Geographic coordinates of the settlement of crimea. All extreme points of the Crimean peninsula

Take a look at the map of our Motherland. In the extreme south of the European part, a peninsula juts out deeply, resembling an irregular quadrangle. It is small. Its area is only about 26 thousand square meters. km - 14 times less. In the north, narrow (up to 8 km), it is connected to the mainland, in the south and west it is washed by the waters of the Black Sea, in the northeast and east - the Sea of ​​Azov and the Kerch Strait.

In the distant geological past, there were vast seas in the south: Sarmatian, Meotic and Pontic. The bottom of the Pontic sea-lake began to rise, and its waters finally gathered in two basins: the Black Sea and the Caspian, which were first connected by the Kumo-Manych Strait. They either connected with the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, then separated from it.

The modern Black Sea emerged about 10 thousand years ago. It is one of the deepest seas in our country. A strip of coastal shallow water stretches along its shores - with depths of up to 200 m. This bank of several more or less steep ledges descends to the central part of the bottom. The maximum depth of the Black Sea is 2245 m.

The Black Sea is warm. In summer, surface waters in the open sea warm up to 24-25 °, and in shallow coastal waters up to 28-29 °. In winter, the surface water temperature of the open sea is 6-7 °. The temperature of the coastal waters is generally around 0 ° with slight fluctuations. In this regard, in its coastal part, the sea freezes only in especially cold winters.

Located inside the mainland, freshened by the rivers flowing into it, the Black Sea is a middle basin. The salinity of its surface waters is 16-18 ppm, that is, 16-18 parts by weight of salt per 1000 parts by weight of water. The deep waters of the Black Sea are saturated with hydrogen sulfide and therefore lifeless.

His organic world is very peculiar. There are fish that previously inhabited the Pontic sea-lake - pontic relics, which include beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, tulka, some species of gobies, etc. There are fish that descended from the south in the cold epochs of the past, penetrated into the Mediterranean Sea, and from it to Black. Representatives of this so-called boreal-Atlantic group of fish are sprats, salmon, gloss flounder, katran shark, stingray - sea fox.

There are, although rarely, and representatives of the Arctic fauna - seals. In 1934, a seal was seen near Batumi.

The most numerous and varied are fish of the Mediterranean fauna: mullet, mackerel, horse mackerel, red mullet, bonito, sea bass, sea carp, flounder, stingray - sea cat.

Small fish also live: sea needle, seahorse, stickleback.

Two species of Mediterranean fish are poisonous. These are the sea ruff (scorpion fish) and the sea dragon. The ruff has a gland at the base of the second ray of the dorsal fin that produces a poisonous fluid that causes a painful inflammatory process.

A large and daring predator is the swordfish. In a state of irritation, she attacks not only fishing scows, but even passing ships.

Crimea - the golden mean of the earth

This land is beautiful, washed by one of the most festive seas the globe.
K. Paustovsky.

Each of us has an inalienable right to love our native land and to assert that there is no land more beautiful, more blessed, and unique. Only a fool will argue, a wise person will agree, although he will add: "Of course, you are right, dear friend, but my homeland is also beautiful ..."

Crimeans behave this way and not otherwise: after all, millions of people from all over the world come to Crimea every year. Of course, Crimeans agree that there are blessed corners of the earth somewhere else. They do not ask: "Why did you come to us, and not we to you?" Without a doubt, Crimeans are wise people, they say in such cases: "Of course, you are right, dear friend, but my Crimea is beautiful too, let me tell you about it."

Let's open the map and orient ourselves on the terrain. The most southern point Crimea (44 ° 23 ") - Cape Sarych, near the village of Foros, located between Sevastopol and Alupka. The northernmost (46 ° 15") is located on the Perekop Isthmus, near the village of Perekop. This means that Crimea is located at the 45th latitude, in the middle between the North Pole and the equator. Perhaps someone else has some other thoughts on this, but in the middle means in the middle, and not somewhere else. At the 45th latitude, by the way, is the geographical center of France, such European cities like Budapest, Bucharest, Milan, Bern, the Canadian city of Montreal, the American cities of Minneapolis and Portland. They are all right with latitude, but longitude ...

The most west point Crimea (32 ° 29 ") - Cape Priboyny (Kapa-Mryn) on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, the most eastern (36 ° 39") - Cape Fonar on the Kerch Peninsula. So, Crimea is located near 30 ° east longitude, that is, in the middle between the Greenwich meridian and the Urals, separating Europe and Asia. Please open a map of the world, do not be lazy. At what longitude is it bent in half, where is its middle? Of course, along the line of 30 "east longitude. Approximately at this longitude are St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkov, Ankara, Cairo, Lake Victoria, the highest point of Africa - Kilimanjaro volcano, North and South poles... They were lucky with longitude, but only Crimea was lucky.

