Island New Sakhalin. Sakhalin Island: Area, Population, Climate, Natural Resources, Industry, Flora and Fauna

Sakhalin is the largest island of Russia, resting among the waters of the Okhotsk and the Japanese seas.

There was confusion with the name of the island. The Japanese called him Carafato, reproducing on their own name, this island with its indigenous population - Aina. But Toponym Sakhalin appeared as a result of the mistake of unlucky cartographers. Since the time of travel, Laperus believed that Sakhalin was peninsula.

In the middle of the 19th century, the Captain of the Baikal vessel G. Nevelsky was able to bypass around Sakhalin. Naturally, it became necessary to make changes to existing geographical maps, which made cartographers. They diligently crisen the forms of the island and indicated its coordinates. And then - whether the cartographer was busy and rearmed a student, whether he had glasses with smaller diopters than, but what happened. Cartographers mistakenly accepted the autochthon name of the Amur River - Sakhalain Ulla, indicated in the former map, for the name of the new island. So Sakhalin became Sakhalin. The name has taken place, and now even the conservative Japanese begin to forget the former toponym "Carafuto".

Interesting! By the way, Sakhalin opened many times. The expedition of Poyarkov, Kruzhenstern, Tail, Davydova and Laperose went to him. All expeditions were looking for and found something their own. Lapetruz, for example, was looking for evidence of the existence of legendary tartarium. Because he found the strait he called Tartar. Subsequently, Tartarsky turned into Tatar. This can be misleading an unprepared tourist, so it is worth clarifying that the Tatars for the history of the island have no relationship.

Climate and weather on Sakhalin

Climate on Sakhalin is a cool, determined by many geographical factors. Winter snowy and protracted, imperceptibly turning into not very hot summer - excellent conditions for ski and valuable fish varieties. And those and others on Sakhalin a great set.

When it is better to go to Sakhalin

The tourist industry Sakhalin is a rare indicator for our country that it is possible to work and not exclusively on the use of natural gifts. It has a reason. The overwhelming mass of tourists on Sakhalin is the Japanese, which are difficult to attract uncomplicated Soviet living conditions. The Japanese require good cuisine and high-quality service. Because for Sakhalin, the norm is the norm comfortable hotels and a developed restaurant business. In addition to Sakhalin, by attracting Japanese investors, the following objects of tourist infrastructure are already created and still created:

1. Tourist complex "Hot keys".
2. Tourist base "Aquamarine".
3. Historical center with the Japanese Ancient Temple "Karafuto Dzinzya".
4. In the construction stage there is a massive tourist complex "Sakhalin City Center", capable of attracting tourists from all over the earth in the future.

With all the variety of modern infrastructure facilities, the possibility of loved by many ecotourism with elements of survival is preserved.

Sakhalin, of course, is not a museum center, but still provides tourists the opportunity to see something unusual, namely the South Sakhalin Museum of Railway Technology. Taking into account the fact that many adult boys and girls of all nationalities retain the reverent love of the "Railway" toys, the museum does not have a shortage of visitors.

Ecotourism and wellness tourism

For lovers of ecotourism and hot healing sources, Sakhalin Island is a real find. And nature monuments, and thermal waters here are in excess.

Natural attractions

1. Seal Island is a protected area that can be accessed within the framework of the excursion. On the island there is a world famous fanwings of the sea cats. By the number of vacationers there, the island has no analogues. It is comparable only to the Commander Islands. Real Paradise for Zoologists, Zooofotographers and Ecotourists.
2. Sakhalin amber deposits - Starodubsky and seashest beaches. Amber Here you can collect like berries. By the way, Sakhalin amber is really a berry, cherry shade.
3. Nitaish waterfall, which is of particular interest in the spawning period of salmon.
4. Stone idols of Cape Stucabis carved from the rocks of volcanic origin by nature itself. Here, Cape, an ideal place for fishing, where lucky fishermen caught the hefty Amur Citions. Depending on the season, you can watch the nesting of Japanese cormorants and mating thick silence. Also, the cape of the puddle is highly appreciated by esoterics, Buddhists and Hunters for the Elusive Shambal. They say the contemplation of sculptures and two winding waterfalls immerses them in Nirvana.
5. Cape Laman is a real gift for ornithologists and love geologists. There are rare whitening Orlans, and the mountains of volcanic origin give to the samples of quartz and calcite samples.

How to get to thermal sources

There are many of them on the Sakhalin, and in all you can swim and get to it.

Popular can be attributed to:

Sinegore hot springsEmitting water cubes with a complex chemical composition and a high content of arsenic. The type of Sinegorean water belongs to the rare in the world and treats major cellular metabolic disorders and the effects of radiation sickness. There is Sineginsk 20 km from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk,

Balneological wellness centers They treat the mud of the Tatar (Tartar) Strait, namely the mouth of the river therapeutic and lake "Changeable". Dirt of these natural healthcares saves people with severe skin diseases and difficult skin ulcers. Mud procedures are carried out in:

• South Sakhalin Sanatorium "Aralia" (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, st. Komsomolskaya 371).
• Sanatorium "Pitain" (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, ul. Mountain 1).
• Sanatorium "Seagull" and "Sakhalin". Located 20 km from South Sakhalinsk, Sinegorical thermal sources.

Daginsky hot water Help with arthritis, arthrosis and other troubles that are converted to the musculoskeletal system of humans and swans. In any case, the swans elected Dagin thermal springs to the place of habitat and do not complain about diseases.

Hot keys - the village with the same thermal sources. Getting easy. From Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk to nogliki, and then 30 km by signs to keys. The road is not Japanese quality, primer, but the Japanese go through it. Probably, they sometimes want exotic. You can stay in the keys themselves. And it is possible - in the nogliki and ride the keys to the procedures. Most acts exactly because after a ten-minute procedure in hot water to do in the keys there is decidedly nothing to do, except to be fused on a tent camp and play Baera Glints. In the nogliki, the conditions are much more comfortable. There is a small hotel. The cost of the room has exceeded 2000 rubles per day. In the private sector, a little cheaper - 1200 rubles per person per day.

The equipment of hot springs in the keys themselves varies. There are well-equipped, with clean sun beds and neat walls. There are both launched and wild. The best belongs to the houses-cordon "Dagi". The cost of one procedure is 100 rubles. Wild sources are not equipped at all or equipped from hand badly. Old walls, holes covered with cellophane on scotch, sliding sun beds and flowing roof. But for each type of source are their fans.

Sakhalin for skiing

International ratings of ski resorts do not bypass Sakhalin. The pride of the domestic tourist business Sakhalin is far from Outsiders. Thanks to climatic conditions, mountain snow cover Sakhalin is holding up to 6 months a year, and thanks to Japanese investments, the places of ski shutter and tourist bases are equipped.

An interesting feature of Sakhalin ski tourism is the ability to combine pleasant with useful. If we say exaggerated, then descending from the mountain, you can get to the geothermal source and take a wellness bath.

The tourist complex "Mountain Air" is located in the center of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, on the Square of Victory, on the slope of the Mountain "Bolshevik". The complex has been working since the beginning of December to mid-May.

Important! To ski on the slopes of the complex, you should purchase either a subscription for a week at costs of 8,000 rubles, or a one-day SKI-PASS worth 1,200 rubles. Catania is allowed from 9 am to 9 pm, day off - Monday.

In total, 14 triggers operate in the complex, there is a hire of good quality and snowboard ski. On the territory there are funicular, storage cameras, lounges for recreation, ski jumps, children's room.

With the "Mountain Air" complex there are hotels with different levels of amenities and a service provided. He heads the "Imperial Palace" rating. The name is somewhat loud, but the hotel itself is quite good. It is approximately equal to him by the rating "Mitos" and "Santa Risot". There are hotels in the simplest and, accordingly, cheaper, with his relatives to each post-Soviet person names - "Rubin" and "Gagarin". You can eat in several cafes in the complex and in hotel restaurants.

Food and nutrition

You can taste on Sakhalin everything that the soul will wish. Deliveries of food on island stable and abundant. Due to the large number of Japanese and Chinese tourists who have their own gastronomic preferences, in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, many restaurants and cafes of Japanese and Chinese cuisines. Due to the geographical proximity of these countries, restaurant cooks have the opportunity to pass internship in Tokyo or Beijing restaurants, and the abundance of fish resources excludes the very concept of application in the manufacture of sushi some salt herring or mayonnaise. Therefore, sushi in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is really sushi, and not rice squares on the recipe for village vod. The same can be said about dishes on Chinese recipes.

Each South Sakhalin café has Korean dishes. It is so firmly and has long been thrown in Sakhalin life, which is a real culinary culture.

Interesting! A separate story about a five-minute caravan, which has long been a serving card of Sakhalin. On the season of catching Kets or Gorbushi, the Sakhalin market explodes the abundance of caviar. Having gutting the pump, the Sakhalin was washed with caviar, rolled on the marlay and dip in a strong hydrochloric solution. Then in the same marle give a solution to drain from caviar. Five-minute ready. You can sit at the table and eat spoons. Tasty and healthy. But in most cases - expensive.

On Sakhalin, sin is not fish. Keta, Gorbowa, Kizhuhu, Koryushka, Trepang, Haltus, Octopus - this is not a complete list of Sakhalin fish abundance.

By the fall, Sakhalin comes in the course of catching crabs, and the markets are filled with huge hanging claws from the shelves.

Sea scallops are another Sakhalin delicacy, which is mined by a handicraft, wandering through the sea shallow water and groping their scallops. To fully enjoy their taste, it is better to eat them immediately on the shore, throwing scallops on the hot corners of the fire. The sash will open immediately, and inside the piece of white-rose meat, which should be eaten with heat with heat.

Sakhalin for active tourists

The Kuril Islands is an integral part of the Sakhalin region, and therefore, the clips on the smokers are among the services provided by travel agencies as part of a trip to Sakhalin. Helicopter journey over smoking is among the most expensive tours. Not inferior in the cost and flight to the grief of Spambamg, to the absolutely wild and secluded area at the lake top.

Slightly cheaper the possibility of group or individual hunting for bears, fur animals or deer.

Relatively inexpensive tours can be attributed to mushrooms and berries, fishing or diving.

The Travel Agency "Imperial Tour" organizes for travelers a trip on all-terrain vessels and cars in places, far from popular tourist trails.

A recreation device of corporate clients is engaged in the Travel Agency "Mogychi". Professional scanners, who will accompany travelers in Hirano island, become conductors of tourists. Tourists will be taught to catch a pinkish, prepare caviar-five-minute, get fire, bake on coals and make many other exciting things in the Discovery Channel Spirit. True, according to Russian custom, guests will not only be hungry, but even lose the slightest opportunity to lose weight. Throughout the trip, tourists will receive first-class fresh food from fish and seafood. In the breaks between the food, travelers will be able to admire the rookers of the nerve and the flights of cormorants. Still, wild rest with survival in Russian is very satisfying and tasty.

Conclusion

Physico theorists and just enthusiasts of this case say that time travel is possible. Some refer to Tesla, some conduct experiments with speed and particles, however, success and victory relations are not yet heard. Apparently, because of this, the favorite argument of temporarys is to move into the past when traveling from west to east. It is enough to take a plane in the right time for example in St. Petersburg and fly to Sakhalin. A few hours later, the tourist will fall in yesterday. And returning back in the same way, falls in tomorrow. During the experiment, the traveler in time can very well relax on numerous tourist bases of Sakhalin, swim in hot springs, catch fish and wander through the Museum of the Railway.

