European travelers in Asia VIII-XV centuries. We go! Ideas for traveling in Asia, Africa and East Check out your knowledge

Municipal State Uniform Institution

MOLOROTE SCHOOD School

Testing on geography in grade 5 on the topic

"On what land we live."

(according to the textbook A.I. Alekseeva)

Testing on the topic "On which land we live."

What a scientist concluded about the shag-formation of the Earth:

A) Eratosthene

B) Ptolemy

C) vasco da gama

D) Aristotle

2. Under the leadership of whom in 1498. The expedition, bypassing the m. Good hopes, got to India and returned with the cargo of the spice, repeatedly occurring the costs:

A) Christopher Columbus

B) Fernand Magellan

C) Eratosthene

D) vasco da gama

3. What a famous merchant traveler amounted to a geographical description of India:

BUT) Athanasius Nikitin

B) Marco Polo

C) Christopher Columbus

D) James Cook

4. Specify the name of the traveler who opened in 1492. New World:

A) Abel Tasman

B) Fernand Magellan

C) Christopher Columbus

D) Vitus Bering

5. Who made the first world journey from the northwesters?

A) F. Magellan

B) H. Columbus

C) A. Nikitin

D) Abel Tasman

6. What kind of mainland was opened last?

A) Australia

B) Antarctica

C) South America

D) North America

7. Expedition under the leadership of whom Opened in 1920. Antarctica?

A) F. Magellan

B) V. Bering

C) F.F. Bellinshausen and M.P. Lazarev

D) Ivan Moskvina

8. Who crossed the Ural Mountains and laid the beginning of geographical discoveries in Siberia?

A) A. Nikitin

B.) Ermak Timofeevich

C) V. Bering

D) Vasily Poyarkov

9. Who was the first to reach the North Pole?

A) Ruled Amundsen

B) Robert Pear

C) Vasily Poyarkov

D) Erofey Khabarov

10. Who owns the opening of a single mainland Australia?

A) Abel Tasman

B) James Cook

C) Vitus Bering

D) seed diges

11. What approval is correct?

1. Ancient Greek scientists were known all the continents of our planet.

2. America was opened by the English navigator J. Cook in 15V.

3 . Antarctica was opened in 19V. Russian navigators F.F. Bellinshausen and M.P. Lazarev.

4. Near the Southern Pole, there is a huge inhabited mainland unknown South Earth.

5. Most peoples in antiquity represented the land flat.

6. Residents of ancient Greece could already navigate the sun and stars .

7. In the 4th century BC. The Great Scientist of the ancient world Eratosthen came to the conclusion about the shag-likeness of the Earth.

8. The detachments of the Great Northern Expedition were instructed to explore the entire northern coast of Russia from the mouth of Pechora to Kamchatka, as well as the internal areas of Siberia.

12. Answer questions under the drawing.

13. Guess the crossword:

Crossword "Great Travelers"

Start of form

End of form

1. A scientist who traveled by the countries of Asia is 24 years.

2. The Norwegian researcher who first reached the southern pole.

3. The name of the famous Italian student of America.

4. Russian researcher who opened the shed between Asia and America, who was subsequently named after him.

5. This man headed the first Russian round-the-world swimming.

6. One of the Russian navigators who opened Antarctica.

7. The name of the Portuguese navigator, who first, having rented Africa, sailed to India.

8. Ancient Greek scientist, which amounted to one of the first geographical maps.

9. English traveler who has opened Victoria Waterfall.

10. The Russian traveler is a researcher of Asia.

11. A merchant traveler who has committed the sea path to India.

12. Portuguese who has committed the first world journey.

13. One of the Norwegian navigators who first joined Antarctica.

14. The Russian navigator opened in 1820. Antarctica.

15. One of the two Russian navigators who opened the sixth continent in 1820.

08.02.2016 13:00

There are countries where our tourists began to ride more often than before. Thailand, Vietnam, India, Israel, UAE, Jordan, Sri Lanka, China - It was they who accepted most of those who did not refuse themselves in a winter holiday near the warm sea. But tips for anyone who only plans it.