If you look at the sky, then it will point to the Crimea. The Milky Way is called Chumatsky Shlyakh in Ukrainian. The nebula, pointing to the south, seemed to have been created for the correct orientation of our ancestors, the Chumaks, who traveled to the Crimea for salt.

Before closing the map, let's take another look at the peninsula depicted on it. What is Crimea like? Of course - in the heart. A heart shaken by the Creator's Plan. A heart delighted with the incomprehensible wisdom and endless beauty of Nature. The Crimea also looks like outstretched arms and a cross sent down to people to comprehend the great unity of Faith, Love and Hope. Cross connecting North and South, West and East. But most of all, Crimea is like a flower dropped by the Creator on the Earth.

Of course, you are right, dear friend, your homeland is beautiful, but my Crimea is beautiful too! Let me tell you a little more about it.

The area of ​​the Crimean peninsula exceeds 26 thousand km2, the maximum distance from north to south is 205 km, from west to east - 325 km. Yes, this is smaller than Switzerland, the Netherlands or Belgium, but Crimea is almost 56 times larger than Andorra, 82 times larger than Malta and 165 (!) Times larger than such a venerable European principality as Liechtenstein. With such small states like San Marino, we will not compare Crimea.

In many countries of the world there is not a single sea, but in Crimea there are two of them: the Black and the Azov. The Black Sea forms three large bays off the coast of the peninsula: Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia; The Sea of ​​Azov also has three large bays: Kazantip, Arabat and Sivash.

Crimea in the north is connected to the mainland by a narrow eight-kilometer strip of land called the Perekop Isthmus. The Kerch Strait, which is 4-5 km wide, separates the Crimean Peninsula from the Taman Peninsula - the western end Krasnodar Territory Russia. The total length of the peninsula's borders exceeds 2500 km, the shores are little indented, except for the very winding coastline of a part of the peninsula near Sevastopol. In the coastal strip of the flat Crimea there are 50 estuary lakes with a total area of ​​53 thousand km2. Of course, this is not as much as, say, in Finland or Norway, but the Crimean lakes are valuable because they are filled with brine, a concentrated saline solution that has absorbed the power of the sea, sun and earth.

At the beginning of the XX century. in the Crimea, about 40% of the table salt of the Russian Empire was mined. DI Mendeleev's statement is well known that using oil as fuel is equivalent to burning banknotes. To paraphrase the words of the great chemist, we can say that using the Crimean salt as a table salt is like salting the soup with gold. The ecologically chaste chemical industry of the peninsula at the Saki and Krasnoperekop chemical plants produces various compounds of sodium, calcium, magnesium, bromine from lake and Sivash salt. However, the therapeutic use of the Crimean estuaries is much more famous, but this is a separate topic.

Once upon a time, palaces were erected on the South Coast of Crimea by monarchs and their entourage. The ruler of the next historical period invited Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Winston Churchill to the section of the post-war world. Why did the highly esteemed guests of Crimea prefer it to all other places on Earth? Because they were attracted by the unique Crimean climate, whose indisputable advantages are not due to several reasons.

The first is the mentioned equidistance from the equator and North Pole, which leads to a large longitude summer day, and not a miserable 12 hours in the tropics, and a sufficient amount of blessed heat - namely heat, and not equatorial heat or polar cold.

The second is the union of the sea and the mountains. On hot sunny days of summer, Crimea is refreshed by a breeze, a cool breeze from the sea. In the evening, cool hours, it is replaced by warm air from the mountains.

The third is the unique position of the peninsula in relation to the general circulation of the atmosphere, the prevalence of westerly winds and stable anticyclones with clear weather and, as a result, a record number of sunny days, the absence of the sweltering heat carried by the air currents from Africa, and, naturally, the minimal impact of cold air masses with north, from which the mountains serve as an additional barrier.

The Crimean mountains are small, their maximum height (Mount Roman-Kosh) reaches 1545 m, much less than Everest, but this height is quite enough to create a subtropical paradise on the South Coast, without simultaneously erecting an insurmountable barrier between warm sea and the northern, steppe part of the peninsula.

Perhaps, in some other place on Earth, the expression "mountains of gold" is an exaggeration, a metaphor, but not in Crimea. Crimean marls are used as raw materials for obtaining cement, facing slabs are made from marble-like limestones, beautiful white buildings are being built from blocks of the famous Inkerman stone from the time of Chersonesos to the present day. Diabases of magmatic origin, due to their high strength, rich color shades and good polishing qualities, are used for the manufacture of monuments and facing slabs. At Karadag and in other places, there are such minerals (gems) as agate, jet, onyx, opal, carnelian, brocade jasper.

Why are there gems! Even the clay in the Crimea is precious. The Crimean bentonite formed from volcanic ash, popularly called keel, soap earth or mountain soap, has very unusual properties. Previously, it was used to clarify wines, make soap, wash and bleach, today it is used in high technology.