Russia Region Sakhalin Oblast Population 520 thousand people

Sakhalin island

Sakhalin - Island of the Eastern Coast of Asia. It is part of the Sakhalin region, the largest island as part of the Russian Federation. Washed by the Okhotsk and Japanese seas. From mainland Asia, a Tatar strait is separated (in the narrowest part - the Strait of Nevelsky - has a width of 7.3 km and freezes in winter); From the Japanese Island Hokkaido - Laperose Strait.

The island got its name from the Manchur name of the Amur River - Sakhahalyan-Ulla, which means "Black River" - the name is printed on the map, it was mistaken to the Sakhalin, and the name of the island was printed in further publications. The Japanese call Sakhalin Karafuto, this name goes back to the Aynsky "Kamui kara-Puto-Yo-Mosir, "which means" the land of the mouth of the mouth ".

In 1805, the Russian ship under the command of I.F. Trrusenshtern investigated most of the Sakhalin coast and concluded that Sakhalin - Peninsula. In 1808, Japanese expeditions, who headed Matsuda Denzuro and Mamia Rindzo, proved that Sakhalin is an island. Most European cartographers were skeptical to Japanese data. For a long time on different cards Sakhalin designated either an island or by the peninsula. Only in 1849, the expedition under the command of G. I. Nevelsky put the final point in this matter, having passed on the Baikal Military Transport ship between Sakhalin and the mainland. This shed was subsequently named after Nevelsky.

Geography

The island is pulled by Meridionially from Cape Krylon in the south to Cape Elizabeth in the north. Length is 948 km, width from 26 km (belongings of the belt) up to 160 km (on latitude with. Lesogorskoye), an area of \u200b\u200b76.4 thousand km².

Sakhalin Island Map 1885

Relief

The island's relief is made up by the average mountains, lowlands and low-lying plains. The southern and central part of the island is characterized by a mountain relief and consist of two meridional oriented mountain systems - West Sakhalin (up to 1327 m height - Onor) and the East Sakhalin Mountains (up to 1609 m, the city of Lopatina), separated by the longitudinal thym Poronian lowland. The north of the island (with the exception of the Schmidt Peninsula) is a canopy hilly plain.

The shores of the island are weakly cut; Large bays - aniva and patience (wide open to the south) are respectively in the southern and middle part of the island. Two large bays and four peninsula are distinguished in the coastline.

In the relief of Sakhalin, the following 11 districts are distinguished:

1. Schmidt Peninsula (about 1.4 thousand km²) - mountainous peninsula at the extreme north of the island with steep, places with swear banks and two meridional ridges - Western and East; The highest point is three brothers (623 m); connected to the North Sakhalin plain by the Okhinsky island, whose width is in a narrower place - just over 6 km;
2. North-Sakhalin Plain (about 28 thousand km²) - Hollow-grayscale territory south of the Schmidt Peninsula with a wide branched river network, weakly pronounced watersheds and separate low mountain ranges, stretches from Baikal Bay in the north to the merge of the Rysch and Tim in the south, the highest Point - Dahauria (601 m); The northeast coast of the island is highlighted as a sub-frame, which are characterized by large lagoons (the largest - Piltun Bulips, Chavoi, Nyjsky, Nabilsky, Lunsky), separated from the sea with narrow strips of wrath, dunes, low sea terraces - in this subarea and On the adjacent shelf of the Okhotsk Sea are the main Sakhalin oil and gas fields;
3. West Sakhalin Mountains stretch almost 630 km from latitude with. Hoe (51º19 "S.Sh.) in the north to the Peninsula Krylon in the extreme south of the island; the average width of the mountains - 40-50 km, the largest (on the breadth of the Laman Cape) - about 70 km; the axial part form reed (north the replacement of the belt) and South reed ridges;
4. Tim-porn lowland is located in the middle part of the island and is a hilly-dummy lowland extending about 250 km in the meridional direction - from the Bay of patience in the south to the merger of the rivers and Nysh in the north; The maximum width (up to 90 km) reaches the river river, minimal (6-8 km) - in the River Valley Tim; In the north passes to the Nabil's lowland; Covered with a powerful case of Cenozoic precipitation, composed by sediment sediments of a quaternary period. sandstones, peccles; The very wetland southern part of the lowland is called Poronic "Tundra";
5. Susunay lowland is located in the southern part of the island and stretches about 100 km from Aniva Bay in the south to the Maiba River in the north; From the west, lowland is limited to West Sakhalin mountains, from the East - Susunai Range and Korsakovsky Plateau; In the southern part of the lowland width reaches 20 km, in the center - 6 km, in the north - 10 km; Absolute heights in the north and south do not exceed 20 m above sea level, in the central part, on the waterscence of the worship rivers and a lot of such, reach 60 m; refers to the type of internal lowlands and is a tectonic depression, made of large thick-time quaternary deposits; Within the Susunay lowland are the cities of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Aniva, Dolinsk and there are about half of the population of the island;
6. East Sakhalin Mountains are presented in the north of the Lopatinsky mountain assembly (the highest point - G. Lopatin, 1609 m) with ridges radially derived from it; Two springs of the opposite direction are the Nabilsky Ridge; In the south, the Nabilsky Ridge goes to the central ridge, in the north, falling sharply, - to the North-Sakhalin plain;
7. the lowland of the Peninsula of Patience is the smallest of the districts, it takes most of the peninsula of patience east of the patience bay;
8. The Susuna Range stretches from north to south by 70 km and has a width of 18-120 km; Higher points - Mount Pushkinskaya (1047 m) and peak Chekhov (1045 m); Paleozoic sediments are complicated, at the foot of the Western Macroclone Range is the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk;
9. The Korsakovskoe plateau is limited from the West Susunay lowland, from the north - the Susunai ridge, from the east - the anthole lowland, from the south - an aniva bay, has a weaking surface formed by the system of flat-terrain-terrain varies, elongated in the northeast direction; On the southern tip of the plateau on the shore of Aniva Bay there is a city of Korsakov;
10. Muravyovskaya lowland is located between Aniva's bays in the south and Mordvinov in the north, has a vulnerable relief with flat vertices of Uvarov; Within lowlands there are many lakes, incl. the so-called "warm lakes", where they love to travel to the rest of South Sakhalin;
11. The Tonino Anivian ridge stretches from the north to south, from the cape of free to Cape Aniva, almost 90 km, the highest point - Mount Kruzenshtern (670 m); Folded by chalome and jurassic sediments.

View of the Okhotsk Sea from the high shore of the lighthouse in the area of \u200b\u200bthe warm lakes

Climate

The climate of Sakhalin is a cool, moderately monsoon (the average temperature of January from -6ºС in the south to -24ºС in the north, August - from + 19ºС to + 10ºС, respectively), marine with long snowy winter and short cool summer.

The climate is influenced by the following factors:

1. Geographical position between 46º and 54º S.Sh. determines the arrival of solar radiation from 410 kJ / year in the north to 450 kJ / year in the south.
2. The situation between the Eurasian mainland and the quiet ocean determines the monso-climate nature. It is connected with a wet and cool, pretty rainy Sakhalin summer.
3. Highland relief affects the direction and speed of the wind. The reduction of wind speed in the intermountable basins (in particular, in a relatively large Tim-Poronian and Susunay lowland) contributes to the heating of air in winter and warming up in the summer, it is here that the greatest temperature contrasts are observed; At the same time, the mountains protect these lowlands, as well as the west coast on the effects of cold air of the Okhotsk Sea.
4. In summer, the contrast between the Western and Eastern coasts of the island is enhanced by respectively the warm Tsushimsky flow of the Japanese Sea and the Cold East Sakhalin course of the Okhotsk Sea.
5. The Cold Okhotsk Sea affects the climate of the island as a giant thermoaccumulator, determining the protracted cold spring and relatively warm autumn: Snow in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is sometimes held until mid-May, and the flower beds of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk can bloom until the beginning of November. If we compare Sakhalin with similar (on climatic indicators) the territories of European Russia, then the time of the year on the island replaced each other with a delay of about three weeks.

Air temperature and precipitation amount in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in the XXI century (temperature: II.2001-IV.2009; Sidelines: III 2005-IV.2009):

Parameters / Months	I.	II.	III	IV.	V.	VI	VII	VIII.	IX	X.	XI	XII.	Year
Maximum air temperature, ºС	1,7	4,1	9,0	22,9	25,0	28,2	29,6	32,0	26,0	22,8	15,3	5,0	32,0
Average air temperature, ºС	−11,6	−11,7	−4,6	1,8	7,4	12,3	15,5	17,3	13,4	6,6	−0,8	−9,0	3,2
Minimum air temperature, ºС	−29,5	−30,5	−25,0	−14,5	−4,7	1,2	3,0	4,2	−2,1	−8,0	−16,5	−26,0	−30,5
Precipitation, mm	49	66	62	54	71	38	37	104	88	96	77	79	792

The maximum temperature on Sakhalin (+ 39ºС) was celebrated in July 1977 in the village. Border on the Eastern Coast (Nogliksky District). The minimum temperature on Sakhalin (-50ºС) was recorded in January 1980 in the village. Ado-Timovo (Tymovsky district). Registered temperature minimum of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - -36ºС (January 1961), maximum - + 34.7ºС (August 1999).

The largest average annual precipitation (990 mm) falls in Aniva, the smallest (476 mm) - on the meteorological station of Cuegda (Okhinsky district). The average annual amount of precipitation in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (for many years of data) is 753 mm.

The most early stable snow cover appears on the Cape Elizabeth (Okhinsky district) and in the village of Ado-Timovo (Tymovsky district) - on average on October 31, the most late - in the city of Korsakov (on average December 1). The average dates for snow cover - from April 22 (Holmsk) until May 28 (Cape Elizabeth). In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, steady snow cover appears on average on November 22 and comes from April 29th.

The most powerful Typhoon over the past 100 years ("Phyllis") fell on the island in August 1981. Maximum precipitation came on August 5-6, and from 4 to 7 August in the south of Sakhalin, 322 mm of precipitation fell (about three month norms) .

Inland waters

The largest rivers Sakhalin:

River	Administrative (E) area (s)	Where to fall	Length, km	Pool area, km²	Middle Annual Sharing, km³
Poronay	Tymovsky, Smirnyovsky, Poronia	bay of patience of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk	350	7990	2,49
Tim	Tymovsky, Nogliksky	Nyusky Bay of the Okhotsk Sea	330	7850	1,68
Mike	Dolinsky	bay of patience of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk	119	1660	0,65
Lutogoga	Holmsky, Anivsky	aniva Bay of the Sea	130	1530	1,00
Shaft	Nogliksky	bay Chayvo Sea	112	1440	0,73
Ainskaya	Tomarinsky	oz. Ainskoye	79	1330	...
Nish	Nogliksky	river Tim (Left Flow)	116	1260	...
Uglegrami (ESUTOR)	Uglegorsky	Japanese Sea (Tatar Strait)	102	1250	0,57
Langheri (Langra)	Okhinsky	Amur Liman Okhotsk Sea	130	1190	...
Big	Okhinsky	Sakhalin Bay of the Okhotsk Sea	97	1160	...
Rukutama (Highter)	Poronian	oz. Nevsky	120	1100	...
Olenya.	Poronian	bay of patience of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk	85	1080	...
Lesogorka (Taimyr)	Uglegorsky	Japanese Sea (Tatar Strait)	72	1020	0,62
Nabil	Nogliksky	Nabil Bay of the Okhotsk Sea	101	1010	...
Small Tim	Tymovsky	river Tim (Left Flow)	66	917	...
Leonidovka	Poronian	river Poronia (right influx)	95	850	0,39
Susuya	Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Anivsky	aniva Bay of the Sea	83	823	0,08

Sakhalin has 16120 lakes with a total area of \u200b\u200babout 1000 km². Areas of their greatest concentration - north and southeast of the island. The two largest Lakes Sakhalin - Nevsky with a mirror area of \u200b\u200b178 km² (Poronay district, near the mouth of the Poronia River) and Tunaycha (174 km²) (Korsakovsky district, in the north of the Muravyovsky lowland); Both lakes belong to the lagoon type.