In Thailand: Water water and look at the bulls

Despite the domestic political problems, Thailand managed to achieve a record growth of the tourist flow: in 2015, more than 29 million guests visited this country. By the way, a citizen of Russia became a 29 millionth tourist. As a prize, she received a ticket with open dates, a voucher for five nights in one of the luxurious Bangkok hotels and a mobile phone.

According to Thailand's tourism management, more than half of the Russian guests have already rested in this country and returned again. That is why the management hopes that tourists will want to watch different corners and will pay attention to the calendar of Thai holidays. Among the most colorful, for example, Thai New Year (Songkran). He is particularly vigorously celebrated in Chiang Mai (in 2016 it will be happening on April 12), when everything in the streets, everything is massively pouring each other with water to wash off sins. Curious and buffalo festival 60 km from Pattaya, the main event of which is the racing of local farmers on unused bulls (the dates of it - October 14-16).

In Japan: travel free of charge
And touch the miracle

If European airlines reduce flights to Russia, some Asian are increasing. Japan Airlines (JAL) announced such plans. Now the Japanese fly to Moscow three times a week, from March 26 they intend to perform four weekly flights, and from summer - and all five. Moreover, in order to stimulate Russians to travel in Japan, the airline will provide them with a wonderful bonus - a free flight from Tokyo and back to one of the 33 cities of the country. The main thing is to book internal flights at the same time as international. And that is not all! If you want to visit several regions, you will be offered an airfare ticket around the country. It can be visited in five cities, and each flight will cost about 80 euros. Full information on all special offers can be obtained in the Moscow office of JAL.

In Japan, travelers waiting for a lot of interesting this year. According to the tradition of the two most popular periods of our tourists - this is the Sakura season (April - May) and the Maple Season (September - October). At this time, many people's holidays are held, associated with religious rituals or historical events and landing rice or harvesting. For example, in May, Sandja Matsuri is held in Tokyo. He arose in the VII century, when the Buddhist Temple of Senseji was built here. With his appearance, a whole story is connected, full of miracles. Every year she comes to life during a holiday in the form of ideas.

In the first days of October, tourists attract a bright harvest festival in Kyoto. It is called Chitano Tenmangu, like one of the temples of the city, and famous for beautiful rituals. In early August, the lantern festival (Kato Masuri) is held in Akito. Several teams composed of local residents compete in the manufacture of paper lanterns of various shapes, and then launch them into the sky. In general, in Japan, in addition to folklore, there are another 15 official national holidays. And this is not only the founding day of the country (February 11) or the day of the Constitution (May 3), but also the Day of Greene (May 4), the Day of Culture (November 3) or the Day of the Sea (the third Monday of July). Since 2016, the day of the mountains will be celebrated since 2016, and you have every chance for the first time to celebrate it on August 11 together with the Japanese.

To China: swim in the hot source
and look into butterfly gorge

There are big plans for Russians and in China. In this country, it is primarily aimed at returning our tourists to Hainan Island, from where those last year almost disappeared in connection with the bankruptcy of Transaero airline and the abolition of direct flights. Recently, a Russian-Chinese investment project for 3 billion rubles was represented in Moscow. It will be implemented with the support of the Government of the PRC. Within the framework of this project, charter flights from Vnukovo Airport at the airport of Sanya in Hainan will begin on March 3. The tour operator "Rus-Tour", one of the initiators of the renewal of flights, announced that Turpaket on Hainan, including air tickets, will cost from 35,000 rubles.

