The vintage cities of Crimea. Antique cities of Crimea

The cities of Crimea successes in the economy contributed to the growth of the Crimean cities. Symferopol by the end of the century was rightfully an administrative and cultural and economic center of the province. The city housed all provincial institutions and organizations. Simferopol first of all

Antique cities of the Northern Black Sea

About the captivity of the Latinians of the city of Fessonalki. Message Eustafia, Archbishop of Fesalonian, about the last, as we hope to conquer this city

About the captivity of the Latinians of the city of Fessonalki. Message Eustafia, the Archbishop of the Fesalonian, about the latter, as we hope, the conquest of this city during the ill-fated rule of the emperor Andronika, Comnina Fessonika weakened and reached depletion,

Antique cities of Crimea

In ancient times, sea routes tied the coast of the Black Sea with the Mediterranean, where at the end of the II - early I millennium BC. There was a great civilization of Greece. From the shores of Eldlas, brave sailors went to search for new lands.

Where are the largest now seaports, Industrial and resort centers of Crimea - Evpatoria, Sevastopol, Feodosia and Kerch, in the VI-V centuries. BC. The ancient Greeks founded the city of Kerkinitid, Chersonese, Feodosius, Panticapey, and near them - Mirmekiy, Thiritaka, Nymphi, Kimmerik and others. Each of them was the center of the agricultural district where the wheat was grown, grapes were cultivated, livestock. The cities were located temples, public and administrative buildings, markets, artisans workshops.

Comfortable geographical position contributed to the development of trade. The merchants were exported to slaves and agricultural products in the Mediterranean, purchased from local tribes - Scythians, Mets, Sindov. In exchange from the cities of the Balkan Peninsula and Malaya Asia, olive oil, wine, art objects and crafts were brought.

Chersonese was founded in 421 BC. On the shore of the bay, which is now called quarantine. Later, the city has significantly expanded possessions. During his heyday, Kerkinitid was obeyed, a wonderful harbor (on the site of the modern village of Chernomorsky) and other settlements of the North-West Crimea.

The Chersonese state was a slave-owned democratic republic. The supreme authority was the People's Assembly and the Council, which solved all the issues of foreign and domestic politics. The leadership role in the management belonged to the largest slave owners whose names were reported by Chersoness inscriptions and coins.

Archaeological excavationsStarted back in 1827, showed that the city was well fortified. The remains of defensive structures are massive towers, fortresses, parts of stone walls - preserved throughout the state. This indicates the permanent military danger, which residents were subjected. The famous Chersoness oath tells about their patriotism. Chersonesers swore that they would not betray enemies, nor his possessions will guard democratic system, not divided by state secrets.

As the archaeological studies confirmed, the city had the right layout. Residential buildings were united in blocks, the streets crossed at right angles. They were brought by small stone. Along the streets passed stone drains. Temples rose on the squares. Public buildings and houses of rich citizens decorated with colonnades and mosaic floors.

From the ancient buildings to this day only the founding of the walls and basement rooms have reached. The mint, baths, theater ruins that existed from the III century are especially interesting. BC. According to IV. AD Only staircases and stone benches for viewers are partially preserved from it. Judging by their size, the theater accounted for up to 3 thousand spectators.

Craftsmen were located near the urban walls. There archaeologists have discovered the remains of ceramic production: furnaces for firing clay dishes, stamps for ornaments, forms for the manufacture of terracotta reliefs. They flourished in Chersonese and other crafts - metalworking, jewelry, weaving.

The largest antique state of the Black Sea region was the Bosporian kingdom. It was formed as a result of the unification of the initially independent Greek cities, such as Panticapy, Mirmekiy, Tyritaka, Fanagoria and others, located along the shores of the Bospop of the Kimmerian - modern Kerch Strait. The capital of the state became a panticapy. From 438 BC. More than three hundred years of the rules of the dynasty of Spartokidov.

At the end of the V - early IV centuries. BC. Niffees and Feodosia, as well as land inhabited by other tribes, were attached to the possessions of Bospor. In i century BC. Bosporus captured most of the territory of Crimea, submitted to himself Chersonesos.

Excavations on Mount Mitridat, conducted in Kerch from the end of the XIX century, allowed to restore the size and plan of the Pantikapey. At the top was Acropolis - central fortification of the city with powerful defensive walls and towers. Inside him was the most important temples and public buildings. Down on the slopes terraces descended quarters from single or two-storey stone buildings. The whole city and its surroundings were obscured by numerous strengthening lines. A deep and comfortable harbor reliably covered trade and military vessels.