Natural resources

Sakhalin is characterized by a very high potential of natural resources. In addition to biological resources, in the reserves of which Sakhalin stands at one of the first places in Russia, the stocks of hydrocarbons are very high on the island and its shelf. In terms of the volume of explored gas condensate reserves, the Sakhalin region ranks 4th in Russia, gas - 7th, coal - 12th and oil - 13th place, while within the region, the reserves of these minerals are almost entirely focused on Sakhalin and His shelf. Among other natural resources island - wood, gold, platinum.

Flora and fauna

Both Flora and Fauna island are depleted as compared with the adjacent areas of the mainland and compared to the South Island of Hokkaido.

Flora

As of the beginning of 2004, Flora Islands has 1521 species of vascular plants, relating to 575 genera from 132 families, with 7 families and 101 genes are only represented by vigorous species. The total number of vigorous species on the island is 288, or 18.9% of the composition of the entire flora. According to the main systematic groups, the vascular plants of the Sakhalin flora are distributed as follows (excluding vote): Vascular disputes - 79 species (including Playovoid - 14, horsages - 8, fernacid - 57), gifted - 9 species, coated - 1146 species ( In addition, one-bedroom - 383, dicotyathic - 763). The leading families of vascular plants in the Flora Sakhalin are dies ( Cyperaceae.) (121 View Excluding Vote - 122 species including vigorous), composite ( AsteracEae.) (120 - 175), cereals ( Poaceae.) (108 - 152), rose colored ( Rosaceae.) (58 - 68), ilokone ( Ranunculaceae.) (54 - 57), heers ( Ericaceae.) (39 - 39), cloves ( Caryophyllaceae.) (38 - 54), buckwheat ( Polygonaceae.) (37 - 57), orchids ( Orchidaceae.) (35 - 35), cruciferous ( Brassicaceae.) (33 - 53).

Fauna

Gorbowa goes to spawning into a nameless river flowing into the Bay of Mordvinov

"Red Book"

Fauna, Flora and Mikobiota Islands include many rare protected animal species, plants and mushrooms. 12 Mammals registered on the Sakhalin, 97 species of birds (including 50 nesting), seven species of fish, 20 species of invertebrates, 113 species of vascular plants, 13 species of moss, seven types of algae, 14 types of fungi and 20 types of lichens (t .. 136 species of animals, 133 types of plants and 34 types of fungi - only 303 species) have the status of protected, i.e. Located in the "Red Book of the Sakhalin Region", while about a third of them are at the same time entering the "Red Book of the Russian Federation".

From the "federal red-born" flowering plants, Flora Sakhalin includes aralia heart-shaped ( Araralia Cordata.), Calipso Lukovichny ( Calypso Bulbosa.), cardioirinum Glen ( Cardiocrinum Glehnii.), Japanese sources ( Carex Japonica.) and lead sullen ( C. livida.), Veineries of shoes are real ( Cypripedium Calceolus.) and large-flowered ( C. Macranthum.), Gray Successor ( DiphyLleia Grayi.), a leafless pearler ( Epipogium aphyllum.), Kandyk Japanese ( Erythronium Japonicum), the puster is high ( Gastrodia elata.), Iris Movyoid ( Iris Ensata.), Walnut Islantol ( Juglans Ailanthifolia.), Calopanks semi-blade ( Kalopanax septemlobum), Lily Tiger ( Lilium Lancifolium.), Tolmachev's honeysuckle ( Lonicera Tolmatchevii.), the Dragon Kryrtiosphere ( Macropodium Pterospermum), Miyakiya solid ( Miyakea Integrifolia.) (Miyakia is the only endemic genus of vascular plants on Sakhalin), a nesting color to a bugger ( Neottianthe Cucullata.), feed-based peonies ( Paeonia Obovata.) and mountain ( P. Ore Boeton.), black and grungy ( Poa Radula.) and Kalina Wright ( VIBURNUM WRIGHTII.), i.e. 23 species. In addition, there are still eight "federal red-born" plants on the island: two types of vote - Sarzent juniper ( Juniperus Sargentii.) and tees pointed ( Taxus Cuspidata.), three types of fern-shaped - Harfichnik Asian ( ISOETES asiatica.), Mikel Leptorumor ( Leptorumohra Miqueliana.) and mekodium of Wright ( Mecodium Wrightii.), two types and one kind of moss - Japanese broxifium ( Bryoxiphium Norvegicum var. japonicum), North North ( Neckera borealis), and the stigpite plugotion ( Plagiothecium Obtusissimum).

Population

According to the results of the 2002 census, the population of the island amounted to 527.1 thousand people, incl. 253.5 thousand men and 273.6 thousand women; About 85% of the population are Russians, the rest are Ukrainians, Koreans, Belarusians, Tatars, Chuvashi, Mordva, several thousand people of representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North - Nivkhov and Orokov. From 2002 to 2008 The population of Sakhalin continued slowly (by about 1% per year) to decline: mortality continues to prevail over the birth rate, and the involvement of labor from the mainland and from Russia neighboring countries does not compensate for the departure of Sakhalin residents to the mainland. At the beginning of 2008, about 500 thousand people lived on the island.

The largest city island is the regional center of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (173.2 thousand people; 01/01/2007), other relatively large cities - Korsakov (35.1 thousand people), Holmsk (32.3 thousand people), OX (26.7 thousand people), Nevelsk (17.0 thousand years.), Poronaysk (16.9 thousand years).

By regions of the island, the population is distributed as follows (census results of 2002, people):

District	All population	%% of the total	Urban population	Rural population
sakhalinsk and subordinate settlements	182142	34,6	177272	4870
Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky	17509	3,3	14764	2746
Anivsky	15275	2,9	8098	7177
Dolinsky	28268	5,4	23532	4736
Korsakovsky	45347	8,6	39311	6036
Makarovsky	9802	1,9	7282	2520
Nevelsky	26873	5,1	25954	921
Nogliksky	13594	2,6	11653	1941
Okhinsky	33533	6,4	30977	2556
Poronian	28859	5,5	27531	1508
Smirnyovsky	15044	2,9	7551	7493
Tomarinsky	11669	2,2	9845	1824
Tymovsky	19109	3,6	8542	10567
Uglegorsky	30208	5,7	26406	3802
Holmsky	49848	9,5	44874	4974
Sakhalin in general	527080	100	463410	63670

History

Archaeological finds indicate that people appeared on Sakhalin in Paleolitis, about 20-25 thousand years ago, when the ocean level decreased as a result of glaciation and land "bridges" between Sakhalin and the mainland, as well as Sakhalin and Hokkaido, were restored. (At the same time, according to another land "bridge" between Asia and America, located on the site of modern Bering Strait, Homo Sapiens. Moved to the American continent). In neolithic (2-6 thousand years ago), Sakhalin was inhabited by the ancestors of modern Paleoisian peoples - Nivkhov (in the north of the island) and Ainov (in the south).

The same ethnic groups constituted the main population of the island in the Middle Ages, while Nivhi migrated between Sakhalin and Lower Amur, and Aina - between Sakhalin and Hokkaido. The material culture was largely similar, and the livelihood was delivered by fishing, hunting and collecting. At the end of the Middle Ages (in the XVI-XVII century), the Sakhalin appears in the Sakhalin, Evenks (reindeer nomads) and Orcohol (Utali), which under the influence of Evenks also began to engage in reindeer herding.

According to the Simed Treatment (1855) between Russia and Japan, Sakhalin was recognized by their joint inseparable possession. In the St. Petersburg Treaty of 1875, Russia received the ownership of Sakhalin Island, in return to Japan, all the northern Kuril Islands. After the defeat of the Russian Empire in the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-05 and the signing of the Portsmouth peace treaty, Japan received South Sakhalin (part of Sakhalin Island south of the 50th parallels). As a result of the victory over Japan during World War II, the entire territory of Sakhalin island and all the Kuril Islands were included in the Soviet Union (RSFSR). On the territory or part of the territory about. Sakhalin at the current time of claims either from Japan, no other country is available.

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is founded by Russians in 1882 called Vladimirovka. After the victory of the USSR and his allies in World War II, together with all island, moved to the USSR.

Sakhalin is the largest island of Russia, located in the northwestern part of the Pacific, east of Russia and north of Japan.

Since in its structure, Sakhalin island reminds Fish, with a fin and tail, then the island is not proportional to the sizes.

Its dimensions are:
- long, more than 950 kilometers
- in width, in its narrow it, more than 25 kilometers
- width, in its widest part, more than 155 kilometers
- The total area of \u200b\u200bthe island, reaches more than 76,500 square kilometers

And now let's plunge into the history of Sakhalin Island.

The island was opened by the Japanese, in about the middle of the 16th century. And by 1679, in the south of the island, a Japanese settlement called Otomari was officially formed (the current city of Korsakov).
In the same period, the island was given a name, China-Edzo, which is translated, means North Edzo. Edzo is the former name of the Japanese Hokkaido Island. With translation into Russian, the word edzo, denotes a shrimp. This suggests that near these islands, a large cluster of one of the main Japanese delicacy, shrimp, lived.

Russians, the island was opened only at the beginning of the 18th century. And the first official settlements at the current island of Sakhalin were mastered by 1805.

Want to note that when Russian colonists began to create Sakhalin topographic maps, there was one mistake because of which, the island and got its name, Sakhalin. All due to the fact that the cards were compiled with the registration of rivers, and due to the location from which the colonists began topography of the card, the main river was the Amur River. Since some conductor of Russian colonists on untouched by Sakhalin, the Sakhalin came from China, then the Aruum River, in the old Chinese languages, namely, from the Manchurian adverb, the Amur River sounded like Sakhahala-Ulla. Due to the fact that Russian cartographers did not fit this name, namely, the place of Sakhahala-Ulla, fit like Sakhalin, and wrote this name to most of the maps where they were branches from the Amur River, the big land was considered what such name It was assigned to this island.

But back to the story.

Due to abundant relocation to the island, Russian colonists, the Japanese, in 1845, the current Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands were declared independent, inviolable property of Japan.

But due to the fact that most of the north of the island was already populated by Russian colonists, and the entire territory of the current Sakhalin was not officially assigned to Japan and was considered not disbanded, Russia began with Japan disputes on separation of the territory. And by 1855, the Simoian treaty was signed between Russia and Japan, which it was accepted that Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands were a joint undeveloped hold.

Then in 1875, in St. Petersburg, a new treaty was signed between Russia and Japan, through which Russia refused to be part of the Kuril Islands instead of full ownership of the island.

Photos taken on Sakhalin Island, in the interval, between the middle 18 and the beginning of the 19th century

In 1905, because of Russia's defeat in the Russian-Japanese war, which took place from 1904 to 1905, Sakhalin was divided into 2 parts - the northern part that remained under the control of Russia and the South, which went through Japan.

In 1907, the southern part of Sakhalin was a designated Kartuto prefecture, with its main centers represented by the first Japanese settlement on Sakhalin Island, the city of Otomari (current Corsaqs).
Then the main center, transferred to another major, Japanese city, Toyhara (the current city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk).

In 1920, Karafuto Prefecture, the status, external Japanese territory, was officially assigned to the status of external Japanese territory, and it was transferred from the independent Japanese territory to the Department of Colonies, and by 1943, Karafuto received the status of internal lands of Japan.