Moreover, Hainan, on the conviction of the organizers of the tours, can be a full-fledged replacement of Turkish resorts. At least at prices they are quite comparable. In addition, in this region, no less than vintage attractions and nature reserves are not less than vintage attractions. These are hot springs, and the ethnic village of Lee and Miao, and the Taoist Park "Heavenly Grottoes", and Monkey Island, and Butterfly Gorge, and the Museum of the Rachin, and the Akuly Factory, and, of course, the largest Buddhism center in Southeast Asia Nanshan. According to the general director of the Chinese tour operator Sanya Holiday Wang High Tana, the project will help to take more than 20,000 tourists from Russia in Hainan this year. In all local hotels there are Russian-speaking employees, almost all excursions are held in Russian.

In Singapore: Tasty eat and say hello to the dragon

Russian tourists in 2015 became significantly less not only in Japan and Hainan, but also in Singapore. The republic has just plunged the 50th anniversary and is ready to actively develop tourism. It is rightfully ranked with the most modern, beautiful and prosperous Asian countries. The high standard of living also implies the corresponding price level. So on the turbulent streams of Russians, deprived of cheap Turkish and Egyptian resorts, this country does not pretend. But it can offer a lot of interesting things to those who make business trips. Stunning purity (for the abandoned cigarette cigarette fines of $ 500), the beauty of the lines of modern architecture, the ancient temples, full of not only greens, but also the masses of technical wonders of the parks, amazing museums are the fact that Singapore is famous.

One of the most colorful annual events here will occur on February 19-20. Chingy-parade once arose as a protest action against the ban imposed by the authorities on the Petard and Pyrotechnic, without which the local Chinese simply did not imagine New Year holidays. Then outrageous citizens gathered and passed through the streets of cities in the costumes of Lviv, dragons and other figures from Chinese mythology. The procession was so beautiful and bright that soon her holding turned into a tradition. Now more than 10,000 people participate in it, and the procession is organized on the territory of the Formula 1 stadium, so you can see it at the same time.

Not particularly constrained in the gourmets should come to Singapore at the end of March. From the 24th to the 27th, the famous SAVOUR gastronomic festival will be held here ("Taste"). The best chiefs of the country will hold tastings and master classes, where you can learn how to prepare the most sophisticated dishes by their recipes. And the 20 most solid restaurants are offered on the days of the festival special menu cost from 70 Singapore dollars.

In Maldives: Become happy and sunbathe

Maldives are also difficult to count on budget areas. However, the Ministry of Tourism of the Republic firmly intends to give a chance to visit the country not only to secured people, so launches the share of "365 days of vacation in Maldives for free." Challengers will have to fill out a detailed form, and then in detail and paints describe how they will praise their holidays in oral conversations with friends and social networks. But they don't even have to teach anything! Maldives - True Paradise on Earth, about which, by the way, FP.

The task of participants in the future contest: to find a lot of warm in advance, but what is there - hot words that are so touched by the soul of the staff of the Ministry of Tourism, that they will allocate one of the cherished tours to their author. In general, if you want to try happiness, follow the Maldives news.

In Africa: to wave a zebra
and look into the eyes of lion

Africa is also actively conquering the global tourist market. In Kenya, the development of tourism is supervised by President Uhuru Keniat. He recently announced the liberalization of tariffs for visiting national parks. These parks in the country are more than fifty, and many can boast a "big five", that is, there are leopards, elephants, lions, rhinos and buffaloes. Kenya is not yet ready as Canada, completely abandon the sale of entrance tickets and start tourists to their national parks, which is called, for beautiful eyes. However, it was decided not to charge VAT from park charges and prohibit the administrations of these places to take more than $ 60 from tourists for the entrance ticket.

For lovers of wildlife, the best time to visit Kenya is July and August. It is during these months that you can see a fantastic sight: Millions of ZEBR and the antelope of the GNU migrate from Serengeti in Masai Mara. Taking into account the massive interest in this spectacle, tourists from all over the world should be a ride in a few months.

To Israel: Swim in three seas
And listen to music

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A scientist who traveled by the countries of Asia is 24 years old.

