In the 19th century, Russian explorers performed a number of outstanding geographical discoveries... In 1803 I. Kruzenshtern on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" made the 1st Russian round-the-world expedition exploring northern part The Pacific, Sakhalin, Alaska, Aleutian Islands. Yuri Lisyanaky discovered one of the Hawaiian Islands on the Neva. In 1819-21 F. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev on the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" made the 2nd Arctic expedition. During its 16.1.1820 ships approached Antarctica, which Bellingshausen called the "ice continent." After resting in Australia, the expedition moved to the tropical Pacific Ocean and discovered islands in the Tuamotu archipelago. They were named after Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Ermolov and others. Having rested in Sydney, the ships returned to Antarctica and discovered about. Peter I and the land of Alexander I. In July 1821 the ships returned to Kronstadt, bringing a huge amount of materials and collections. The development of Russian America is associated with the name of A. Baranov. A merchant from Kargopol traded in Alaska since 1790. He made detailed maps Alaska and surrounding islands. In 1799 Baranov became the ruler of the colonies in America. B1804 He founded Novoarkhangelsk. Baranov tried to annex Hawaii to Russia, but failed. Despite his illness, he remained in office until his death. Territory Of the Far East remained a blank spot on the Russian map. In 1848 Nicholas 1 sent G. Nevelskoy's expedition to the Far East. He proved that Sakhalin is an island and explored the lower reaches of the Amur. E. Putyatin during the expedition around the world in 1822-25. discovered the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands and entered into an agreement with Japan. Around the world expeditions were made by V. Golovin-1807-11, F. Litke-1826-29 and made 50 maps. I. Voznesensky in 1839-40 described Alaska, the Aleutian and Kuril Islands. In 1809 A. Kolodkin began to study the Caspian. In 1848 E. Hoffman and M. Kovalsky explored Sev. Ural. In 1845 the Russian Geographical Society was created.

Russia was becoming a great maritime power, and this posed new challenges for Russian geographers.
In 1803-1806 the first Russian round-the-world expedition was undertaken from Kronstadt to Kamchatka and Alaska. It was headed by Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846). He commanded the ship "Nadezhda". The ship "Neva" was commanded by Captain Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky (1773-1837). During the expedition, the islands of the Pacific Ocean, China, Japan, Sakhalin and Kamchatka were studied. Detailed maps of the explored sites were compiled. Lisyansky, having independently made the transition from Hawaii to Alaska, collected a wealth of material about the peoples of Oceania and North America.
The attention of researchers around the world has long been attracted by the mysterious area around South Pole... It was assumed that there is a vast southern continent. English navigator J. Cook in the 70s of the 18th century. crossed the Arctic Circle, bumped into impassable ice and declared that sailing further south was not possible. Since then, there have been no South Polar expeditions for a very long time.

In 1819, Russia sent an expedition to the southern polar seas on two sloops led by Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1778-1852). He commanded the sloop Vostok. The commander of the "Mirny" was Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788-1851). Bellingshausen was an experienced explorer, participated in the voyage of the Krusenstern. Lazarev later became famous as a combat admiral, who brought up a whole galaxy of naval commanders (Kornilov, Nakhimov, Istomin).
The expedition crossed the South Arctic Circle several times, and in January 1820 saw the ice coast for the first time. Approaching it in the area of ​​the modern Bellingshausen Ice Shelf, the travelers concluded that in front of them was an “ice continent”. Then the island of Peter I and the coast of Alexander I were discovered. In 1821, the expedition returned to its homeland, having made the discovery of Antarctica and a complete voyage around it on small sailing ships, poorly adapted to polar conditions.
In 1811, Russian sailors led by Captain Vasily Mikhailovich Golovkin (1776-1831) examined Kurile Islands and were taken into Japanese captivity. Golovkin's notes about his three-year stay in Japan introduced Russian society with this life mysterious country... Golovnin's student, Fyodor Petrovich Litke (1797-1882), explored the Northern Arctic Ocean, the coast of Kamchatka and America. He founded the Russian Geographical Society, which played an important role in the development of geographical science.
Major geographical discoveries in the Russian Far East are associated with the name of Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1813-1876). In 1848-1849. he sailed around Cape Horn to Kamchatka, and then led the Amur expedition. He opened the mouth of the Amur, the strait between Sakhalin and the mainland and proved that Sakhalin is an island, not a peninsula.
The expeditions of Russian travelers, in addition to purely scientific results, were of great importance in the matter of mutual knowledge of peoples. In distant countries, locals often learned about Russia for the first time from Russian travelers. In turn, the Russian people were enriched with knowledge about other countries and peoples.