On August 8, 1945, the Soviet Union, declared Japan to war, and 2 years later, namely, 1947, the Soviet Union, won in this, the second Russian-Japanese war, taking the southern part of Sakhalin and all the Kuril Islands.

And now, since 1947, at our days, Sakhalin and Kuril Islands remain as part of the Russian Federation.

I would like to note that after the end of 1947, the deportation of more than 400,000 Japanese began back to their homeland, at the same time, the mass migration of the Russian population on Sakhalin Island began. This is determined by the fact that the infrastructure built by the Japanese on the southern part of the island, I needed a working force.
And since there was a lot of minerals on the island, for the production of which there was a lot of labor, the mass link of prisoners began on Sakhalin Island, which was an excellent free work force.

But due to the fact that the deportation of the Japanese population took place more slowly than the migration of the Russian population and sonickers, and finally deportation ended towards the end of the 19th century. Russian and Japanese citizens, had to live side by side for a long time.

Photos taken on the island of Sakhalin, in the interval, between the end 19 and the beginning of the 20th century.

Sakhalin produces an indelible impression on the traveler. It is enough to look at the photos of these places, fall in love with this amazing land in absentia, so beautiful the local landscapes. There are attractions that are the historical heritage, but the main wealth of the Sakhalin region is its monuments of nature.

In local lore museums of the region, exposures reflecting the life of indigenous peoples are presented. In addition, here you can see exhibitions dedicated to the modern culture of the countries of the East, go through Chekhovsky places. Of course, the Museum of Railway Technology in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, which, rightly, is considered one of the most visited attractions.

The museum is interesting, first of all, a unique technique, as well as a narrow-sole railway, analogs of which are not all over the world: its width of the rut is 1067 mm., And it is completely in working condition. So part of the collection of the museum is located right in the open sky. Here you can see a variety of wagons, mini-locomotives of the 30s of the XX century, and other ancient technique.

Such island rarities are also interesting as the old branch of the railway line, located between Yuzhno-Sakhalin and Kholmsky, or a narrow-headed Nogliki-OX, which is valid to this day in the north of Sakhalin and other monuments of the Heritage of Governor Karafuto, as well as lighthouses with a century-old story, an unusual tunnel In the shape of a broken line at Cape Jikkier, not far from Alexandrovsk-Sakhalin, laid in a solid rocky soil by religious, parking of an ancient person and much more.

However, the greatest interest causes not a man, but the very nature. A place that will want to see any tourist is a tiny land of sushi in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk east of Sakhalin, which is noted on all the map of the world as the island of the coal. Here is a unique fan of the sea seals, see such a cluster of these marine animals, you can only with the Commander Islands in the United States. And although not a single ship has the right to approach the protected area closer than 30 miles, and the aircraft is prohibited from flying over this place, you can get here on the excursion.

Sakhalin's attractions include its thermal springs: Lesogorsk (near the village. Logorsk, by river. Lesogorka), Lunsky (on the Lunsk Gulf, in the Isthmus area), Daginsky (in the village of Hot Keys, in a semi-kilometer from the highway Nogliki - Oh).

In the area of \u200b\u200bKrasnogorsk, you can see the grove of relict tees, not far from P. Vakhrushev admire the waterfall of the Waterfall of the Nitui River, to wondering with huge stone sculptures, like idols from the island of Easter at Cape Chapes or the scald arches of Cape Giant, and not far from the villages of Stardombian and seaside Sakhalin Amber Colors of thick tea with a cherry tint, in terms of its qualities is not inferior to the Baltic.

This is certainly not all the miracles of the Sakhalin, which these land are so generously endowed. Just just do not tell. Perhaps the last thing I would like to mention is salmon spawning, which is also one of the main nature attractions of the Sakhalin region. For someone who has never seen, this sea fish, jumping thresholds and overcoming waterfalls, flowing into the ocean of streams, will be unusually interesting to observe this amazing phenomenon of nature.

mount Sister Sakhalin Island

General information about Sakhalin

Sakhalin is the largest island of Russia, is washed by the Okhotsk and the Japanese Sea, separated from the mainland with a narrow Tatar strait and the Strait of Nevelsky, from the island of Hokkaido - the Laperus Strait.

Until the XIX century, Sakhalin status was not defined. For the first time, the St. Petersburg Treaty of 1875 was consolidated by Russia, according to which Sakhalin Island transcreated Russia, and Japan went to the property of the Northern Kuril Islands.

Immediately after the conclusion of this contract, the Tsarist Russia identified Sakhalin as a place of references and cortics for criminals. After the end of the Russian-Japanese war and the signing of the Portsmouth Treaty, Japan received South Sakhalin, but in 1920 the Japanese occupation of Northern Sakhalin began, which lasted until 1925. After the end of World War II, the entire territory of Sakhalin Island was included in the USSR.

Sakhalin attracted tourists primarily with its unique nature. Mount Waida (height of 900 meters above sea level) and the Waidian cave is a unique natural complex. In the cave you can admire the bizarre stalactites and stalagmites and other wonders.

In addition to its healing properties, Daginsky thermal sources are also a unique monument of nature. This is a very unusual sight - outgoing ferry of reservoirs, in which wild swans are swimming, surrounded by the pristine nature.

Sakhalin is famous for its mineral springs and healing mud. Under Yuzhno-Sakhalin is a unique mineral source of Sinegoresk carbon dioxide hydrocarbonate chloride sodium water with a high content of arsenic. This rare type of natural mineral waters is used in the treatment of diseases with a violation of cellular metabolism and radiation disease. Procedures with carbon dioxide and alarm waters are applied and for the treatment of hematopoietic organs.

On the shore of the Tatar Strait there are balneological health disadvantages using sea clutch sulfide dirt. These dirt are used to treat various origin of slowly healing ulcers and other skin diseases.

Daginsky thermal sources of sugar are treated with such severe diseases of the musculoskeletal system, such as arthritis, arthritis, polyarthritis, neuritis, radiculitis, osteochondrosis, as well as most skin diseases.

On the eastern outskirts of the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, there is a modern, well-equipped skiing base "Mountain Air". About 10 kilometers of ski slopes of different categories of complexity laid on the slopes of the Mountain Bolshevik. For snowboarders, a modern Snow-Park is built, equipped with tramplines and raids, a special gutter is arranged for tubing lovers. The slopes are equipped with a bugel lift and a gondal chairlive cable car.

burean Island Sakhalin Bay

Geography of Sakhalin Island, where is located, how to get

Sakhalin (Yap. 樺 太, whale. 库页 / 庫頁) - island at the Eastern Coast of Asia. It is part of the Sakhalin region. The largest island of Russia. Washed by the Okhotsk and Japanese seas. From mainland Asia is separated by the Tatar Strait (in the narrowest part - the Nevsky Strait - has a width of 7.3 km and freezes in winter); From the Japanese Island Hokkaido - Laperose Strait.

The island got its name from the Manchur name of the Amur River - "Sakhahalyan-Ulla", which means "Black River" - the name is printed on the map, it was mistaken to Sakhalin, and the name of the island was printed in further editions.

The Japanese call Sakhalin Karafuto, this name goes back to the Aynian "Kamu-Kara-Puto-I-Mosir", which means the "earth of the mouth of the mouth." In 1805, the Russian vessel under the command of I. F. Kruzenshtern investigated most of the Sakhalin coast and concluded that Sakhalin - Peninsula. In 1808, Japanese expeditions, who headed Matsuda Denzuro and Mamia Rindzo, proved that Sakhalin is an island. Most European cartographers were skeptical to Japanese data. For a long time on different cards Sakhalin designated either an island or by the peninsula. Only in 1849, the expedition under the command of G. I. Nevelsky put the final point in this matter, having passed on the Baikal Military Transport ship between Sakhalin and the mainland. This shed was subsequently named after Nevelsky.

The island is pulled by Meridionially from Cape Krylon in the south to Cape Elizabeth in the north. Length is 948 km, width from 26 km (belongings of the belt) up to 160 km (on latitude with. Lesogorskoye), an area of \u200b\u200b76.4 thousand km².

bay Sakhalin Sakhalin Island

Tourism on Sakhalin

Tourism in Sakhalinsky region

The tourist potential of the Sakhalin region is huge, although it is not fully mastered. Sakhalin and Kuriles Island itself is a treasury of Far Eastern Nature. And the rate on tourism, which local authorities today and business representatives will lead it to one of the leading positions of the economy of the islands.

The area, first of all, is of interest among Japanese tourists, which is due to the presence of natural and historical resources. As for the infrastructure, it is poorly developed. Nevertheless, at the beginning of 2011, 57 tourist companies operated in the region, of which 34 tour operator and 23 travel agents.

Sakhalin region is an attractive territory for the development of ecotourism. True, most travel firms are oriented on outbound tourism. 90% of entering are citizens of Japan, which require a high level of comfort from accommodation, transport, information services, not inferior to Japanese. Therefore, today, many South Sakhalinsk hotels seek to provide high quality services in terms of security, sanitation and comfort. In many restaurants working at hotels, a menu is presented, including oriental cuisine, and even separately Japanese.

In addition, with the assistance of the management of the region, a number of measures are implemented on the funds of investors, the purpose of which is to support and develop the tourism industry. As part of the work on the preservation of Japanese cultural monuments, an action was held on the improvement of the territory of the former treasury of the Karafuto Dzinzya temple.

Sakhalin Energy, together with the Ministry of Emergency Situations in the Sakhalin Region, was implemented a project to arrange an ecological route to Chekhov's peak. The construction of the tourist complex in the village continues. Hot keys nickname district. Improvement of the territory of the tourist base of Aquamarin (pos. Forest Korsakovsky district). The issue of building a tourist complex on the territory of forest-core thermomineral sources is discussed. A catalog of investment proposals in tourism is formed, among them a proposal for the development of beach territories of the Sakhalin region.

Finally, now in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, a megaproekt on the creation of Sakhalin City Center is carried out, which will globally change accents in the field of tourism, because investors expect that at the end of the project Sakhalin will become tourist Mecca, and the income will bring precipitious tourism.

natural rock arch at Cape Kuznetsova

To date, in the Sakhalin region, one of the best ski resorts in the region. For this type of rest, Sakhalin winter gives excellent opportunities. In the south of the island, abundant snow cover holds for a rarity long (up to 6 months) not only in middleweight mountain peaks, but also in the valleys - which is ideally consistent with the standards of the Winter Olympic Sports Outdoors. If desired, skiers can extend the season for a couple of months on the slopes of the highest Sakhalin Mountain Lopatin, which is located in the middle part of the island.

A wide variety of wellness routes with a visit to thermal springs in different parts of the area, where you can use unique in the composition of therapeutic mineral waters and muds that meet the extensive spectrum of medical needs, ranging from gastroitherapy, neuropathology, ending with heavy skin diseases and diseases of the musculoskeletal system.

Some travel firms are ready to provide interesting entertainment and sports programs today. It is water tourism, with rowing on kayaks, rafts and catamarans, sea travel on yachts, and autotourism, and the most interesting walking routes on Sakhalin and Kurilah, and drips at a helicopter to completely inaccessible corners of the Sakhalin region.

Well, and exotic. Unique geological monuments of nature, abundance and variety of seafood, racing on relic deer sledding and super-modern motor, bear hunting, professional fishing, all kinds of water entertainment, visiting the fantastic of marine animals and much more.