Found fragments of marble statues, pieces of painted plaster and architectural details allow us to talk about the rich decoration of the squares and buildings of the city, about the skill of the ancient architects and builders.

On the site of Mirmekia and Tyritaki, not far from Kerch, except urban walls, residential buildings and sanctoes, archaeologists opened several wineillers and baths for salting fish. In nymphay, near the modern village of heroevka, - Temples Demeters, Aphrodites and cabins; In Ilurate, near the modern village of Ivanovka, - the Bosporus military settlement of the first centuries AD, guarding the approaches to the capital.

Next to each antique city was his necropolis - city of dead. Usually buried in simple earth graves, sometimes laid out with tiled or stone plates. Rich and notable placed in wooden or stone sarcophages. For their burial, the scleps were built isolated from stones or chopped in rocks. Walls of crypts and sarcophagus decorated with painting, reliefs, inlay. Ornaments were applied on them, depicted mythological plots, scenes of real life. Together with the dead, put things belonging to him: decorations, dishes, weapons, vessels with incense, terracotta figurines and other items. In one of the Panticaipei burials III century. N.E., perhaps, the Bosporian Tsar of the risk was found a unique gold mask, reproducing the features of the deceased face.

Researchers have long been interested in large mounds located in the vicinity of Kerch. They discovered the burials of the Bosporian kings and nobility with outstanding works of Greek art: gold and silver ornaments, bronze and glass products, painted and curly vases.

Goldist temporal suspensions IV c are considered to be a masterpiece of world art. BC. From Kurgan Kul-both. They are made in the form of disks to which numerous woven intersecting chains connected by plates and sockets are attached. On the disk with a diameter of 7 cm - the face of Athens's head in the helmet with well-distinguisible figures of griffins, owls and snakes. The finest filigree plates, sockets, as well as the circle of the disk are covered with grain and blue enamel.

The most valuable finds from the excavation of the ancient cities of the Crimea are presented in the collections of the State Hermitage in St. Petersburg, the State Historical Museum and the State Museum fine arts them. A.S. Pushkin in Moscow, as well as others.

Now on the territory of Chersonese in Sevastopol and on Mount Mridat in Kerch organized reserves. Every year, thousands of people come there to go through the streets and squares of the ancient cities, to get acquainted with the greatest monuments of culture.

When on South Bank The Romans were established, they created a fortified items on the coast to protect Chersonese. Of the Roman fortifications, the biggest character was at the Cape Ai-Todore (now there is a lighthouse next to " Swallow jack"). Strengthening chas (in Greek "Pillars", "Count", that is, "fenced place") was founded in the 70s. I in. With the Roman Emperor Vespasiana. At the end of the century, there was a garrison, in II century. Soldiers of the I Italy Legion were placed. The last Roman garrison of the Fort was the warriors of the XI Claudiyev Legion (End II - the first half of the III century.). About these three periods of character history, stamps on bricks and tile are evidenced.

N.I. Shaiko

Photo beautiful places Crimea

Crimea is a striking peninsula, a place where the history of past centuries is harmoniously woven and the present. Here, right in the center of modern cities you can see the monuments of the past centuries.

"Shards" of the past in the Crimean cities

Ruins of large settlements, remnants of fortresses, Kurgans, cult facilities There are practically in every city or its surroundings. Most of the ancient buildings today are considered monuments of history and archeology. Many have been assigned the status of reserves, research works are underway on their territory and museums act.

How developed was the peninsula already in ancient times, it allows you to understand the acquaintance even with a short list of ancient settlements. The following objects are most famous today:

Panticapy - the most ancient Greek cities in Crimea. Based at the end of the VII century BC, it is located in the center of modern Kerch. To see his remains, it is necessary to climb along a high staircase in 500 steps leading to Mithridate.

And 11 kilometers from PentantyPhey found the ruins of the ancient Bosporus settlement Tyritaka.

Chersonese Tauride - Ruins of another Greek settlement, one of the attractions of Sevastopol. The basis of this colony is dated to the fifth century BC. Chersonese was a large, well fortified city.

Ponyna are preserved the remains ancient Temple, theater ruins, where, according to legends, gladiatorial battles, a mint, defensive tower, were conducted. In the Church of Chersonese, the baptism of Prince Vladimir - the Baptist of All Russia.