The work of the famous French writer Jules Verne (1828-1905) - "The History of Great Travels" - is devoted to the history of geographical discoveries from ancient times to the early forties of the XIX century.

Book three - "Travelers of the XIX century". This book includes descriptions of the travels of Krusenstern, Kotzebue, Litke, Dumont d'Urville, Bellingshausen, Parry, Franklin and other prominent explorers. In addition, Jules Verne covers the history of lesser-known expeditions.

PART I

Chapter one. At the dawn of the age of discovery

I

Decrease in the number of geographical discoveries during the Napoleonic wars. - Zetzen's travels in Syria and Palestine. - Hauran and travel around Dead sea... - Decapolis. - Travel to Arabia. - Burckhardt in Syria. - Travel to Nubia along the banks of the Nile. - Pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. - The British in India. - Webb at the source of the Ganges. - Description of the trip to Punjab. - Christie and Pottinger in Sindh. - Travel of the same explorers in Baluchistan and Persia. - Elphinston in Afghanistan. - Drive Moorcroft and Hersey to Lake Manasarovar. - Hodgson at the source of the Ganges. - Persia as described by Gardan, Hell. Dupre, Morier, MacDonald Kinnear, Price and Uzley. - Guldenstedt and Klaproth in the Caucasus. - Lewis and Clark in the Rocky Mountains. - Rafls in Sumatra and Java.

At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries, the number of great geographical discoveries decreases markedly.

We know that the French Republic organized an expedition to find La Perouse and sent Captain Boden on a voyage to the shores of Australia, which yielded important results. This exhausted the manifestation of interest in geography, which, amid the raging passions and wars, the government could allow itself.

Later in Egypt, Bonaparte surrounds himself with a whole headquarters of outstanding scientists and artists. It was then that materials were collected for a magnificent work, which for the first time gave a correct, albeit incomplete, idea of ancient civilization in the Land of the Pharaohs. However, when Napoleon finally appeared in Bonaparte, the egoistic ruler, subordinating everything to his disgusting passion for war, no longer wanted to hear about research, travel and discoveries. After all, they would take away both money and people from him. And he himself spent both in such quantities that he could not afford such useless extravagance. Therefore, he ceded to the United States, for just a few million, the last remnants of French colonial possessions in America.

Fortunately, there were peoples in the world that were not subject to his iron hand. Although these countries waged an incessant struggle with France, there were people who, of their own free will, augmented geographical knowledge, created archeology on a truly scientific foundation, and began the first linguistic and ethnographic research.

In France, the scientist geographer Maltbren, in an article published by him in 1817 in the first issue of the magazine "Nouvelles Annales des Voyages" ("New Annals of Travel"), painstakingly and extremely accurately depicts the state of geographical science by the beginning of the 19th century and lists its further tasks. He especially dwells on the successes achieved in the fields of navigation, astronomy and linguistics. Among the British, the East India Company not only does not hide its discoveries, as the Hudson's Bay Company did for fear of competition, but creates scientific societies, publishes travel journals and encourages travelers. Even war contributes to science - we have already said that the French army was engaged in the collection of materials in Egypt for a huge scientific work. Soon, the impulse of noble competition engulfs all peoples.