Okhotsk Sea

Routes on Sakhalin

Routes on Sakhalin Island

Sakhalin land is beautiful and amazing, there are so many interesting things here that you can fall in absentia in absentia. It's hard to tell about everything, but it's easy to imagine how hardly a tourist choice, because I want to see as much as possible. And this is despite the fact that the tourism sphere is not fully developed here, especially for the Kuril Islands, which are part of the Sakhalin region. The routes are different, from quite low-cost, to those affecting their cost and scope of designs, as trips to a helicopter to southern chickens or by Sakhalin, for example, to a non-compliant lake "Top" Mount Spamberg.

Quite expensive tours can be attributed to the hunt for a bear and a deer hunt. However, most refer to the category of ecological tourism, including fishing, berry collection, diving, boat walks in lakes.

LLC "Imperial Tour" is ready to deliver you to the River Dolina on the all-terrain vehicle, on Lake Ainskoye on the car GAZ - 66, assist on trips to the Kura River and Lake Bird.

Tourist firm Ltd. Mogychi offers routes for corporate recreation, in particular delivery to the hard-to-reach Sakhalin peninsula - Cape Krölon. Recreation here are waiting for the Rocky Islands of Hirano, Nercha Sphere, visiting historical sites (Cape Canbeeva, Hosmemin trail, old Japanese bridges, grottoes), numerous waterfalls and crying rocks. Huntsman-guide will demonstrate how commercial fishing is going on a pinkish, then it will show how to cook a red caviar-five minutes in hiking conditions, the ear of Sakhalin, baked in the burbs of a pump. It must be said that seafood and fish will constantly attend your desk, regardless of the direction of the path you choose.

The company organizes travels along the north of Sakhalin, to his Okhinsky district, where you can hunt for a bear, fur beast and feathery a game, to divide and just watch the local birds and animals. From here you will certainly bring unique photos.

A number of interesting routes offer Intur Sakhalin. The program "50th parallel" is a trip to the Japanese places of the island. The route begins in Korsakov, then tourists visit Lake Tunaycha and a volatile, Poronaysk, the former border between the USSR and Japan, the so-called 50th parallel, the settlements of Winners, Smirny, the city of Holmsk.

The company organizes the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Route - Coy Tiche, with a stop at the seaside and a visit to the Japanese Temple. In the Arsenal "Intur-Sakhalin" a variety of one-day programs: the tour to the mud volcano Miettan in p. Pugachevo and the geological monument in the vicinity of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, which is called "frog"; Excursion through the territory of the South Sakhalin ski resort; Boat walk to Cape Windis and Cape Kuznetsova, on the slopes of the sea terraces of which are nesting with countless cormorants, seagulls, kayra and where all year round can be seen and seals. In the form of one-day routes, you can get acquainted with other sights of Sakhalin (O.Moneron, Cape Giant, Cape Krylon).

In winter, to the services of those who want to rest in Nekrasovka (Nogliki Sakhalin District) with Sanya Sanya in a dog harness through Cape Tatiana to Moskalev and back.

Summer is good for recreation 6-day route to the Sousuna Valley (Lake Tunaycha, fishing on the river Commissioning, in the vicinity of the village. The first fare and warm lakes, as well as a visit to the cape is free on the coast of the Okhotsk Sea). Sakhalin island

In the south of Intour-Sakhalin Island, it offers to climb the cable-gondola road to Mount Bolshevik, to climb the peak Chekhov, relax on the Tunaycha Lake and the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and go to Starodubsk, to familiarize himself with the gathering scene, which the sea throws off the shore After a storm.

The Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - Nogliki route includes a visit to the village of hot keys, not far from which is the healing hot springs. An exotic note of the journey adds a concert of the folk ensemble "Nivkhinka".

The recreation routes include a trip to Sineginsk, which is known for its mineral springs and sanatorium "Sinegore Mineral Waters". Water from these sources is also used in the Medical institutions of Dolinsk.

There are routes for lovers of outdoor activities. One of them is the conquest of the Mount of Lopatin (1609 m).

Within the framework of the 9-day tour, the Travel Company "Mishka Tour" offers a walking tour to an unusually beautiful nature monument - Zhadno mountain range. Accompanied by qualified conductors and certified rescuers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation, you can go to the speleological tour to the caves of Waida Mountain or to climb on the 20-meter Khomutovsky rocks, we can get a brave course on the peak, to undergo an ice climbing course at the extraordinarily beautiful icefields of Zhadno Ridge. Each participant of the excursion receives special equipment, undergoing mandatory instruction and learns to work with a rope, at height and caves. The leader of the route is always available tools for scaring animals (falsefaers), radio stations, satellite telephone, first aid kit, rescue equipment.

The extreme tour in the Dolinsky district involves crossing the rope over the roaring threshold of the mountain river and a deep canyon. You will have the opportunity to stroll around the terrain and see the unique places.

Also with experienced travel instructors, you can make a dive in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Yunon Cape or in the scene of the silence in the Nevelsk region to watch the life of these animals under water, explore the seabed at the village of suburban (snorkeling), see gray whales from the Mayak of Cape Piltun, challenge Sakhalin lakes, having mastered kayaking.

For lovers of extreme, one-day alloy on the upper reaches of the Red Army River, with the passage of the Bykovsky threshold, one of the most complex and most beautiful in the south of Sakhalin. Another extreme route is a 3-day alloy on catamarans by Lutogo. Each excursion participant is provided with high-quality equipment. At another time and in another way you can come to the upperwear lyutogogo to watch the salmon spawning.

In addition, the "Teddy Tour" provides one-day sea walks along the hard-to-reach capes and bays at the western coast of the Tonino Anivan Peninsula, along the ancient volcanoes of the Zhadno Ridge, a trip to Cape Brown, to Cousin's Cape Kuznetsov.

On fishing and hunting tours, a travel agency "Island" specializes. Its clients are routes to Nyjsky and Nabil, on the dagi rivers, Tim, Lutogoga, Poronia, Rafting on the Evay River with fishing in the Gulf of tea, hunting in the central and southern part of the island.

With the tourist firm LLC "Syvuchi Island Travel" You can see the most beautiful waterfalls of the island. Visit the shore of waterfalls at Cape Bird, admire the waterfalls Uuanovsky and Aikhor, as well as a waterfall on Olkhovatka, go to the imperial lake.

the island is noticeable, the bay is quiet

Sakhalin Island Relief

The island's relief is made up by the average mountains, lowlands and low-lying plains. The southern and central part of the island is characterized by a mountain relief and consist of two meridional oriented mountain systems - West Sakhalin (up to 1327 m height - Onor) and the East Sakhalin Mountains (up to 1609 m, the city of Lopatina), separated by the longitudinal thym Poronian lowland. The north of the island (with the exception of the Schmidt Peninsula) is a canopy hilly plain.

The shores of the island are weakly cut; Large bays - aniva and patience (wide open to the south) are respectively in the southern and middle part of the island. Two large bays and four peninsula are distinguished in the coastline.

In the relief of Sakhalin, the following 11 districts are distinguished:

Schmidt Peninsula (about 1.4 thousand km²) - mountainous peninsula at the extreme north of the island with steep, places with swear banks and two meridional ridges - Western and East; The highest point is three brothers (623 m); connected to the North Sakhalin plain by the Okhinsky island, whose width is in a narrower place - just over 6 km;

North-Sakhalin Plain (about 28 thousand km²) - Hollow-grayscale territory south of the Schmidt Peninsula with a wide branched river network, weakly pronounced watersheds and separate low mountain ranges, stretches from Baikal Bay in the north to the merge of the Rysch and Tim in the south, the highest Point - Dahauria (601 m); The northeast coast of the island is highlighted as a sub-frame, which are characterized by large lagoons (the largest - Piltun Bulips, Chavoi, Nyjsky, Nabilsky, Lunsky), separated from the sea with narrow strips of wrath, dunes, low sea terraces - in this subarea and On the adjacent shelf of the Okhotsk Sea are the main Sakhalin oil and gas fields;

West Sakhalin Mountains stretch almost 630 km from latitude with. Hoe (51º19 "S.Sh.) in the north to the Peninsula Krylon in the extreme south of the island; the average width of the mountains - 40-50 km, the largest (on the breadth of the Laman Cape) - about 70 km; the axial part form reed (north the replacement of the belt) and South reed ridges;

Tim-porn lowland is located in the middle part of the island and is a hilly-dummy lowland extending about 250 km in the meridional direction - from the Bay of patience in the south to the merger of the rivers and Nysh in the north; The maximum width (up to 90 km) reaches the river river, minimal (6-8 km) - in the River Valley Tim; In the north passes to the Nabil's lowland; Covered with a powerful case of Cenozoic precipitation, composed by sediment sediments of a quaternary period: sandstones, pebbles; The very wetland southern part of the lowland is called Poronic "Tundra";

Susunay lowland is located in the southern part of the island and stretches about 100 km from Aniva Bay in the south to the Maiba River in the north; From the west, lowland is limited to West Sakhalin mountains, from the East - Susunai Range and Korsakovsky Plateau; In the southern part of the lowland width reaches 20 km, in the center - 6 km, in the north - 10 km; Absolute heights in the north and south do not exceed 20 m above sea level, in the central part, on the waterscence of the worship rivers and a lot of such, reach 60 m; refers to the type of internal lowlands and is a tectonic depression, made of large thick-time quaternary deposits; Within the Susunay lowland are the cities of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Aniva, Dolinsk and there are about half of the population of the island;

East Sakhalin Mountains are presented in the north of the Lopatinsky mountain assembly (the highest point - G. Lopatin, 1609 m) with ridges radially derived from it; Two springs of the opposite direction are the Nabilsky Ridge; In the south, the Nabilsky Ridge goes to the central ridge, in the north, falling sharply, - to the North-Sakhalin plain;

The lowland of the Peninsula of Patience is the smallest of the districts, it takes most of the peninsula of patience east of the patience bay;

The Susuna Range stretches from north to south by 70 km and has a width of 18-120 km; Higher points - Mount Pushkinskaya (1047 m) and peak Chekhov (1045 m); Paleozoic sediments are complicated, at the foot of the Western Macroclone Range is the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk;

The Korsakovskoe plateau is limited from the West Susunay lowland, from the north - the Susunai ridge, from the east - the Muravyovskaya lowland, from the south - the bay of Aniva, has a weakly fulnerable surface formed by the system of flat-terrain-terrain varies, elongated in the northeast direction; On the southern tip of the plateau on the shore of Aniva Bay there is a city of Korsakov;

Muravyovskaya lowland (on Ill.) It is located between the Bays of Aniva in the south and Mordvinov in the north, has a vulnerable relief with flat vertices of the Urals; Within lowland, there are many lakes, including the so-called "warm lakes", where South Sakhalin residents love to travel;

The Tonino Anivian ridge stretches from the north to south, from the cape of free to Cape Aniva, almost 90 km, the highest point - Mount Kruzenshtern (670 m); Folded by chalome and jurassic sediments.

cape Giant, Sakhalin

Sights of Sakhalin Island

Bird Lake

Beautiful and amazing lake in the south of Sakhalin Island

Damn bridge on Sakhalin

A unique construction on the Sakhalin at the moment in a semi-discharge state.

Waterfall bird

The largest waterfall of Kunashir island, which annually attracts a large number of tourists.

Volcano head

Acting volcano on the island of Kunashir with two amazing lakes at the Crater Day

Cape and Aniva Lighthouse

Cape on the south-east of Sakhalin Island with a beacon of the same name

White cliffs of Sakhalin

Amazing white cliffs on the shore of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk

Lake Tunaycha

One of the most favorite seats of rest residents of Sakhalin

waterfall Aikhor Sakhalin

Vulcan Tyatya.

A huge operating volcano located on the island of Kunashir, the Kuril Islands.

Island ITUPU.

South Island of Kuril Ridge, a real treasure of natural attractions and a great place to relax in nature.