Naples Scythian - ancient settlement on the outskirts of Simferopol. Created in the third century BC. e., the city served as the capital of the Scythian state. Today, the defensive tower and the mausoleum of King Skilura are preserved in the territory of the ancient yap.

Ruskoiler - Castle in the area Big Yalta, built in the XIII-XIV centuries - strengthening about 450 m.kv.

Kerquinitis - Greek city, erected at the beginning of the V century BC. e. and existed to the end of the II century BC. e. His ruins are located in the center of Evpatoria, on Quarantine Cape. Although most of the settlement is covered, the two of its plot is well-groomed and museumified.

Koslos Limen - the ruins of an ancient Greek settlement based in the IV century. BC e. In the village of Black Sea.

Kimmerik - Kimmeria tract VI - V centuries BC. e., located between the Lake Elken and the mountain of the Opuk.

The Scythian Ust-Almin Site is one of the largest Scythian settlements of the II century BC. E., located on Cape Krememchik.

Cave and underwater cities of Crimea

TO separate category Treat the vintage cave cities. Mangup Kale is the Byzantine defensive fort of the sixth century BC, Chufut-Kale under Bakhchisaram, Kacha Calon, Kizz-Kermen, others - these villages were created in the rocks. Houses, household premises, temples, defensive walls burned directly in rocks.

In Crimea, there is even a private Atlantis - underwater city Acre. A small ancient Greek village, which served among other things, existed near Cape Takil in the VI century BC. e. - IV century n. e. Later lowering the shore led to the flooding of most of the city.

To see the ruins acres can travelers who own diving skills. Immersion is possible as part of specialized excursions in the summer.

Tourists on the note

A visit to the excavations of ancient cities can be easily combined with other types of recreation:

excursion activities;

visiting unique natural monuments;

beach, wellness holiday.

The peninsula has many vintage defensive towers, forts, other fortifications that have survived in excellent condition. On the territory of many of them are bright event events. In particular, thematic festivals are held annually in the Genoese Forty, the renovations of medieval battles are put.

Numerous hotels, hotels, guesthouses operate throughout the peninsula. Room information available online. The pricing policy depends on the region, the level of service and the season of visits.

In the sixth century BC e. The first settlement of the ancient Greeks was founded on the Crimean Peninsula, so it was the beginning of the Great Greek Colonization in the Northern Black Sea region. The ancient Greeks were attracted here fertile lands, favorable conditions for cattle breeding and trade, they were not frightened with a cold climate, nor the hostility of the Scythians and Tavrov, who inhabited the territory of Crimea. Today, on the site of some ancient Greek cities there are ruins of serfs, residues of residential and utility rooms, museums with antique objects that are carefully stored and are the sights of the Crimean Peninsula.

Kerquinitis - antiquity under the dome

One of the first ancient Greek cities based on west Bank The Crimean Peninsula was. The city was founded in the territory of modern Evpatoria at the turn of the 6th centuries to our era and until the end of the fourth century, there was a separate state that actively led trade was engaged in agriculture, various crafts and coins his coins. In the period of the IV-II century BC. e. Kerkinitid was part of Chersonese and was engaged in the supply of bread, after which, as a result of the Greco-Scythian wars, Kerkinitid was destroyed.

The remains of an ancient Greek colony are stored under a glass dome in Evpatoria on Duvanovskaya Street, on the embankment of Gorky and in the local history museum of the city. Here, tourists and residents of Evpatoria can see the foundations of residential buildings of Kerkinitids and the objects of life of the ancient Greeks.

Koslos Limen - the historic landmark of the village of Chernomorskoe

In the 4th century, the ancient Greek city was founded on the territory of the modern village of Chernomorskoye. Residents of the city were engaged in agriculture, trade and crafts. Because of the favorable geographical position and comfortable bay, Kalos Limem was often subjected to raids of stronger neighbors and by the end of the IV century became part of Chersonese. In the second century BC Efisi was under the rule of Scythians, but after a few decades later became the Greek city. At the beginning of our era, Kalos Limin was completely destroyed.

Today, there is a historical monument and "Caulos Limam" on the site of the ancient city, where you can see the ruins of the ancient Greek fortress, residential buildings, the remains of the central gate of the city and the plates main Streetwhere traces of chariots have survived.

Kalos Limen.

Chersonese Tauride - World Mission Monument in Simferopol

In the middle of the first century BC e. On the south-west coast of the Crimean Peninsula was laid. About two thousand years, this ancient Greek city was political and cultural Center nearby greek colonies, he entered the story Ancient Greece, Roman Empire and Byzantium. It was here that the Grand Duke Vladimir took the baptism, in honor of this event, the Vladimir Cathedral was erected at the former Chersonese Square.