At the beginning of the 19th century, one country was promoted to the first place in terms of the number of great geographical discoveries. This country is Germany. German researchers are so diligent, their will is so persistent, and their instinct is so faithful that subsequent travelers can only check and supplement their discoveries.

The first in time was Ulrich Jasper Seetzen. Born in 1767 in East Friesland, he graduated from the University of Göttingen and published several papers on statistics and natural sciences to which he was innately inclined. These articles brought him to the attention of the government.

Seetzen's dream - like Burckhardt's later - was a trip to Central Africa. But first he wanted to explore Palestine and Syria, countries to which the "Palestinian Society", founded in London in 1805, later attracted general attention. Seetzen collected more letters of recommendation and left for Constantinople in 1802.

Although many pilgrims and travelers were drawn to the Holy Land and to Syria, there was extremely vague information about these countries. Questions of physical geography have not been studied with sufficient completeness. The information collected was scarce, and some areas, such as Lebanon and the Dead Sea, had not yet been explored at all. A comparative geographic study of these countries did not actually begin. To lay its foundations, it took the zealous work of the English "Palestinian Society" and the scientific experience of many travelers. But Seetzen, who possessed versatile knowledge, turned out to be perfectly prepared for the study of this country, which so far, no matter how many visited it, remained in fact unknown.

Seetzen crossed all of Anatolia and arrived in Aleppo in May 1804. There he lived for almost a year, doing practical study Arabic, making extracts from the works of oriental geographers and historians and clarifying the astronomical position of Aleppo. In addition, he carried out natural history research, collected ancient manuscripts and translated many folk songs and legends that have essential for a close acquaintance with the life of the people.

In April 1805, Seetzen left Aleppo for Damascus. First, he had to cross the Khauran and Jolan districts located southeast of this city. Before him, not a single traveler had ever visited these two provinces, which played a rather important role in the history of the Jews during the Roman rule and were then called Auranitis and Gaulonitis. Seetzen was the first to give us their geographical description.

The brave traveler also explored Lebanon and Baalbek. From Damascus, he headed south, reached Judea and explored the eastern part of Hermon, Jordan and the Dead Sea. Tribes that are well known in Jewish history once lived here - the Ammonites, Moabites, Galadites, Batanei and others. The southern part of the country in the era of Roman rule was called Perea, and it was there that the famous Decapolis was located, that is, the "Union of Ten Cities". In modern times, not a single traveler visited Perea. For Seetzen, this circumstance was the reason for starting his research from there.

1

Moscow Automobile and Highway State Technical University

Discipline: Culturology

Russian travelers of the 19th century

Performed by Anna Evstifeeva

student of group 1 bmo2

Checked by Shorkova S.A.

Moscow 2013

Introduction

Chapter 1. Travelers first half of the XIX century

1 I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky

2 F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev.

3 A.A. Baranov

Chapter 2. Travelers of the second half of the 19th century

1 G.I. Nevelskoy and E.V. Putyatin

2 N.M. Przhevalsky

3 N.N. Miklukho Maclay

Conclusion

Introduction

The 19th century was the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by Russian researchers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors - explorers and travelers of the 17th-18th centuries, they enriched the perceptions of Russians about the world around them, contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. For the first time, Russia has fulfilled an old dream: its ships entered the World Ocean.

Chapter 1. Travelers of the first half of the 19th century

.1 I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander I, an expedition was undertaken on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. This was the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which lasted for 3 years. It was headed by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the largest navigator and scientist-geographer of the 19th century.

During the voyage, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island was mapped for the first time. The participants of the trip left many interesting observations not only about the Far East, but also about other regions through which they sailed. The commander of the Neva, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of data was collected by the members of the expedition about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans.