Flat plateaus Crimean mountains combine the properties of plains and mountains, representing another "golden mean" of the Crimea. Yailas, not closed from the merciless sun, seem to the uninitiated a symbol of dehydration, but this is not at all the case: underlain by porous limestones, they absorb sediments like a sponge, so that, together with shady forests, drop by drop accumulate water that feeds the Crimean rivers.

Everything is in Crimea, but in order not to jinx it, its inhabitants love to grumble just in case. And since it is quite difficult to find a reason for grunting in this corner of paradise, they habitually get annoyed by the lack of water. Indeed, there are only 1,657 rivers on the peninsula, and only 150 of them are less than 10 km long. The total length of watercourses is 5966 km, more than the length of the Amur from the mouth to the headwaters of the Argun, but somewhat less than the Nile.

However, it must be honestly said that the natural water resources of the peninsula were clearly insufficient in its steppe part. We have heard a lot of bad things about global reclamation projects, and most likely this is the case. Probably, the turn of the northern rivers to the south threatened the Earth with an ecological catastrophe, but the turn of the southern river to the south, that is, the creation of the North Crimean Canal, solved many problems of the peninsula.

Crimean drinking water is generally slightly mineralized, which is beneficial for the human body, but if you are used to water enriched with wastewater industrial giants, do not be upset prematurely. After all, Crimea has everything, even black water. The water of the Adzhi-Su mineral spring saturated with hydrogen sulfide in the village of Kuibyshevo, Bakhchisarai region, forms a black sediment from biologically active gummines and bitumen, healing in hot medicinal baths. In total, more than a hundred springs of healing mineral waters have been explored in Crimea, rich in many trace elements - from fluorine to radium.

Geographical position, climate, steppe areas on the tops of mountains, transparent and black waters - everywhere we talk about combining opposite principles. If you mix all the colors into one, you get a dirty gray color. To avoid misunderstandings, we will immediately make an official explanation: Crimea is the Golden Mean, not mediocrity. The colors of his palette sparkle without mixing, and at the same time create a unique flavor.

Combining the steppe and subtropics, Crimea not only does not mix them, but complements the zone of forests and forest-steppe. Yayla is not a half-steppe-half-mountain, but a unique one a natural phenomenon, which is difficult to find analogues. Combining different principles in itself, Crimea preserves their originality and supplements them with new, only inherent qualities. Natural sciences unanimously prove the insular origin of Crimea - we will talk about this more than once and give the arguments of scientists - therefore, on the peninsula, in addition to the amazing combination of steppe and Mediterranean nature, there is a great variety of endemic species of plants and animals found only on the peninsula.

Among the natural areas of Crimea, man-made landscapes are scattered with fancy mosaics: intertwining architectural styles of many centuries and peoples of cities, towns and villages, majestic parks, well-groomed fields, lush gardens, fragrant plantations of roses and lavender, unique vineyards. In 1963, a period of intensive irrigated agriculture began in Crimea. Almost 40 types of vegetable crops are grown in open and closed ground. The quality of Crimean products is famous far beyond the borders of the autonomous republic.

Essential oil enterprises in the cities of Simferopol, Bakhchisarai, Alushta, Sudak and the urban-type settlement of Nizhnegorsk produce rose, lavender and sage oils. Food is one of the leading industries in Crimea. The largest fishing port on the Black Sea with refrigerators, canning and ship repair factories has been built in Sevastopol. However, the high level of development of the food industry of the peninsula is due not only to high-commodity agriculture peninsula and the rich resources of the seas. Its development is facilitated by a relatively high level of food consumption, especially in summer time... Thus, the issue of welcoming guests has been raised on a grand scale in Crimea.

Crimea is the unity of the sea, steppe and mountains. It is necessary to remove a layer of soil from the surface of the earth in the steppe Crimea, and on the surface there will be a wonderful, easy-to-work building material - shell limestone. Buildings that have a shell rock layer in their walls, like the sea, keep them warm in winter and cool in summer.

However, one should not think that only shell rock is hidden under the fertile Crimean soil. The iron ores of the Kerch basin are so shallow that they are mined in an open pit. These ores are unique in their high manganese content, so when alloyed steels are smelted, this element is added in a minimal amount or not at all.

Since the mid 60s. industrial development of natural gas fields is underway on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, in the Northern Crimea and on the Arabat Spit. The ramified system of gas pipelines made it possible to gasify most of the settlements, transfer thermal power plants to environmentally friendly fuel and enter the country's unified gas pipeline system.

The pinnacle of the industrial pyramid of the Crimean Autonomous Republic are high-tech industries: electronics, automotive, defense, construction of supertankers.

The complex development of the Crimean industry is based on an extensive network of communication routes. There are two main railway lines in Crimea. Sea transport carries out small coastal communication in the Azov-Black Sea basin and long-distance international flights. However, the main transport of the autonomous republic is automobile. It accounts for about 90% of domestic freight and passenger transportation... In the early 60s. a mountain trolleybus route Simferopol - Yalta was put into operation, which makes it possible to connect the capital of the republic with the South Bank by convenient and inexpensive transport.