Today, the ruins of this ancient city are historical monument world importance and are under the protection of UNESCO. "Chersonese Tauride" includes several expositions and a large research center.

Panticapy - Archaeological Museum in Kerch

In the first half of the 6th century BC in the eastern part of the Crimea, an ancient Greek polis was founded in the city of Kerch. The city quickly developed and already in the V century became the capital of the Bosporus state, uniting the nearest cities. Panticapey was handicraft, commercial and cultural center of Bospor, gold, silver and copper coins were minted here, and total area The polis was about 100 hectares.

Ruins of Pantikapey are located in the center of Kerch on the slopes and the top of the Mountain Mountain, the historical archaeological Museum, whose exhibits are amphoras painted ceramic products, coins, epigraphic documents and others archaeological finds With the excavations of Pentantypey.

Characters - Fortress and Palace in Gaspre

In the first century, our era after the victory of the Roman army over the brand-Scythian army, which held in the siege of Chersonese, the Romans are building a fortress-town at Cape Ai-Todor. The fortress was not only the Roman garrison, but also the center where the main marine and land paths were condensed. Today, there are only ruins from stone and bricks and decorated with mosaic water.

Remains of the Fortress Characters are located on the territory of the Sanatorium Dnipro, where also preserved famous palace Characters built for George Mikhailovich Romanova at the beginning of the 20th century. Excursions are held on the territory of the sanatorium, and the Palace is the main building for guests to stay.

Naples Scythian - Archaeological Reserve in Simferopol

In the III century BC, the city of Naples is founded in the southeast coast of the Crimean Peninsula - the capital of the Ladyovyki state. Greek-style solid facilities, stone residential and utility rooms, craft workshops, grain pit found by archaeologists make it clear that the late Scythians were no longer a nomadic people, but were actively engaged in agriculture cattle breeding and crafts.

In the Archaeological Reserve "" you can see the remnants of the fortress wall of the city, visit the mausoleum of the Old Tsari and learn about the culture and life of Scythians.

If you are planning a trip to the Crimea, do not forget to take care of the booking of housing in advance, because the hotel's tourist season of the Crimea is very popular, and be sure to turn on the ancient sights to their route. Here you will not only be able to touch the true antiquity, but also listen interesting stories Guides and expand their horizons. Travel and know!