The results of the observations were presented in the report of the Academy of Sciences. They turned out to be so significant that I.F. Kruzenshtern was awarded the title of academician. His materials formed the basis of the published in the early 20s. Atlas of the South Seas. In 1845, Admiral Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society. He brought up a whole galaxy of Russian seafarers and explorers.

1.2 F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev.

One of the students and followers of Kruzenshtern was Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen. He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

In 1819-1821. Bellingshausen was instructed to lead a new round-the-world expedition on sloops (single-masted ships) "Vostok" (which he commanded) and "Mirny" (commander Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev). The expedition plan was drawn up by Kruzenshtern. Its main goal was designated “the acquisition of the fullest knowledge about our the globe"And" the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole. "

January 1820 the expedition approached the shores of the then unknown Antarctica, which Bellingshausen called the "ice continent". After staying in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands called the Russians Islands.

For 751 days of sailing, Russian sailors covered about 50 thousand km. The most important geographical discoveries were made, valuable collections were brought, data from observations of the waters of the World Ocean and ice coverings of a continent new to mankind.

1.3 A.A. Baranov

Alexander Andreevich Baranov can hardly be attributed to discoverers or travelers in the strict sense of these words. But he was a man who made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian America by our compatriots. As a Kargopol merchant, he traded in Eastern Siberia, and from 1790 in North-Western America.

In search of new hunting areas, Baranov studied in detail Kodiak Island and other territories, searched for minerals, founded new Russian settlements and supplied them with everything necessary, established an exchange with local residents... It was he who managed for the first time to truly secure for Russia vast territories on the Pacific coast of North America.

Baranov's activities were extremely difficult and dangerous. The constant raids of the Indians cost the Russian settlers not only considerable funds, but also their lives. In 1802 alone, when trying to create a settlement on the island of Sitka, more than 200 settlers were killed.

Baranov's efforts were so successful that in 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American Company, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of the Russian colonies in America. He held this high and dangerous post almost until his death.

In 1804, Baranov founded the Novoarkhangelsk fortress on the Sitka island, and then the Ross fort. In 1815 he undertook an expedition to Hawaiian Islands for the purpose of their annexation to Russia. However, she did not bring good luck. Already an elderly and sick person, Alexander Andreevich asked for resignation three times. However, they were in no hurry to release such a person from service.

Russian geographic round-the-world expedition

Chapter 2. Travelers of the second half of the 19th century

The largest researcher of the Russian Far East in the middle of the 19th century. became Gennady Ivanovich Nevelsky.

In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855) he succeeded, bypassing Sakhalin from the north, discovering a number of new, previously unknown territories and entering the lower reaches of the Amur. Here in 1850 he founded the Nikolaev post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelskoy's travels were of great importance: for the first time it was proved that Sakhalin was not at all connected to the mainland, but was an island and the Tatar Strait was precisely a strait, not a bay, as was believed.

Evfimy Vasilievich Putyatin in 1822-1825 committed trip around the world and left a description of what he saw to the descendants. In the years 1852-1855. during the expedition led by him on the frigate "Pallada" the islands of Rimsky-Korsakov were discovered. Putyatin became the first Russian who managed to visit Japan, closed from Europeans, and even sign an agreement there (1855).

The result of the expeditions of Nevelskoy and Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the consolidation of the Primorsky region in the Far East for Russia.

The most important of these institutions was the Russian Geographical Society, opened in 1845. It has become the center of geographical knowledge in Russia.

2.2 N.M. Przhevalsky

Przewalski dreamed of wanderings since early years and prepared hard for them. But the Crimean War broke out - he went to the army as a private. And then years of study at the Academy of the General Staff. However, a military career did not appeal to him. Staying at the Academy was marked for Przewalski only by compiling Military Statistical Review of the Amur Territory .

However, this work allowed him to become a member of the Geographical Society.

In early 1867, Przhevalsky presented to the Society a plan for a large and risky expedition to Central Asia. However, the insolence of the young officer seemed excessive, and the matter was limited to his business trip to the Ussuri region with permission carry out any scientific research ... But Przewalski met this decision with delight.