Cape columnal

Unique rock formation on the island of Kunashir.

Hot Sakhalin Sources

A unique source of medicinal water in the north of Sakhalin.

Cape Krilon

Cape Krigon - the southernmost point of Sakhalin Island

Waterfall Ilya-Muromets

One of the largest and most beautiful waterfalls of Russia.

Tatar Strait Sakhalin

Climate Sakhalin

The climate of Sakhalin is moderately monsoon (the average temperature of January from -6ºС in the south to -24ºС in the north, August - from + 19 ° C to + 10ºС, respectively), marine with long-term cold snowy winter and medium warm summer. The average annual temperature in the north of the island (by perennial data) is about -1.5 ° C, in the south - + 2.2ºС.

The climate is influenced by the following factors:

Geographical position between 46º and 54º S.Sh. determines the arrival of solar radiation from 410 kJ / year in the north to 450 kJ / year in the south.

In winter, the weather is largely determined by the Siberian Anticyclone: \u200b\u200bat this time the northern and northwestern winds prevail, strong frosts can stand, especially in the central part of the island with a moderately continental microclimate. At the same time, winter cyclones can come from the south (which are practically no in the mainland areas of the Russian Far East), determining the strong and frequent bursts. Thus, in the winter of 1970, a series of multi-versed cyclones, accompanied by numerous waste of snow avalante, were collapsed. The wind reached hurricane strength (separate gusts - up to 50 m / s), snow cover in the southern part of Sakhalin exceeded the norm 3-4 times, reaching 6-8 m. Bujans paralyzed the work of all types of transport, seaports, industrial enterprises .

The situation between the Eurasian mainland and the quiet ocean determines the monso-climate nature. It is connected with a wet and warm, pretty rainy Sakhalin summer. Summer begins in June and ends in September.

Highland relief affects the direction and speed of the wind. The reduction of wind speed in the intermountable basins (in particular, in a relatively large Tim-Poronian and Susunay lowland) contributes to the heating of air in winter and warming up in the summer, it is here that the greatest temperature contrasts are observed; At the same time, the mountains protect these lowlands, as well as the west coast on the effects of cold air of the Okhotsk Sea.

In the summer, the contrast between the Western and Eastern coasts of the island is strengthened by respectively the warm Tsushimsky flow of the Japanese Sea, which reaches the south-western tip of Sakhalin, and the cold East Sakhalin course of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, which goes along the east coast from North to South.

Cold Okhotsk Sea affects the climate of the island as a giant thermoaccumulator, determining the protracted cold spring and relatively warm autumn: Snow in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is sometimes held until mid-May (and in 1963, heavy snowfall was celebrated on June 1), while the flower beds in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Can bloom until the beginning of November. If we compare Sakhalin with similar (on climatic indicators) the territories of European Russia, then the time of the year on the island replaced each other with a delay of about three weeks. For the same reason, the most warm month a year on Sakhalin is August, and the coldest one is February. The average temperature of September is almost always higher than the middle of June.

city Nevelsk

Air temperature

The maximum temperature on Sakhalin (+ 39ºС) was celebrated in July 1977 in the village. Border on the Eastern Coast (Nogliksky District). The minimum temperature on Sakhalin (-50ºС) was recorded in January 1980 in the village. Ado-Timovo (Tymovsky district). Registered temperature minimum of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - -36ºС (January 1961), maximum - + 34.7ºС (August 1999).

The largest average annual precipitation (990 mm) falls in Aniva, the smallest (476 mm) - on the meteorological station of Cuegda (Okhinsky district). The average annual amount of precipitation in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (for many years of data) is 753 mm.

The most early stable snow cover appears on the Cape Elizabeth (Okhinsky district) and in the village of Ado-Timovo (Tymovsky district) - on average on October 31, the most late - in the city of Korsakov (on average December 1). The average dates for snow cover - from April 22 (Holmsk) until May 28 (Cape Elizabeth). In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, steady snow cover appears on average on November 22 and comes from April 29th.

Frequent cyclones are often accompanied by floods. The latter were held in the southern part of the island in 2009 and in June, and in July 2009, in the south of Sakhalin, three months of precipitation had fallen out, on July 15-16, the amount of precipitation in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk reached 107 mm, that is, almost two months Norm. Many rivers came out of the shores, twice due to the destruction of the railway canvase, the movement on the Sakhalin railway connecting the south and the north of the island was stopped.

The most powerful Typhoon over the past 100 years "Phyllis", moving from the Pacific Ocean to the north-west, hit the island in August 1981, the maximum of precipitation came on August 5-6, and in total from August 4 to 7 in the south of Sakhalin fell 322 mm precipitation (about three month norms). Typhoon was accompanied by catastrophic floods. Water in some rivers rose by 6.5 m, landslides and villages were observed. The situation was aggravated by the storm southeastern winds, causing the hitch of sea water on the coasts of the bays of Aniva and patience. Flooding caused human sacrifices, more than two thousand families were left without a roof above their heads. Anivan, Smirnyovsky and Poronia districts were especially injured.

Typhoon "Georgia" hit the south of Sakhalin on September 18-19, 1970. In a matter of hours, a monthly rate of precipitation fell out, on the rivers the water rose to 5 m, crops were flooded, a large amount of livestock was killed, automotive and railways were blocked. The hurricane wind led to the massive destruction of the LAP. There were human sacrifices.

The yield on powerful typhoons was released 2002: from July 11 to July 15, Typhoon "Chatan" and the tropical depression "Nerri" caused very strong rains in the south of Sakhalin, the village streams, landslides. Roads were blurred, flooded at home. On September 2, Typhoon "Rusa" again brought strong shower to the south of the island. Water in rivers rose by 2.5-4.5 m. 449 houses were flooded, 9 bridges were destroyed. In the Nevelsky district, 80 weeks gone. Finally, on October 2-3, Typhoon "Higos" is shifted from the Japanese islands, recruiting the southern part of Sakhalin and caused very strong rains and storm winds. As a result of numerous accidents on the LAP, there was no electricity in twenty settlements, the highways are blurred. In the bay of patience sank the ship. In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, more than a thousand trees poured a strong wind, several people suffered from their fall.

Sakhalin has 16120 lakes with a total area of \u200b\u200babout 1000 km². Areas of their greatest concentration - north and southeast of the island. The two largest Lakes Sakhalin - Nevsky with a mirror area of \u200b\u200b178 km² (Poronay district, near the mouth of the Poronia River) and Tunaycha (174 km²) (Korsakovsky district, in the north of the Muravyovsky lowland); Both lakes belong to the lagoon type.

bay Aniva

NATURAL RESOURCES

Sakhalin is characterized by a very high potential of natural resources. In addition to biological resources, in the reserves of which Sakhalin stands at one of the first places in Russia, on the island and its shelf, the reserves of hydrocarbons and coal are very high. In terms of explored gas condensate reserves, the Sakhalin region occupies 4th place in Russia, gas - 7th, coal - 12th (on Ill.) And oil - 13th place, while within the region of the reserves of the specified minerals practically The whole focused on Sakhalin and his shelf. Among other natural resources island - wood, gold, mercury, platinum, germanium, chrome, talc, zeolites.

FLORA AND FAUNA

Both Flora and Fauna island are depleted as compared with the adjacent areas of the mainland and compared to the South Island of Hokkaido.

The history of the Floristic study of Sakhalin, who became probably still Fedor Bogdanovich Schmidt in 1859, has more than 150 years.

As of the beginning of 2004, Flora Islands has 1521 species of vascular plants, relating to 575 genera from 132 families, and 7 families and 101 generations are represented only by vigorous species. The total number of vigorous species on the island is 288, or 18.9% of the composition of the entire flora. According to the main systematic groups, the vascular plants of the Sakhalin flora are distributed as follows (excluding voids): vascular disputes - 79 species (including plantovide - 14, horsages - 8, fernsoid - 57), viced - 9 species, coated - 1146 species (including ONODOLOGICAL PARTS - 383, Dichomotic - 763). The leading families of vascular plants in the Flora Sakhalin - Single (Cyperaceae) (121 View Excluding Vote - 122 types including vote), Cell-colored (AsteracEae) (120-175), cereals (Poaceae) (108-152), Rosaceae (58) - 68), butterfly (Ranunculaceae) (54 - 57), heers (Ericaceae) (39 - 39), cloves (Caryophyllaceae) (38 - 54), buckwheat (Polygonaceae) (37 - 57), orchid (Orchidaceae) (35 - 35), cruciferous (BRASSICACEAE) (33 - 53).

According to life forms, the vascular plants of Sakhalin are distributed as follows: Trees - 44 species, Liana - 9, shrubs - 82, Shrub - 54, Harvesters and semi-stations - 4, Perennial Grass - 961, annual and twilight herbs - 79 (all numbers are given without taking into account Valid species).

The main forest-forming breeds of coniferous forests of Sakhalin - Gmelin larch (Larix Gmelinii) and an introduced Japan larch Tykochuyny (Larix Leptolepis), spruce Ayana (Picea Glehnii), Sakhalin Sakhalinensis (Abies Sachalinensis), an introduced Pine ). Prevailing deciduous breeds are birchs Stone (Betula Ermanii) and Belaya (Betula Alba), Olha Fluffy (Alnus Hirsuta), Aspen (Populus Tremula), Populus Suaveolens, Willowing (SALIX RORIDA), goat (Salix Caprea) And Salix Cardiophylla, Chosenia Arbutifolia (Chosenia Arbutifolia), Japan (Ulmus Japonica) and Bandal (Ulmus Laciniata), Clane Yellow (Acer Ukurunduense).

On the island there are 44 species of mammals, the most well-known of which is a bear, sable, otter, American mink, reindeer, Wolverine, Kabarga, presented here by special Sakhalin subspecies, a raccoon dog, Sivuch and others. Approximately half of the types of Sakhalin teriophauna are rodents.

378 species of birds were noted on Sakhalin; 201 Of them (53.1%) nest on the island. The largest number of species (352) is registered in the southern part of the island, 320 species are marked in the central part, in North - 282 species. Most nesting birds (88 species) refer to sparrows; In addition, the proportion of rzhanka-shaped (33 nesting species), plate-fuel (22 nesting species), compact and day predatory birds (11 nesting species) is large in the airfaun.

spadent Kotikov

RED BOOK

Fauna, Flora and Mikobiota Islands include many rare protected animal species, plants and mushrooms. 18 mammalian species registered on the Sakhalin (including 50 nesting), seven species of fish, 20 kinds of invertebrates, 113 species of vascular plants, 13 species of moss, seven types of algae, 14 types of mushrooms and 20 types of lichens (i.e. 136 Animal species, 133 plants and 34 types of mushrooms - only 303 species) have the status of protected, that is, they are listed in the Red Book of the Sakhalin Region, while about a third of them are at the same time entering the "Red Book of the Russian Federation".

