub forms, then on southern Islands coniferous and large-scale forests with lots of lian; Forms impassable thickets of the Kuril bamboo and flowers wild magnolia. On the islands there are about 40 types of endemics plants. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe South smoked many bird colonies, one of the main ways of bird migration is held here. Salmon fish spawn in rivers. The coastal zone is the frying of marine mammals. Underwater world Different diversity: crabs, squid and other clams, crustaceans, trepanga, sea cucumbers, whales, tales. This is one of the most productive areas of the World Ocean.
The largest of the Kuril Islands ITUURUP. On the square about 3200 km 2 is 9 existing volcanoes, as well as the city and the unofficial "capital" of the islands by virtue of its central location Kurilsk, founded in 1946 at the mouth of the river with " talking name»Smoking.

Three administrative areas with centers in South Kurilsk (Kunashir).

Kurilsk (ITUURUP) and North Kurilsk (Paramushir).
The largest island: Itaroup (3200 km 2).

Numbers

Area: about 15,600 km 2.

Population: about 19,000 people. (2007).

SAMI high Point: Volcano Alaid (2339 m) on the island of Atlas.

The length of the big Kuril ridge: About 1200 km.
The length of the Small Kuril Ridge: About 100 km.

Economy

Mineral resources: non-ferrous metals, mercury, natural gas, oil, rhenium (one of the rarest elements of the earth's crust), gold, silver, titanium, iron.

Fish fish (Keta, etc.) and marine beast (nerve, silence).

Climate and weather

Moderate monsoon, harsh, with long, cold, storm winter and short misty summer.

The average annual precipitation: About 1000 mm, mainly in the form of snow.

A small number of sunny days falls on autumn.
Average temperature: -7 ° C in February, + 10 ° C in July.

sights

■ Volcanoes, hot springs, boiling lakes, waterfalls.
■ Atlasov Island: Volcano Alaid;
■ Kunashir: Reserve "Kurilsky" with a volcanic of toy (1819 m), Cape columnar;
■ Spades of cats and seals.

Curious facts

■ In 1737, a monstrous wave of about fifty meters rose to the sea and hit the shore with such force that some cliffs were collapsed. At the same time, new rocky rocks rose in one of the Kuril Straits.
■ In 1780, the vessel "Natalia" was abandoned by the Tsunami deep into the island of the island of 300 meters from the coast. The ship remains on land.
■ As a result of the earthquake on the island of Simushir in 1849, water suddenly disappeared in the sources and wells. This forced the inhabitants to leave the island.
■ When eruption of Sarychev volcano on Matu Island in 1946, Lava's streams reached the sea. The glow was visible for 150 km, and ash fell even in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The thickness of the ash layer on the island reached four meters.
■ In November 1952, a powerful tsunami fell on the whole coast of Kuril. Paramushir suffered more than other islands. The wave was practically washed away the city of North-Kurilsk. In print, it was forbidden to mention this catastrophe.
■ On the island of Kunashir and the Islands of the Small Kuril Ridge in 1984, the Kurilsky Reserve was created. 84 of its inhabitants are listed in the Red Book.
■ In the north of Kunashir Island, the Patriarch tree grows, it even has a name its own - "Sage". This is a tees, the diameter of its barrel - 130 cm, it is believed that he is more than 1000 years old.
■ The sad well-known Tsunami November 2006 "noted" on the island of Shikotan, according to the instruments, a wave of 153 cm height.

If they are brought by a map of Russia, then in the Far East, between Kamchatka and Japan, you can see the chain of the islands, which are - smoke. In general, the Kuril Islands consist of two GC - Big Kuril and Maloicuril. Large separates the Sea Sea of \u200b\u200bSea of \u200b\u200bPacific.

Big Curil Ridge is really big - it has a length of 1200 km and extends from the Kamchatka peninsula (in the north) to japanese Islands Hokkaido (in the south). It includes more than 30 islands, of which are the largest: Paramushir, Simushir, Vrup, ITUURUP and Kunashir.

The rectangle is highlighted, the so-called "controversial" southern islands

The relief of the islands predominantly mountain volcanic (there are 160 volcanoes, of which about 40 acting), the prevailing heights of 500-1000 m. Small Kuril ridge - really small - stretched only 120 km and extends from Hokkaido Island (in the south) to the northeast. It consists of 6 small islets, towering over the ocean of only 20-40 m. The exception is the island of Shikotan, for which the low relief is characterized, which has formed as a result of the destruction of the ancient volcanoes.

About names

Where did it come from so unusual, exotic names? The term "Kurilsky

islands "- Russian-Aynian origin. He is associated with the word" chickens ", which means" man. "At the very end of the XVII century, Kamchatka Cossacks first called residents of the South Kamchatka (Ainov) and the unknowns of the South Islands" Kurites ". Peter I became known

in 1701-1707 On the existence of the "Kuril Islands", and in 1719 the "Land Kurilskaya" for the first time was clearly applied on the map of Remez seeds.

All assumptions that the name of the archipelago gave "smoking" volcanoes, tall to the field of legends. The Aina themselves dubbed each island separately. These are the words of the Ayn language: Paramushir - a wide island, Onetan - an old settlement, the rural ground - the land of the bays, Chipoy - Birds, Vrup - Salmon, ITUURUP - Big Salmon, Kunashir - Black Island, Shikotan - the best place. Starting from the XVIII century, Russians and the Japanese tried to renamers in their own way. Most often used ordinal numbers - the first island, the second, etc.; Only the Russians considered from the north, and the Japanese from the south.