On this first trip, Przhevalsky compiled the most complete description of the Ussuri region and gained valuable expeditionary experience. Now they believed in him: there were no obstacles to travel to Mongolia and the Tangut country - Northern Tibet, as he dreamed of.

During the four years of the expedition (1870-1873), significant amendments were made to the geographical map.

In 1876, he again headed for Tibet. The first of the Europeans, Przhevalsky reaches the mysterious Lake Lobnor, discovers the previously unknown Altindag ridge and defines the exact border of the Tibetan Plateau, establishing that it begins 300 km further north than previously thought. But this time he failed to penetrate deep into this almost unknown country to Europeans.

And yet, three years later, the Russian explorer reached the cherished highlands. The absolute lack of exploration of this area attracted Przhevalsky, who sent here in the early 1880s. your expedition. It was his most fruitful journey, culminating in many discoveries. True, the source of the Yellow River Przhevalsky was never found (it was found only quite recently), but the Russian expedition thoroughly investigated the watershed between the Yellow River - the Yellow River and the Blue River, the largest in China and Eurasia - the Yangtze. Previously unknown ridges were mapped. Przhevalsky gave them names: Columbus Ridge, Moskovsky Ridge, Russian Ridge. He called one of the peaks of the latter the Kremlin. Subsequently in this mountain system a ridge appeared, perpetuating the name of Przhevalsky himself.

During all his expeditions, Przhevalsky, being a professional geographer, made discoveries that could bring glory to any zoologist or botanist. He described a wild horse (Przewalski's horse), a wild camel and a Tibetan bear, several new species of birds, fish and reptiles, hundreds of plant species.

And again he was getting ready to go. Tibet again beckoned him to her. This time Przewalski was determined to visit Lhasa.

But all plans collapsed. He was dying in his tent as soon as he started his journey. Before he died, he asked his companions to bury him certainly on the shore of Issyk-Kul, in a marching expeditionary uniform ... .

November 1888 Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky died. His last request was fulfilled.

2.3 N.N. Miklukho Maclay

Every culture, every tribe or people, every human person has the right to independence. When interacting, communicating, they should proceed from mutual respect, not trying to impose their own rules, their way of life by force and not imposing their thoughts.

These principles were close and understandable to Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay, who was brought up in an intelligent Russian family during the heyday of Russian culture, primarily literature, permeated with the ideas of freedom, humanism, kindness and the search for truth. After studying biology and medicine in Germany, having made several scientific expeditions (he was an assistant to the famous biologist and ecologist E. Haeckel), he returned to Russia and then decided to go to New Guinea. K.M. Baer recommended that he observe people "without prejudice regarding the number and distribution of human tribes and races."

Until the middle of the XIX century. New Guinea remained aloof from the economic interests of the European industrial powers. Perhaps it was influenced by the fact that no deposits of precious metals were found on it. It is also possible that the reason for this is rumors about the local cannibalistic savages. In addition, lush tropical vegetation hindered the development of these territories. A more or less thorough study of New Guinea began in 1871-1872: Italian scientists Luigi Albertis and Odoardo Beccari explored the northwestern part of the island.

Miklouho-Maclay had to hurry to find at least some of the Papuan tribes in their natural state. Therefore, he chose the practically unexplored southeastern coast of New Guinea, landed there in September 1871 and lived among the "savages" for more than a year, communicating with them, winning their respect and trust.

First stay on the Maclay bank.

September 1871 "Vityaz" anchored about 140 m from the coast. The Papuans soon appeared; Miklouho-Maclay, abandoning his protection, landed on the shore with Ohlson and Boy and visited the village, the entire population of which fled into the jungle. The most daring turned out to be a Papuan named Tui (in the pronunciation recorded by D.D.Tumarkin in 1977 - Toya). It is Tui who will become the main intermediary of Miklouho-Maclay with the inhabitants of the coastal villages.