The environmental safety of the Crimean industry has a long tradition. Back in 1931, the first in the USSR, the most powerful wind power plant in Europe at that time, was built in Balaklava. The generator blades had a diameter of 30 meters. The unique power plant was destroyed during the war. In 1986, a 5 MW solar power plant was built in Crimea. The total area of ​​the mirrors is 40 thousand m2. Several ecologically perfect projects have been implemented on the peninsula, using tidal energy, solar and geothermal energy to generate electricity to supply heat to residential buildings, sanatoriums and hotels.

The intercity trolleybus service clearly demonstrates the level of environmental requirements for the development of the Crimean industry.

It would take a very long time to talk about Crimean science, about the great scientists who worked here, but instead of a huge list of discoveries, we will limit ourselves to a single brief remark: several sciences were created in Crimea, including virology, physics of the sea, and helioseismology.

People of many nationalities inhabit Crimea, all of them are representatives of an endemic species called "Crimeans". Crimeans are hardworking, quick-witted, hospitable and inclined to have fun. Men are wise, strong, women are kind and unusually beautiful. In a word, they are the same as other people on Earth, and only one thing distinguishes them from the rest of the inhabitants of the planet: they are more patient with the geographical bragging of visitors. Crimeans listen attentively to the guests, treat them with amazing Crimean wines, feed them with dishes made from ecologically clean Crimean products, take them to caves, reserves, beaches, dolphinariums, tasting rooms, arrange sea ​​excursions... Further - the entire content of the book.

The population of Crimea in summer and early autumn increases, but many times. When millions of guests go home, it turns out that there are about 2.5 million true Crimeans. As of 1998, 363.8 thousand people lived in the Crimean capital Simferopol, 167.4 thousand in Kerch, 371.4 thousand in Sevastopol, and 113.5 thousand in Evpatoria. Given the small number of the above-described endemic species, we propose to put it in the Red Book and, if there is no way to stop all talk about the unsurpassed (?!) Charm of other lands, then at least give the Crimeans a word in defense of their homeland.

Alas, this is not always possible, because in holiday season Crimeans are a minority on the peninsula. But they came up with a way out and told about themselves and their land in the coat of arms.

Coat of arms of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea

Columns are a symbol of the ancient Crimean civilization, the memory of Naples, Panticapaeum, Tmutarakan, Chersonesos, Theodoro, and other cities and kingdoms that once existed on the territory of Crimea. Griffin is a symbol of the guardian and protector of Crimea. The blue pearl in his paw symbolizes the uniqueness of Crimea, the unity of all its peoples, religions and cultures. The Varangian shield is a symbol of the intersection of trade routes, and its red color is a symbol of courage and bravery of the peoples of Crimea. The rising sun at the top is a symbol of rebirth, prosperity, warmth and light.

In general, everything that is reflected in the words of the wise writer is embodied: "Everyone is rewarded according to his faith ..."

© Chapters from the book "All about Crimea. With love." publishing house "World of Information", 2002 (text - G. Dubovis, responsible for the issue A. Ganzh, R. Tsyupko, ed. T. Esadze)

The Republic of Crimea occupies the territory of the Crimean Peninsula.

The territory of the Republic of Crimea is 26.1 thousand sq. km.

Length: from west to east - 360 km, from north to south - 180 km.

Extreme points: in the south - Cape Sarych; in the west - Cape Priboyny; in the east - Cape Fonar.

The most important seaports- Evpatoria, Yalta, Feodosia, Kerch.

Adjacent regions: Krasnodar region Russian Federation, Kherson region of Ukraine.

The climate of the peninsula differs in its various parts: in the northern part it is temperate continental, on the southern coast with subtropical features. Crimea is characterized by a small amount of precipitation throughout the year, a large number of sunny days, and the presence of breezes on the coast.

The relief of the Crimean peninsula consists of three unequal parts: the North Crimean plain with the Tarkhankut Upland (about 70% of the territory), Kerch Peninsula and in the south - the mountainous Crimea stretches in three ridges. The highest is the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains (1545 m, Mount Roman-Kosh), consisting of separate limestone massifs (yayl) with plateau-like peaks and deep canyons. The southern slope of the Main Ridge stands out as the Crimean sub-Mediterranean. Inner and Outer ridges form the Crimean foothills.

The Crimean peninsula is washed by the Black and Azov seas.

The nature reserve fund includes 158 objects and territories (including 46 of national importance, the area of ​​which is 5.8% of the area of ​​the Crimean peninsula). The reserve fund is based on 6 nature reserves with a total area of ​​63.9 thousand hectares: Crimean with a branch "Swan Islands", Yalta Mountain Forest, Cape Martyan, Karadagsky, Kazantipsky, Opuksky.