Kurilica

Japan is close to saying! From the southern islands good weather Can be seen even by an armed eye. But the proximity of Japan still does not mean the same life as they have. That is, their reasons: Kuriles are forgotten and abandoned by God and the king, then you mean by the government, place. In the past few years, visa-free clips of Kurilican in Japan and Japanese on the smokers. If our go there something to buy something, the type of Vacuum cleaners, then the Japanese - clean the ancestors' tales,

to see, wondering - how many Russians still live!

Kurilica - special people. There are even anecdotes about them! Life on smoke is not for everyone. One side - beautiful nature And the pure sea (and ocean) air, and on the other hand, the constant threat of earthquakes and tsunami (but they are rare and who are afraid, they have already dumped into other places). The permanent population of the islands lives mainly on the southern islands - ITUURUP, Kunashir, Shikotan and Northern - Paramushir, Schisha. There are practically no other population on the rest of the population and different scientists there.

Administrative division

The Kuril Islands are administratively included in the Sakhalin region. They are divided into three areas: North-Kurilsky, Kuril and South Kurilsky. The centers of these areas have appropriate names: North-Kurilsk, Kurilsk and South Kurilsk. And there is another village - Major-Kurilsk (the center of the Small Kuril Ridge). Total four Kurilsk, in the post office quite often it causes questions from postal workers, and letters can leave and not in that Kurilsk.

Climate

The weather in Kamchatka is rather cold and wet. In winter, frost -10 - - 15 ° C (there are up to -25, but rarely), in the summer +10 - +15 (happens to +31, but rarely). In the summer, fogs often happen, snowstorms and storms. The greatest number of sunny days in the fall, but the most severe typhoons with storms and hurricane winds are characteristic in the fall. In the warm season you can buy. In sunny weather, you can sunbathe. The Kuril tan is unique, it is not afraid of it for a very long time and keeps the next duck season! The largest islands of the ridge are raised by numerous stormy rivers and streams. Many lakes, including in craters of extinct volcanoes. In the coastal zone there are lakes of lagoon origin. The shores of the islands mostly breakdown or terraced. The flow of water, falling on deep rafts, form quite beautiful waterfalls, such as the "beard of the old monk", "Hair Beauty" and others. Waterfall "Ilya Muromets" (141 m, is on our island, in the north) is one of the highest in Russia! Islands are famous and numerous hot springs, as well as reserves mineral Water. (Narzan).

Flora and fauna

Flora and Fauna smoked exclusively rich and diverse. Our islands are an amazing phenomenon of nature. We can say that they are huge botanical Gardenwhere the birch and tees, spruce and acacia, larch and wild grapes, fir and hydrangea are adjacent. Vegetable world The islands has 1,400 species of plants. In the valleys of rivers, larch forests (poplar, willow, alder) grow. Large rocks are dominated: birch, elm, maple, ash, tees, lemongrass, which give vegetation South appearance. Both berries, risks and other shrub plants. In the conditions of the island, the giantism of some herbaceous plants is manifested: buckwheat of Sakhalin and Weyrich, a blonde, a man's deudnik (bear cuddle), shelter, and others. They develop very quickly and form powerful thickets. By the end of the summer, many herbs rise to 3 meters altitudes, and the famous plant of a bearish jams grows up to 4 meters. It strikes with its sizes and a blonde, who Sakhalin residents call "Burning": in August it reaches 3 meters of height, with a diameter of the leaves to one and a half or two meters. Kuriles are the only place in Russia, where the Lilia Glen grow, where magnolia is growing in vivo. In the wild form they are found only in the south of Kunashir. Here you can find a rare bluish fir gelen, whose wood has special, rare properties and is indispensable to create musical instruments. On the island grow valuable medicinal plants: Lemongrass, Aralia, Elewerococcus. Toning tinctures made of them successfully replace the preparations of the root of life - ginseng. You can meet the actinidia of the kolomikt, the fruits of which contain ten times more vitamin C than black currant. Throw 4 types of rosehips, including one of the most large-scale - rosehip wrinkled. The weight of its individual fruits reaches 25 grams. In the Kuril Islands, tees, fir, anaan spruce, oak, maple, calendar, bamboo, numerous lianas are growing.

Diverse animal world Smoked Bear, wolverine, fox, sable, hare, northern deer, squirrel, chipmunk, ermine, otter dwell from commercial animals.

In the past 20 years, spotted deer, Ussuri Raccoon, Ondatra, Barguzinsky Sable, are acclimatized. There are raisins, kabagra. Forest birds are inhabited on the island: Ceremonary, Ryabchik-Waldshnepe, White Partridge, Tit, Dweath, Mallard, Chirika, Cayra, Cormorants. A bird markets are spread on the smokers. It is estimated that one and a half million Kair are nesting here, about a million silly, a million chairs, more than four hundred thousand speakers.

Rich fish Sakhalin rivers, lakes, seas. A wide variety of salmon, Sakhalin sturgeon is found, pike, crucian, Sazan, the largest freshwater fish - Kaluga of the sturgeon family. Its length reaches over 5 meters, weight - up to 1 ton. The island of seals, located to the east of Sakhalin, is famous around the world - this is a unique reserve, where the fan of sea cats is located. Syvuchi lives in the Sakhalin-Kuril pool - the largest beasts of the lastonovih, their weight reaches tons.

National economy

The basis of the economy is the fishing industry, because Basic natural wealth - Bioresources of the sea. Agriculture due to adverse natural conditions Significant development did not receive. The main part of the agricultural products consumed is covered with Sakhalin, as well as from Japan and other areas of the planet. Transport links are carried out by sea and air. In winter, regular shipping stops. Due to complex meteorological conditions, flights are not regular. Especially in winter - you can sit for a few weeks and wait for the aircraft.