Nazimov warned that he would be able to stand no more than a week, so Miklouho-Maclay, with the help of Tui, sought out Cape Garagasi, where a hut for a scientist was built (size 7 × 14 feet), and a cook was set up in a hut belonging to Tui. At the insistence of the Vityaz commander, site 70 × 70 m was mined; the information whether Miklouho-Maclay used mines contradicts each other and is unverifiable. Of the products, Nikolai Nikolaevich had two pounds of rice, Chilean beans, dried meat and a can of edible fat. Nazimov forced Miklouho-Maclay to take the team's daily allowance - that is, a daily supply of food for 300 people, but Nikolai Nikolaevich refused to take the supply free of charge. On September 27, the Vityaz left the bay.

The first month in New Guinea passed quite tensely. Miklouho-Maclay came to the conclusion that his visits overly disturbed the islanders and limited himself only to contacts with the natives who visited him at Cape Garagasi. Since he did not know the language and customs, at first he limited himself to meteorological and zoobotanical research. Already on October 11, he was struck down by the first attack of fever, and repeated attacks continued throughout the scientist's stay in Astrolabe Bay. The servants were constantly sick, especially it was bad for Boy, whom Miklouho-Maclay diagnosed with "swelling of the lymphatic glands in the groin." The operation did not help; on December 13, the boy died. Miklouho-Maclay at the same time recalled his promise to Professor Gegenbaur to obtain a preparation for the larynx of a black man with tongue and all the muscles, which he prepared, despite the danger of the situation.

By January 1872, Miklouho-Maclay's authority among the local population had grown, and on January 11 he first received an invitation to the village of Bongu. There was an exchange of gifts, but the New Guineans still hid their wives and children from the scientist. In February 1872, Nikolai Nikolaevich managed to heal Tui from a serious wound (a tree fell on him, the wound on his head festered), after which the scientist was received in the village, Tui introduced him to his wife and children; the opinion of the European as an evil spirit was greatly shaken. The ethnographer's symbolic inclusion in the local society took place on March 2 at a night ceremony attended by men from three related villages - Gumbu, Gorendu and Bongu. Miklouho-Maclay himself left an artistic description of the ceremony in his diary. After that, the scientist could safely make long excursions along the coast and even in the mountains. The greatest difficulty was created by the language barrier: by the end of his first stay in New Guinea, the scientist spoke about 350 words of the local Bongu language, and there were at least 15 languages ​​in the vicinity.

The explored territories, the shores of the Astrolabe Bay and part of the coast to the east from it to Cape Huon, Miklouho-Maclay called by his name - “Miklouho-Maclay Coast”, defining its geographical boundaries as follows: from Cape Croazil in the west to Cape King William in the east, from the seashore in the northeast to the highest ridge of the Mana Boro Boro mountains in the southwest.

Conclusion

World geographical science in those years was largely based on the achievements of Russian researchers. By the end of the XIX century. the era of geographical discoveries ended. And only the icy expanses of the Arctic and Antarctic still kept many of their secrets. The heroic epic of the latest geographical discoveries, in which Russian researchers took an active part, falls at the beginning of the 20th century.

Bibliography

1.Danilov A.A. History of Russia, XIX century. Grade 8: textbook. for general education. institutions / A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulin. - 10th ed. - M .: Education, 2009 .-- 287 p., Fol. ill., maps.

2.Zezina M.R. L.V. Koshman Shulgin V.S. History of Russian culture. - M., 1990

>> Russian discoverers and travelers

§ 16. Russian discoverers and travelers

The 19th century was the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by Russian explorers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors - explorers and travelers of the 17th-18th centuries, they enriched the perceptions of Russians about the world around them, contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. Russia for the first time fulfilled an old dream: her ships entered the World Ocean.

I.F.Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky.

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