From the "federal red-born" flowering plants, Flora Sakhalin includes Aralia Corda (Araralia Cordata), Calipso Lukovic (Calypso Bulbosa), Cardiocrinum Glehnii, Japanese Carex (Carex Livida) and Summer Summary (Carex Livida) Cypripedium calceolus) and macranthon (Cypripedium macranthum), dvulistnik Gray (Diphylleia grayi), epipogium leafless (Epipogium aphyllum), erythronium Japanese (Erythronium japonicum), puzatku high (Gastrodia elata), iris ensata (Iris ensata), Juglans Ailantifolia (Juglans ailanthifolia ) kalopanax semilopastnoy (Kalopanax septemlobum), lily tiger (Lilium lancifolium), honeysuckle Tolmachev (Lonicera tolmatchevii), Strider krylatosemyanny (Macropodium pterospermum), Miyako integrifolia (Miyakea integrifolia) (Miyake - the only endemic genus of vascular plants on Sakhalin) gnezdotsvetku napellus (Neottianthe Cucullata), Feed-shaped peonies (PAEONIA OBOVATA) and Mountain (PAEONIA OR eogeton), grungy fruits (Poa Radula) and Kalina Wright (Viburnum Wrightii), that is, 23 species. In addition, there are still eight "federal red-born" plants on the island: two types of voted - Juniper Sargenti (Juniperus Sargentii) and Tis Pozponnee (Taxus Cuspidata), three types of fern-shaped - Harfichnik Asiatic (ISOëtes Asiatica Miqueliana) and Mecodium Wright (Mecodium Wrightii), two types and one kind of moss - Bryoxiphium Norvegicum Var. Japonicum), North North (Neckera Borealis), and Plagiothecium Obtusissimum).

POPULATION

Sakhalin is the largest island in the population as part of the Russian Federation. As of January 1, 2010, the population of Sakhalin and Kuril amounted to 510.9 thousand people, the population of the Sakhalin Island is about 493 thousand people.

According to the results of the 2002 census, 527,268 people lived on the island, including 253,304 men and 273,964 women. About 84% of the population - ethnic Russians, the rest - Koreans (5.6%), Ukrainians (4.0%), Tatars (1.2%), Belarusians (1.0%), Mordva (0.5%), Less than 1% of the population is representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North - Nivhi (0.5%) and Orcohols (0.06%). From 2002 to 2009 The population of Sakhalin continued slowly (by about 1% per year) to decline: mortality continues to prevail over the birth rate, and the number of people arriving at the island of migrants from the mainland and from Russia neighboring countries (China, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan ), lower than the number of Sakhalin residents leaving the island.

The largest city of Sakhalin is the regional center of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (190,227 people), other relatively large cities - Korsakov (33,148 people), Holmsk (29,563 people), ox (21,830 people), Poronaysk (15 476 people .), Dolinsk (11,885 people), Nevelsk (10,965 people).

History Sakhalin

Archaeological finds indicate that people could appear on Sakhalin in the Epoch of the Early Paleolithic, about 250-300 thousand years ago. In the era of Pleistocene, as a result of periodic glaciation, the World Ocean levels dropped several times and land "bridges" between the Sakhalin and the mainland, as well as Sakhalin, Hokkaido and Kunashir appeared. In the period of Late Pleistocene, Sakhalin penetrated Homo Sapiens: Parking of a modern man, age of 20-12 thousand years, found in the southern and middle parts of the island, at the same time on another land "bridge" between Asia and America, located on the site of the modern Bering Strait Homo Sapiens moved to American continent). In Neolithic (10-2.5 thousand years ago), the entire territory of Sakhalin island turned out to be populated. Fisheries and hunting for the marine beasts constituted the basis of the material culture of people of the time, which led a settling lifestyle on the sea coast.

The ancestors of modern Paleoisian peoples - Nivkhov (in the north of the island) and Ainov (in the south) - appeared on the island during the Middle Ages. At the same time, Nivhi migrated between the Sakhalin and the Lower Amur, and Aina - between Sakhalin and Hokkaido. The material culture was largely similar, and the livelihood was delivered by fishing, hunting and collecting. At the end of the Middle Ages (in the XVI-XVII century), Sakhalin migrated from the mainland of the Tungal-speaking peoples - Evenks (reindeer nomads) and Orcohols (Utali), which under the influence of Evenks also began to engage in reindeer herding.

cape Kuznetsova

How Sakhalin was opened

At the end of the XVI century, as a result of the hike, Ermak for the Urals, extensive lands spread over the rivers tour, Tobol and Irtysh to the Moscow state. Russians have established themselves on these lands. Stories that reach them about the unprecedented wealth of Siberia, about the innumerable abundance of the precious fur beast, managon the seruners - the Cossacks and brave industrialists are farther east. Moving in small detachments on rivers and wolves, crossing the virgin Siberian Taiga, fighting the warlike local peoples, overcoming inhuman difficulties, cold and deprivation, Cossacks and industrialists over several decades have passed a huge path from Ob to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. They opened new lands, made detailed descriptions of them, and on the right of discovery they joined Russia. The names of Dezhneva, Khabarova, Atlasov, Poyarkov and many other landlows with glorious milestones entered the history of our country.

In July 1643, from Yakutsk for the discovery and research of new lands, a Cossack ears of the porchov was released with a small detachment. He climbed up with his detachment upstream of the Aldan River, moved through the water-cutting ridge and went to the Zeu River, which went down to Amur. In the next, 1644, the bighguards reached the mouth of the Amur and went out into the sea. In the summer of 1646, the pounds returned to Yakutsk and brought the first descriptions of the Amur, Shartar Islands and Sakhalin.

In subsequent years, the Russians visited Sakhalin more than once. In 1742, the participant of the Vitus Bering Expedition Lieutenant Shelket at the Hope's double boat passed along the eastern shore of Sakhalin and went to the Strait, named after the Strait of Laperose, in honor of the famous French navigator, who was in 1787 on the frigates "Busol" and "Astrolabia" I visited Sakhalia. Laperuz were given by French names to several items of the island, including the Due River, as well as the de-Kastri bay on the mainland.

In 1805, the shores of Sakhalin examined the first Russian round-the-world expedition of the Cruisesttern. In the next, 1806, Russian officers of tails and Davydov visited South Sakhalin and raised the Russian flag there.

However, for a long time, the geography of the lower Amur and Sakhalia island remained unclear. Seaflores who visited Sakhalin or held near him, believed that Sakhalin - Peninsula, connected by a carcade with the mainland. Such a conclusion was made by both Laperule and Cruise-seater and commander of the Russian brig "Konstantin" - Gavrilov sent in 1846 to study the mouth of Amur and Sakhalin. Only in 1849 by the research of Captain G. I. Nevelsky on the transport of "Baikal" it was proved that Sakhalin is an island.

[As it turned out later, the Japanese scientist Mamia Rinzo was established in 1808 that Sakhalin is an island, but the data on his journey, published in Japanese, were not known to Europeans.]

The narrow part of the strait separating Sakhalin from the mainland is now the name of Captain Nevelsky.

The origin of the name of the island of Sakhalin

In the XVIII century on the maps published in Western Europe, off the coast of the Pacific Ocean, north of China, a huge country of Tataria was depicted. The existence of this mysterious Tataria was convinced of the French navigator Lapruz. Having reached the Strait separating Sakhalin on their ships, Lapetruz, without hesitation for a long time, called him Tatar. As a result of this misunderstanding, the shed to this day wears random and unforctivable name.

Tatar strait is called all the water space separating the island from the mainland. The narrowest part of the Strait wears the name of Nevelsky. A part of the strait lying in the north is closely merged with the Amur Liman. Therefore, many, speaking of the Amur Liman, mean the northern part of the strait.

No less chance the name of the island itself. The Amur River in Mongolian was called "Sakhalyan-Ulla". On one of the "Tatarian" cards published in Western Europe and the Sakhalin Peninsula depicted, an inscription was made at the site of the Amur site: "Sachalien Anga-Hata", which in Mongolian means "Black River Rocks". After, Captain Nevelsky found that Sakhalin is an island, this inscription card compilers attributed to a new island, which has become called Sakhalin since then.

The Japanese are called Karafuto Sakhalia or Caucalu, which means "Birch Island".

First steps to master the island

After the opening of Nevelsky work on the study and development of Sakhalin, it was quite intense.

In 1852, Michman Bosnak was sent to Sakhalin, who had to test information about the presence of coal deposits there. Boschnyak drove along the western shore to Doue, crossed the island and went to his eastern shore from the mouth of the river. Boschnyak's research confirmed information about the wealth of Sakhalin coal.

In the next, 1853 in the southern part of the island, the military unit was planted with artillery and above the island was raised by Russian flag. In the southern shore of the island, Military post Corsakovsky was created, and in the West Bank - the post of Ilyinsky.

In the same year, Roman Korsakov on Schoon "Vostok" made a detailed examination of the Western coast of the island and revealed places suitable for the parking of ships.

Soon the small development of stone coal on the so-called "Chihachevsky breakdown" in Doue began.

In 1854, 1855 and 1856, the study of the island produced Zoologist L.I. Shrenk. He made some long and very difficult trips around the island, highly illuminated the physical geography of Sakhalin quite detailed, described its indigenous population, herbal and animal world.

The island visited the participants of the Great Expedition of the Russian Geographical Community FB Shmidt, P.P. Glen, Lieutenant Rashkov, Topographer Shebunin and Dr. Barkin. As a result of their work, a map of Sakhalin was drawn up.

In 1867-1868, the island's geological examination produced a mining engineer of Lopatin.

As a result of all these studies, fossils, plant and fish wealth of Sakhalin were fulfilled, and the largest strategic importance of the island was increasingly obvious, which is the natural outpost of Russian government in the Far East and covers the exits of Russia in the Pacific Ocean.

Inhabited Sakhalin Aina, Tungus, Gilacs and Orochons. They were engaged in hunting, fishing and reindeer herding. By the time of the first visits to the island of Russian, the indigenous people of Sakhalin were completely independent of any state.

The Japanese until the end of the XVIII century did not settle on Sakhalin. They came to the island only on the fishing season. Then, after the appearance of Russian Cossacks and industrialists, the Japanese began to grab the island into their hands. In 1787, the Japanese built two small villages on the island. In subsequent years, they spread throughout the southern half of the island. Inspected aliens exploited Ainov, actually turned them into their forteas, forced the Ainov for free to perform the hardest and exhaustive work.

It happened quite a long time while the royal government finally understood what importance is Sakhalin for Russia and sent there (in 1853) the first military post. On the island by this time unwanted guests are already located. The emergence of Russian protection not only did not weaken the resettlement of the Japanese there, but, on the contrary, strengthened the Japanese expansion. Russian detachments could not prevent the penetration of the Japanese. Soon, Japan submitted its "rights" to the island. According to the Simonic Treatise of 1854, Japan has achieved joint ownership with Russia this island.

Sakhalin Capture by the Japanese clearly threatened with Russian Far Eastern possessions and outputs from Amur. In addition, the Japanese predatoryly destroyed the natural wealth of Sakhalin. Japan readily agreed to abandon his imaginary "rights" on Sakhalin, provided that Russia will give it to the "Exchange" of the Kuril Islands. In 1875, this transaction took place. Sakhalin fully passed into the possession of Russia, and Japan, as a result of this exclusively favorable deal for her, acquired the Kuril Islands, relying on which she could control the exits of Russia in the Pacific Ocean.

However, Japan did not refuse to exploit the natural wealth of Sakhalin. The short-sighted royal government allowed the Japanese to preserve fisheries in South Sakhalin. At the end of the XIX century, Japan annually mined Sakhalin inputs of 40-45 thousand tons of fish. Fish mining Russian did not exceed 13-15 thousand tons in those years.

The expensive price "overlooking" from the Japanese, the royal government began colonizing the island and developing its natural resources, manifested in this matter no more intelligence than in the "trade" islands.

Sakhalin Katorga

The royal government found a kind of application for Sakhalin - a cat carga was created on the distant island. Sigor natural conditions of Sakhalin in combination with the religion regime were severe punishment for convicts. The labor of the convicts was decided to use on the development of stone coal, to cut the forest, etc. The flight of prisoners from the island separated from the mainland with a turbulent Tatar strait, according to the organizers of the cortica, it was impossible.

The convicts who served the term of concluding was supposed to be placed on the forced eternal settlement here, on the island, so that they are mainly engaged in agriculture.