Crimea is a peninsula richly endowed natural resources... In its depths and on the adjacent shelf, there are industrial deposits of iron ore, combustible gas, mineral salts, construction raw materials, oil and gas condensate.

Natural recreational resources peninsulas: mild climate, warm sea, curative mud, mineral water, picturesque landscapes.

The largest rivers are Salgir, Indol, Biyuk-Karasu, Chornaya, Belbek, Kacha, Alma, Bulganakh. The longest river in Crimea is Salgir (220 km), the deepest is Belbek (water flow - 1500 liters per second).

There are more than 50 salt lakes in Crimea, the largest of which is Lake Sasyk (Kunduk) - 205 sq. Km.

The population of Crimea as of January 1, 2013 is 1 million 965.2 thousand people. Including the economically active population is 970.3 thousand people, or less than 50% of the total population.

About 130 ethnic groups live in the Republic of Crimea. The largest ethnic groups are Russians (58.3%), Ukrainians (24.3%) and Crimean Tatars (12.1%).

State languages: Russian, Ukrainian, Crimean Tatar.

Time zone: MSK (UTC + 4).

Administrative and territorial structure: cities of republican significance - 11, districts - 14.

The capital of the Republic of Crimea is the city of Simferopol.

The representative body of the Republic of Crimea is the State Council of the Republic of Crimea.

The executive body of the Republic of Crimea is the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea.

The Republic of Crimea has symbols: coat of arms, flag and anthem.

Crimea has long been rightfully called the natural pearl of Europe. Here, at the junction of temperate and subtropical latitudes, as if in focus, the characteristic features of their nature are concentrated in miniature: mountains and plains, ancient volcanoes and modern mud hills, seas and lakes, forests and steppes, landscapes of the Black Sea sub-Mediterranean and the Sivash region semi-desert ...

The Crimean peninsula is located in the south of Russia at latitude southern France and northern Italy.

His outlines are peculiar, some see them as a flying bird, others - a bunch of grapes, others - a heart.

But each of us, looking at the map, immediately finds in the middle of the blue oval of the sea an irregular quadrangle of the peninsula with a wide projection of the Tarkhankut Peninsula in the west and a long, narrower projection of the Kerch Peninsula in the east. The Kerch Strait separates the Crimean Peninsula from the Taman Peninsula - the western end of the Krasnodar Territory.
The Crimea, washed from almost all sides by the waters of the Black and Azov Seas, could have been an island, if not for the narrow, only 8 kilometers wide, Perekop Isthmus, which connects it to the mainland.

The total length of the borders of Crimea- more than 2500 km.

Square- 27 thousand sq. km.

Maximum distance from north to south is 207 km, from west to east - 324 km.

Extreme points: in the north - the village of Perekop (46 ° 15 ′ north lat.), in the south - Cape Sarych (44 ° 23 ′ north lat.), in the east - Cape Fonar (36 ° 40 ′ east long.), in the west - Cape Kara-Mrun (32 ° 30 ′ east long.).

Water Black sea(area - 421 thous.

km, volume - 537 thousand cubic km) wash Crimea from the west and south. The largest bays are Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia.
From the east and north-east, the peninsula is surrounded by the Kerch Strait (width 4-5 km, length 41 km) and Azov sea(area - 38 thousand sq. km, volume - 300 cubic km), which forms Kazantip, Arabat and Sivash bays.

The shorespeninsula heavily indented by numerous bays, coves and bays.

Crimean mountains divided the peninsula into two uneven parts: a large steppe and a smaller mountain.

They stretched from the southwest to the northeast from the vicinity of Sevastopol to Feodosia in three almost parallel ridges, separated by longitudinal green valleys. The length of the Crimean Mountains is about 180 km, the width is 50 km.

The main ridge is the highest; the most famous mountain peaks are located here: Roman-Kosh - 1545 m, Chatyrdag - 1525 m, Ai-Petri - 1231 m.

The southern slopes facing the sea are steep and the northern slopes.

The peaks of the Crimean mountains are treeless, undulating plateaus called yayly (translated from Turkic means "summer pasture"). Yayly combines the properties of plains and mountains. They are connected by narrow lowered ridges along which they pass mountain passes... The routes from the steppe part of the Crimea to the southern coast have long run here.

The beginning of the ascent to the Devil's Staircase pass, an ancient road that leads from the forested regions of the mountainous Crimea to the South Bank.

The highest yayls of Crimea: Ai-Petrinskaya (1320 m), Yalta (1406 m), Nikitskaya (1470 m), Gurzufskaya (1540 m).

For many centuries, the limestone surface of the yailas was dissolved by rainwater, water streams made numerous passages in the thickness of the mountains, deep wells, mines, and amazingly beautiful caves.

The inner ridge of the Crimean Mountains is lower than the Main (the highest point - Mount Kubalach reaches 739 m). It stretches from the Mekenziev mountains near Sevastopol to Mount Agarmysh for 125 km.

The outer, or North, ridge is even lower - from 150 to 340 m, it is called the foothills.