With deep ancient, the sea routes tied the coast of the Black Sea with the Mediterranean, where at the end of the II - early I millennium BC. There was a great civilization of Greece. From the shores of Eldlas, brave sailors went to search for new lands.
Where large marine ports, industrial and resort centers of Crimea - Evpatoria, Sevastopol, Feodosia and Kerch, in VI - V centuries are located now. BC. The Greeks founded the cities of Kerkinitida, Chersonesos, Feodosia, Panticapey, and near him - Mirmekiy, Tiritaka, Nymphi, Kimmerik and others. Each of them was the center of the agricultural district where the wheat was grown, grapes were cultivated, livestock. The cities were temples, public and administrative buildings, markets, workshops of artisans. A convenient geographical position contributed to the development of trade. The merchants were exported to slaves and agricultural products in the Mediterranean, purchased from local tribes - Scythians, Mets, Sindov. In exchange from the cities of the Balkan Peninsula and Malaya Asia, olive oil, wine, art objects and crafts were brought.
Chersonese was founded in 421 BC. On the shore of the bay, which is now called quarantine. Later, the city has significantly expanded possessions. During his heyday, Kerkinitid was obeyed, a wonderful harbor (on the site of the modern village of Chernomorsky) and other settlements of the North-West Crimea.
The Chersonese state was a slave-owned democratic republic. The supreme authority was the People's Assembly and the Council, which solved all the issues of foreign and domestic politics. The leadership role in the management belonged to the largest slave owners whose names were reported by Chersoness inscriptions and coins.
Archaeological excavations started back in 1827 showed that the city was well fortified. The remains of defensive structures are massive towers, fortresses, parts of stone walls - preserved throughout the state. This indicates the permanent military danger, which residents were subjected. The famous Chersoness oath tells about their patriotism. Her text was carved at the end of the IV - early III centuries. BC. On the marble plate found during the excavations of the city:
... "I swear Zeus, gay, helios, the girl, the gods and goddesses of the Olympic ... I do not betray the Chersonese ..." Chersonessians swore that they would not betray enemies, nor his possessions would protect the democratic system, did not divide the state Secrets.
As the archaeological studies confirmed, the city had the right layout. Residential buildings were united in blocks, the streets crossed at right angles. They were brought by small stone. Along the streets passed stone drains. Temples rose on the squares. Public buildings and houses of rich citizens decorated with colonnades and mosaic floors.
From the ancient buildings to this day only the founding of the walls and basement rooms have reached. The mint, baths, theater ruins that existed from the III century are especially interesting. BC e. According to IV. n. e. Only staircases and stone benches for viewers are partially preserved from it. Judging by their size, the theater was accompanied up to 3 thousand spectators.
Craftsmen were located near the urban walls. There archaeologists have discovered the remains of ceramic production: furnaces for firing clay dishes, stamps for ornaments, forms for the manufacture of terracotta reliefs. They flourished in Chersonese and other crafts - metalworking, jewelry, weaving.
The largest antique state of the Black Sea region was the so-called Bosporian kingdom. It was formed as a result of the unification of the initially independent Greek cities, such as Panticapy, Mirmekiy, Tyritaka, Fanagoria and others, located along the shores of the Bospop of the Kimmerian - modern Kerch Strait. The capital of the state became a panticapy. From 438 BC. More than three hundred years of the rules of the dynasty of Spartokidov.
At the end of the V - early IV centuries. BC. Niffees and Feodosia, as well as land inhabited by other tribes, were attached to the possessions of Bospor. In i century BC. Bosporus captured most of the territory of Crimea, submitted to himself Chersonesos.
Excavations on Mount Mitridat, conducted in Kerch from the end of the XIX century, allowed to restore the size and plan of the Pantikapey. At the top was Acropolis - central fortification of the city with powerful defensive walls and towers. Inside him was the most important temples and public buildings. Down on the slopes terraces descended quarters from single or two-storey stone buildings. The whole city and its surroundings were obscured by numerous strengthening lines. A deep and comfortable harbor reliably covered trade and military vessels.
Found fragments of marble statues, pieces of painted plaster and architectural details allow us to talk about the rich decoration of the squares and buildings of the city, about the skill of the ancient architects and builders.
On the site of Mirmekia and Tyritaki, not far from Kerch, except urban walls, residential buildings and sanctoes, archaeologists opened several wineillers and baths for salting fish. In nymphay, near the modern village of heroevka, - Temples Demeters, Aphrodites and cabins; In Ilurate, near the modern village of Ivanovka, - the Bosporus military settlement of the first centuries AD, guarding the approaches to the capital.
Next to each antique city was his necropolis - the city of the dead. Usually buried in simple earth graves, sometimes laid out with tiled or stone plates. Rich and notable placed in wooden or stone sarcophages. For their burial, the scleps were built isolated from stones or chopped in rocks. Walls of crypts and sarcophagus decorated with painting, reliefs, inlay. Ornaments were applied on them, depicted mythological plots, scenes of real life. Together with the dead, put things belonging to him: decorations, dishes, weapons, vessels with incense, terracotta figurines and other items. In one of the Panticaipei burials III century. N.E., perhaps, the Bosporian Tsar of the risk was found a unique gold mask, reproducing the features of the deceased face.
Researchers have long been interested in large mounds located in the vicinity of Kerch. They discovered the burials of the Bosporian kings and nobility with outstanding works of Greek art: gold and silver ornaments, bronze and glass products, painted and curly vases.
Goldist temporal suspensions IV c are considered to be a masterpiece of world art. BC. From Kurgan Kul-both. They are made in the form of disks to which numerous woven intersecting chains connected by plates and sockets are attached. On the disk with a diameter of 7 cm - the face of Athens's head in the helmet with well-distinguisible figures of griffins, owls and snakes. The finest or granted plates, sockets, as well as the circle of the disk are covered with grain and blue enamel.
The most valuable finds from the excavation of the ancient cities of Crimea are presented in the collections of the State Hermitage in St. Petersburg, the State Historical Museum and the State Museum of Fine Arts. A.S. Pushkin in Moscow, as well as others.
Now on the territory of Chersonese in Sevastopol and on Mount Mridat in Kerch organized reserves. Every year, thousands of people come there to go through the streets and squares of the ancient cities, to get acquainted with the greatest monuments of culture, it is better to know the distant past of our homeland.

Encyclopedia "The Attractions of Crimea"