In 1869, the first part of the convicts was delivered to Sakhalin, consisting of 800 people. Since that time, the gloomy pages of Sakhalin history began. One of the convicts arrived by the parties. Hundreds, thousands of people. Initially, only men. Then the women appeared: for some convicts they voluntarily drove into the link to Sakhalin their wife with children.

Challenged into manual and foot shackles, and sometimes chained over to the wheelbarrow, the tames worked mainly on coal specks, in areas adjacent to Alexandrovsk.

The inept organization of mining work, the lack of any tools, except the kirk and shovels, the caterior regime of labor did not contribute to the development of the coal industry. The amount of coal mined was small. Coal was not sorted and went to the consumer along with the breed. From mines, coal was taken out onto stretchers or in bags, which is why he was crushed. All this sharply reduced the quality of coal and made it difficult to sell it.

The heavy caterior regime and the self-government of the administration led to the mass escape of the convicts. Some fugitives managed to cross the Tatar strait and return to European Russia. But many remained within the island. In order to get meal, they robbed settlers who have already serving the sentence.

The life of the settlers was a little difference from the life of the convicts.

The organization of the settlements also affected the full arbitrariness of the royal administration. The convict who served the punishment, gave an ax, hoom, shovel, two pounds of rope, one saw for five people and pointed out the place where he had to settle. Places for the settlement were chosen without any plan, without taking into account the surrounding conditions. It was also happening that the settlements were built in places, completely unsuitable for agriculture, raw flooded water, etc., and so on. The price of the huge tension of the forces, literally bloody labor, the settler built himself a hut and created some farm. But it did not bring relief to him. He threw a pitiful existence. In addition, civil rights, the sinking settlers did not have and lived on the basis of a special charter. At the first convenient case, the sinking settlers threw their huts and "farm" and fled to the mainland.

Despite the mass escape of the convicts and sinking settlers, the population of Sakhalin continuously increased due to the new parties of the convicts sent here. By 1904, there were about 40 thousand people of prisoners, sinking settlers and free inhabitants on Sakhalin.

The study of Sakhalin did not stop at the time of the cortic. In the village of Aleksandrovsky and the village of Rykovsky, meteorological stations were created. Large work was carried out on the study of the seas, the shores of Sakhalin, on the study of its subsoil, soil, vegetation and animals.

First Japanese intervention. Liquidation of cortics. Capture by the Japanese South Sakhalin

In 1904, Japan treacherously attacked Russia. The Japanese granted Sakhalin. Looking around on the island, from where the Russian administration has already been evacuated, the Japanese began to manage in their own way. They shot most of the convicts contained in prisons established new orders for the sinking settlers. Those soon felt that life with the Japanese was even worse than the cavities and the masses rushed to the mainland. The number of Russians on the island decreased from 40 to 5-6 thousand.

After the end of the war, unsuccessful for Russia, Japan imposed Russia the Portsmouth Agreement, according to which South Half Sakhalin went to Japan. The border between the remaining of Russia and the captured by Japan's parts of Sakhalin passed on the fiftieth parallel. Along the border, across the island, the giant promotion was burned in the taiga and border poles were installed.

With the seizure of southern Half Sakhalin, Japan closed the island ring, which she surrounded the Russian ownership off the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Russia remained only the northern half of the island. By the time of the end of the war [Russian-Japanese - approx. My] the convicts on it almost left. Part of them was killed by the Japanese, part ran away. The royal government did not try to resume the catguard here. Yes, it was unlikely that it was possible with such a close neighborhood with the Japanese.

Japanese colonization of southern Sakhalin.

After the Sakhalin section, the Japanese began to populate the southern part of the island at the Portsmouth Agreement. On the southern Sakhalin, seaports were built, moorings, roads. It is characteristic that the settlement of southern Sakhalin was predominantly due to reservists trained in the military case. Along with strategic construction, the Japanese organized fish and forest fisheries, energetically engaged in reindeer herding and fur fishery. The population of the Japanese part of the island in 1906 was 12 thousand people, in 1912 - 42 thousand, in 1923 - 140 thousand and in 1939 - over 300 thousand.

The Russian government, for its part, also took steps towards the settlement of northern Sakhalin. But these measures were as little successful as during the Sakhalin Cuttings. Sakhalin won sad glory. From the mouth, the stories about the horrors of Sakhalin life were transmitted. The tragedy of Sakhalin Kathers intertwined in these stories with the tragedy of the Russian-Japanese war. Of course, there was in the stories and share of fiction, nature was depicted in them exaggeratedly harsh. But it is quite clear that those who want to go to the distant island, standing on the edge of the world, was a bit. And those who decided to go there, had to bother not little grief.

The relocation to Sakhalin was far from light. The government did not take care to build a port on the island or at least a comfortable berth for maritime courts. A steamer, who left the anchor a few kilometers from the coast, landed passengers, with all their property in the boats, which, on the stormy waves of the Strait delivered immigrants to the deserted shore.

Unfortunately met immigrants The gloomy Sakhalin Taiga. The peasant, which moved from the central, steppe regions of Russia to Taiga Sakhalin, fell into unusual conditions. In order to cleanse the plot, it was necessary to initiate torture Taiga, and this required a lot of work. Terms and methods of processing the Earth, the timing of crops and harvesting were not united by anyone. Migrants had to know them on their own, serious experience.

Information about living conditions on Sakhalin coming from the first immigrants did not contribute to the influx of the new population. Therefore, until the establishment of Soviet power, the growth of the population on Sakhalin was extremely weak. During the time from 1908 to 1917, the Russian population of the island increased only 1600-1800 people. The royal government poorly understood that Northern Sakhalin, with its harsh climatic conditions and with his enormous natural wealth, requires not agricultural, but above all, carefully thought out and prepared industrial colonization. Strong, as in the times of the KORG, the royal government cared little about the development of the island's economy and even less - to create normal living conditions for settlers.

As a result, Northern Sakhalin, up to the establishment of the Soviet power, remained a weakly populated outskirts, with a poorly developed economy and characteristic of the outskirts.

Agriculture of the island has not developed. Its products were not enough for the unnoticed population of the island. The peasants usually combined agricultural classes with local crafts - hunting on fur beast and fishing. The coal and forest industry developed slowly due to the lack of port and berths. The question of the construction of the Sakhalin port did not move on numerous projects. Fish classes were significant, but the technical equipment and profitability are far reserved by Japanese.

Nevertheless, as a result of the colonization conducted by the royal government, a rather large number of permanent settlements was created on Sakhalin, as a rule, a few. Roads were also laid, the truth is very primitive, allowing the wheel between settlements and the coast of the island. The population has a little grave to be mastered with the nature of the island. Based on experience, the necessary skills and rules of farming have been developed. Camothed times were gradually forgotten, latter and then they went deep into the past.

Work on the study of the island continued. In the scientific literature, new information about the natural riches of Sakhalin appeared. The instrumental shocking of the coast and some inner parts of northern Sakhalin was drawn up, maps were compiled. In a number of items began exploration on oil. In the area of \u200b\u200bOhhi, the oil was opened by the Russians back in the eighties of the last century.

The expedition of the Geological Committee, in which the Mining Engineer P.I. Polevoy and Geologist N. N. Tikhonovich took part, in 1908-1910, it was engaged in the study of the geological structure and mineral islands. Representatives of the migration department studied the soil, climate and vegetation of the island, detected suitable for settlement.

Russian merchants and industrialists showed great interest in the development of Sakhalin's natural wealth. With the assistance of the government, the economy of Northern Sakhalin could develop rapidly. But the royal administration not only did not provide this assistance, on the contrary, it created such conditions under which any attempts of the population and entrepreneurs move the development of Sakhalin vacancy remained in vain.

For Tsarist Russia, Sakhalin's backwardness was no exception. The Kola Peninsula, which has fabulous wealth, located relatively close to St. Petersburg, was as empty and unwashed. The deserted was and rich in minerals of the shores Pechors and many other outskirts of Russia and today.

As a result of the victory over Japan during World War II, the entire territory of Sakhalin island (as well as all the Kuril Islands) was included in the Soviet Union (RSFSR).

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is based on the Russian Empire in 1882, called Vladimirovka. After the victory of the USSR and his allies in World War II, together with all island, moved to the USSR.

range Zhance, West Sakhalin

Transport

The public road network covers most of the island (the most diligence is from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk to the village of Nogliki), there is also a marine ferry rail to the mainland. The Sakhalin Railway is interesting in that it is unusual for Russia, 1067 mm, which remained inherited from Japan. In the USSR, a serial locomotive TG16 and TG22 was specifically designed for Sakhalin. Since 2004, work is underway to stir the path to the standard for Russia with a rut 1520 mm. They are planned to be completed, according to different forecasts, by 2016-2020.

Railways of the victim (departmental narrow scene) perform transportation in areas where there is no shared railways. Most of them are disassembled, there remained a valid narrow-chain railway in the Uglegorsky district.

Highways connect almost all settlements of the region. The quality of highways is bad, the asphalt coating is only in the southern part.

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is connected by flights with Moscow, Krasnodar, Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsky-on-Amur and Petropavlovsky-Kamchatsky, with cities and villages of the Sakhalin region (Ohu, South Kurilsk, Petrel (on the island of ITUP)), and Also with Japan (Tokyo, Sapporo, Hakodate), South Korea (Seoul) and China (Harbin, and from recently Beijing). Interestingly, from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (regional center) there is no direct message with the district center of North-Kurilsky, and it is necessary to get there with a steep way - through Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

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Source of information and photo:

The team is wetting.

Lutsky S. L. Sakhalin Island

Sakhalin - article from the Big Soviet Encyclopedia

Petukhov A.V., Kordyukov A. V., Baranchuk-Chervoye L. N. Atlas of vascular plants of the surroundings of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk // In KN.: Introduction. (ISBN 978-5-904209-05-6) - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Eikon, 2010. - P. 9

Barcals V. Yu., Taran A. A. A list of types of vascular plants Sakhalin Island // in the book: The vegetable and animal world of Sakhalin Island (materials of the International Sakhalin Project). Part 1. (ISBN 5-8044-0467-9) - Vladivostok: Dalnawka, 2004. - P. 39-66.

http://www.photosight.ru/photos/5591256/

http://sakhalin.shamora.info/otdyad-v-zakhalinskogo- stock/wiki-Ponochalinsko-Belasti/Dostoprippectivity-Cashalinsko-

Nechaev V. A. Review of the Fauna of Birds (AVES) of the Sakhalin region // In the book: The vegetable and animal world of Sakhalin Island (materials of the International Sakhalin Project). Part 2. (ISBN 5-8044-0507-1) - Vladivostok: Dalnavel, 2005. - P. 246-327.

Red Book of Sakhalin Region: Plants. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Sakhalin. kn. Publishing House, 2005. - 348 p.

The population of the Russian Federation on municipalities on January 1, 2013. - M.: Federal State Statistics Service Rosstat, 2013. - 528 p. (Table. 33. The population of urban districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements, urban settlements, rural settlements).

Occupation of Northern Sakhalin and Japanese concessions

Wikipedia website.

Alexandrov S. M. Sakhalin Island. - M.: Science, 1973. - 183 p.

Vasilevsky A. A. Stone Age of Sakhalin Island. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Sakhalin Book Publishing House, 2008. - 411 p.

Isachenko A. G., Shhatnikov A. A. Sakhalin // Nature of the World: Landscapes. - M.: Thought, 1989. - 504 p.

Southern part of the Far East. - M.: Science, 1969. - 422 p.

http://ilp-p.narod.ru/Sakhalin/ostrov/ostrov1.htm.