The rocks from which it is composed lie at a slope: the southern slopes break off with steep cliffs, and the northern ones are gentle, long, gradually turning into a plain.

Steppe occupies a large territory of Crimea. It represents the southern edge of the East European, or Russian, plain and slopes slightly to the north. The Kerch Peninsula is divided by the Parpach Ridge into two parts: the southwestern - plain and the northeastern - hilly, which is characterized by the alternation of ring-shaped limestone ridges, gentle depressions, mud hills and coastal lake basins.

However, mud volcanoes have nothing in common with real volcanoes, as they erupt not hot lava, but cold mud.

In the flat part of the peninsula, varieties of southern and calcareous chernozems prevail; dark chestnut and meadow-chestnut soils of dry forests and shrubs, as well as brown mountain-forest and mountain-meadow chernozem-like soils (on yayls), are less common.

More than 52% of the territory of the republic is occupied by arable land, 4.7% - by orchards and vineyards.

The rest of the land is dominated by pastures and forests.

The expanses of Crimea

Square forests reaches 340 thousand.

ha. The slopes of the Crimean mountains are mainly occupied by oak forests (65% of the area of ​​all forests), beech (14%), hornbeam (8%) and pine (13%).

On the southern coast in the forests grow relict high juniper, evergreen strawberry small-fruited, dull-leaved pistachio, a number of evergreen shrubs - butcher's broom, Crimean cistus, red pyracantha, shrub jasmine, etc.

On the peninsula 1657 rivers and temporary drains.

Their total length is 5996 kilometers. However, the vast majority of them are small, in summer, almost all drying up watercourses. There are only 257 rivers with a length of more than 5 km.

The most significant of the rivers in their own way geographic location are divided into several groups: rivers of the northern and northeastern slopes of the Crimean mountains (Salgir, the longest river of the peninsula, - 232 km; Wet Indole - 27 km; Churuksu - 33 km, etc.); rivers of the northwestern slope (Black - 41 km, Belbek - 63 km, Kacha - 69 km, Alma - 84 km, Western Bulganak - 52 km, etc.); rivers South Shore Crimea (Uchan-Su - 8.4 km, Derekoyka - 12 km, Ulu-Uzen - 15 km, Demerdzhi - 14 km, Ulu-Uzen Vostochny - 16 km, etc.); beams of the flat Crimea and the Kerch Peninsula.

The rivers of the northwestern slopes of the Crimean Mountains flow almost parallel to each other, up to the middle of the course they are typically mountainous.

The rivers of the northern slopes in the plain deviate to the east and flow into the Sivash. The short rivers of the South Bank, flowing into the Black Sea, are typically mountainous along their entire length.

The mountain river Uchan-Su runs down to the sea, forming waterfalls in four places.

Crimea. Baydarsky nature reserve. Waterfall Kozyrek during the period of snow melting (left).

One of the tributaries of the Black River during the high water period (right).

The main source of water for rivers is rainwater - 44-50% of the annual runoff; underground waters provide 28-36% and snow supply - 13-23%. The average long-term surface and underground runoff of the Crimea is slightly more than 1 billion cubic meters. water. This is almost three times less than the volume of water supplied to the peninsula annually through the North Crimean Canal. Natural reserves of local waters are used at the limit (73% of reserves are used).

The main surface runoff is regulated: several hundred ponds and more than 20 large reservoirs have been built (Simferopolskoye on the Salgir river, Chernorechenskoye on the Chernaya river, Belogorskoye on the Biyuk-Karasu river, etc.).

Through the North Crimean Canal, 3.5 billion cubic meters are supplied to the peninsula annually.

cubic meters of water, which made it possible to increase the area of ​​irrigated land from 34.5 thousand hectares (1937) to 400 thousand hectares (1994).

In Crimea, mainly along the coast, there are more than 50 estuary lakes with a total area of ​​5.3 thousand sq. km used to obtain salts and therapeutic mud: Saki, Sasyk, Donuzlav, Bakal, Old, Red, Aktash, Chokrakskoe, Uzunlarskoe, etc.

Sources of:

All about Crimea: Reference and information publication / Under total.

ed. D.V. Omelchuk. - Kharkov: Karavella, 1999.

Ena V.G. The nature of Crimea // Crimea: present and future: Sat. articles - Simferopol: Tavria, 1995.

In this article we will tell you about Crimea skom peninsula. Despite the fact that in last years all more tourists rushes to rest on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, as well as on the tropical islands of Thailand.

But, Crimea still remains popular place recreation for hundreds of thousands of people. Foreign tourists, first of all, they visit the capital city of Ukraine - Kiev, which has many historical and architectural sights.

Crimea Peninsula and the Sea of ​​Azov. View from space

In addition, in the city of Kiev, you can use the Internet right in the parks.

Crimea map

And if one of the tourists did not take his tablet computer on a trip, then he can buy a laptop Kiev at an affordable price in numerous FoxMart stores in the city, which offer a wide range of laptops from various world famous brands, such as: SAMSUNG, ACER, LENOVO, ASUS, HP, SONY and some others.

Thanks to the Internet and a laptop, you can find out a lot of necessary, useful and, of course, interesting information, for example, about the Crimea peninsula.

Peninsula Crimea located in the southern part of the Republic of Ukraine. Geographically Crimea The sky peninsula belongs to the Northern Black Sea region.

On the territory of the peninsula Crimea are the Autonomous Republic Crimea, the city of Sevastopol, as well as part of the Kherson region. Peninsula Crimea in the documents of the Russian Empire up to the 20s of the XX century it was called Tavrida.
After the creation of the Soviet Union, the Tavrida Peninsula was renamed and received the name " Crimea».

The toponym " Crimea"Probably comes from the Türkic word" kyrym ", which literally means - rampart, wall, ditch.

The Crimean peninsula is washed by: in the west and south - the Black Sea, in the east - the Azov Sea, including the Sivash Bay. Peninsula Crimea deep into the Black Sea.

The area of ​​the Crimean peninsula is approximately 26 860 km ², of which 72% is flat surface, 20% is Crimea mountains, 8% are water bodies- lakes, rivers.
The length of the coastline of the peninsula Crimea is over 1000 km.
The total length of the sea and land borders of the peninsula Crimea is more than 2500 km.
The greatest length Crimea of the peninsula in the direction from west to east between the picturesque capes Kara-Mrun and Fonar is approximately 325 km, and in the direction from north to south from the narrow Perekop isthmus to Cape Sarych is 205 km.

There are the largest bays on the Black Sea coast: Karkinitsky Gulf, Kalamitsky Gulf, Feodosiya Gulf.

On the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov there are the following bays: Sivash Bay, Kazantip Bay and Arabat Bay.
In the east Crimea sky peninsula between the Black Sea and Sea of ​​Azov there is the Kerch Peninsula, and in the west a tapering part Crimea and forms a relatively small Tarkhankut Peninsula.
In the northern part of the peninsula Crimea It is connected to the continent by the rather narrow Perekop isthmus, the width of which at its widest point does not exceed 8 km.

Peninsula Crimea by the nature of the relief, it is subdivided into platform-flat, which occupies 70% of the entire territory, the rest falls on the folded-mountain surface. On the southern part of the peninsula Crimea spread out beautiful Crimea sky mountains. Highest mountain of the peninsula Crimea- Mount Roman-Kosh, which reaches an altitude of 1545 meters above sea level.

Extreme north point Crimea Skogo peninsula is located on the Perekop Isthmus, its southernmost point is beautiful cape Sarych, the westernmost point is Cape Kara-Mrun (Priboyny) on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, the extreme eastern point of the peninsula is Cape Fonar on the Kerch Peninsula.

Picturesque nature of the Crimean peninsula

Crimea is popular seaside resort located in the southwest of Russia. The main reasons why people tend to the peninsula are considered: the sea and the mountains. Crimea it is washed by two seas: the Black and the Azov. Most of the resorts are located on the southern coast, the climate of which is comparable to the Cote d'Azur.

Crimea: history of the name of the peninsula

There are several versions of the origin of the name of the peninsula: from the Turkic “ Crimea"Is translated as" moat ".

Another version says that the name comes from the city of Kyrym, the former residence of the Golden Horde governor and became popular in the 13th century. This name was not the first for the peninsula - others are known in history:

• Tavrika is the ancient name of the peninsula, derived from the Taurian tribe who previously inhabited these places.
• Tavria is a name that came into use in the 15th century.
• Taurida - came into use since 1783, when the peninsula became part of the Russian Empire.

Also, Crimea in different years was identified with Cimmeria and Lesser Scythia.

During the years of Soviet power, the Crimean region existed, after Ukraine gained independence - the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, and since 2014, the Republic of Crimea has appeared as part of Russia.

The geographical position of Crimea in brief

Crimea is washed from the east by the Azov Sea, from the south and west - by the Black Sea, and in the north of the peninsula is the salty Sivash Bay. Most of the territory of the peninsula is located in the temperate zone, and the South Coast - in the subtropical, thus providing an advantageous geographic location of Crimea as a resort.

The peninsula is divided into 3 conventional parts: steppe, mountains, southern coast. Extreme points of Crimea:

• north - Perekop isthmus;
• south - Cape Sarych (located at 44 ° 23'14 ″ N);
• west - Cape Priboiny;
• east - Cape Lantern.

The highest point is Roman-Kosh (1545 meters), located on Babugan-yaila.

18 settlements in Crimea have city status. The most populated among them are Sevastopol, Simferopol and Kerch. The main resorts are Yalta, Alushta and Evpatoria.

The area of ​​Crimea is 27 thousand km².

Cape Sarych - the southernmost point of Crimea

The capital of Crimea is Simferopol, the name of which translates as “collecting city”.

History of Crimea

Since ancient times, the peninsula has been the arena of military operations. Many nomadic tribes came here, then giving way to the stronger. That's why history of Crimea contains many bloody pages and has preserved them in her legends and traditions.

The first settlers of the peninsula in the Middle Paleolithic were the Neanderthals, whose sites were found in several places: Kiik-Koba, Chokurcha (considered the oldest human dwelling in Europe).

A little later, in the Mesolithic, Cro-Magnons appeared here.

Later, these places were inhabited by the Cimmerians in the XII century BC. e., as well as the Taurus and Scythians who came to these lands in the 7th century BC.

NS. Later, Greek settlers came to the lands of Taurida, organizing many cities on the coast and starting trade with the local population. This is how the Bosporan Kingdom, Chersonesus, Kerkinitida and a number of other cities appeared.

The Goths, Huns, Khazars, Byzantines, Tatars, Genoese, Turks left their mark here.

For a long time (1441 - 1783) the Crimean Khanate with its capital in Bakhchisarai was located here.

Most of the time it was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, and after passing under the rule of Russia, the Khanate was disbanded.

In 1475, these lands were captured by the Ottoman Empire, which defeated both the Genoese and the mountainous principality of Theodoro. The Turks ruled here for 3 centuries, but in 1774 Prince Dolgoruky annexed Taurida to the Russian Empire.

Before 1954 Crimea was part of Russia until it was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR.

In 2014, the peninsula returned to Russia.

The peninsula is full of unusual, interesting and mysterious things. I suggest you find out some interesting facts about Crimea:

You can find out more about Crimea on other pages of our site.

Where is Crimea located?

Where is Crimea on the map of Russia? The Crimean peninsula is located in the northern part of the Black Sea, and from the northeast it is washed by the Sea of ​​Azov. In the north of Crimea, it is connected with the mainland Perekop Isthmus (bay).

Now, of course, many Russians are interested and curious to know how long it takes to fly to Crimea from different cities Russia, because the Crimean peninsula has become part of the Russian Federation and is likely to break the flow of tourists here.

On a detailed map of the Crimean coast, you can see that all coastline stretches for 2.5 thousand kilometers.

It is also interesting that on Black sea coast the main resort towns- Sochi and Abkhazia, which are competitors of Crimea in terms of tourism, therefore it is recommended to read an interesting article about comparing these places for the quality of rest and leisure - if it is better to relax: in Sochi or in the Crimea?

There are many mountain peaks on the peninsula, of which the highest is the Roman-Kosh, 1545 meters high.

The northernmost point of the peninsula is the Perekop Strait, to the south - at Cape Miklavts, in the west - at Cape Kara-Mran, in the east - at the cape, on the Kerch Peninsula.

Geography of Crimea

The Northern Channel is the largest on the peninsula.

Detailed map of the Crimea coast

In Yandex and Google, you can find detailed map cities of Crimea and cities where the most popular settlements on the peninsula will be defined as Yalta, Alushta, Alupka, Feodosia, Jalty, Sudak and others.

Sevastopol is a heroic city with many sights during World War II. The most famous natural and historical sights are the Crimean caves: marble, red and Emine-Bair-Khosar cave.

Map of cities and places

What is Crimea

climate and natural zones of Crimea

Answers:

Crimea, despite its relatively small territory, has a varied climate. The climate of Crimea is divided into three subzones: Steppe Crimea (most of Crimea, north, west and center of Crimea). Crimean mountains Southern coast of Crimea The climate of the northern part is temperate continental, on the southern coast - with features similar to subtropical.

Average temperature in January is from −1 ... −3 ° C in the north of the steppe zone to + 1 ... −1 ° C in the south of the steppe zone, on the southern coast of Crimea from + 2 ... + 4 ° C. The average July temperature of the South Coast and the eastern part of Crimea: Kerch and Feodosia + 23 ... + 25 ° C. Precipitation ranges from 300-400 mm per year in the north to 1000-2000 mm in the mountains. In summer (in the second half of July) in the steppe part of Crimea, the daytime air temperature reaches + 35 ... + 37 ° C in the shade, at night up to + 23 ... + 25 ° C.

The climate is predominantly dry, with seasonal dry winds prevailing. The Black Sea warms up to + 25 ° C in summer. The Sea of ​​Azov warms up to + 27 ... + 28 ° С. The steppe part of Crimea lies in the steppe zone of the temperate climate. This part of Crimea is distinguished by long dry and very hot summers and mild winters with little snow with frequent thaws and very changeable weather.

The Crimean Mountains are characterized by a mountainous type of climate with a pronounced zonation in altitude. Summers are also very hot and dry, while winters are humid and mild. The southern coast of Crimea is characterized by a sub-Mediterranean climate.

Snow cover is only temporary, it sets on average once every 7 years, frosts only when the Arctic anticyclone passes.