The Norwegian researcher who first reached the southern pole.

The name of the famous Italian scientific and discoverer of America.

The Russian researcher who opened the shed between Asia and America, which was later named after him.

This man headed the first Russian round-the-world swimming.

One of the Russian navigators who opened Antarctica.

The name of the Portuguese navigator, who first, having encouraged Africa, sailed to India.

Ancient Greek scientist, which amounted to one of the first geographical maps.

English traveler who has opened Victoria Waterfall.

Russian traveler - Asian researcher.

The merchant traveler who made the sea route to India.

Portuguese who has committed the first world journey.

One of the Norwegian seafarers who first joined Antarctica.

Russian navigator opened in 1820. Antarctica.

One of the two Russian navigators who opened the sixth continent in 1820.

N.

achina from the first cross campaign of significant groups of Western European Christians entered into contact with the Muslim Christian Leadt (Middle East). There, the crusaders came across Christians belonging to various Eastern churches. Of course, in the eyes of the Crusaders, they were heretics, which in Western Europe chased and destroyed the masses. But here, in the Middle East, they seemed, and often and were indeed the Allies of Catholics against Muslims. Therefore, the same Roman dads who called on the organization of crusades against European heretics and blessed their massive murders, prescribed the leaders of the Crusaders in Syria and Palestine to spare the Turning Christians - followers of heretical faults.

Abyssinia, Empire "Tsar-Bop Ivan"

British Library, Maps C.23.e.12

The main distributors of Christianity in the countries of Central and East Asia and the informants of Western European countries about these countries were Nestorian, mainly Syrian traders who were in the VII century. Appeared already in Northern China. Nestorian groups in the Middle Ages lived in cities and oases of Central Asia, and by the XII century. The Christianity of the Nestorian sense also spread among at least two numerous Mongolian nomadic tribes: Nimanov in the West and Comeites in the East. The presence in Asia of the Christian communities began to be regarded by Catholic Europe as an important military-political factor when Muslim peoples - Seljuki Turks and Egyptians were transferred to the attack on Catholic states based on crusaders in the Eastern Mediterranean.

It was then, in the middle of the XII century, in Western Europe, there was a legend of the powerful Christian king-Pope Ivan ("Priest John" of medieval chronicles). The reason for the emergence of this legend served as the defeat karakoy Karakitai is part of the eastern Mongols-Kidani, who went to Turkestan in 1125 after the defeat of the Kiden State of Liao. In the 1141 troops of Turkasseljuka Sultan Sanjar north of Samarkand. After the victory over Sanjar, Karakitai created in Turkestan an extensive state of Karakidan. The news about this event was perceived in the Christian environment as a victory over the Muslims of some powerful Christian "Tsar Ivan". This confused news was embarrassed by an additional legend: the Central Asian Tsar winner in the first records before us recorded from 1145 was called the "king-priest John."

In the XIII century. The legend of the king-pope Ivan was widely spread in Catholic Europe. His power and influence was attributed to incredible exaggerations all that was done in Asian countries in favor of Christians or against Muslims. The fact is that, as a result of Mongolian gaining hikes, strong Muslim states were defeated in Central and Western Asia. And together with the news about this defeat, which was attributed to the "Top of Ivan himself, about whose great power says all the world" (Marco Polo), information was penetrated into Western Europe that among Mongolian khans there are Christians that the Khans are eagerly taken to the Christian service, And some cruelly pursue Muslims. Indeed, among the Mongols there were a lot of Christian Nestorians, they also had in the family of Genghis Khan himself, and more than influential. On the other hand, the Crusaders themselves saw in the "holy places" of the Palestine Ethiopians Christians and heard of them and their Asian conventions about the Christian East African country (Ethiopia). In Western Europe, it was also considered the country of the king-ass Ivan. The legend of the king-pope in the XIII-XIV centuries. He strongly influenced the organization of embassies and missions to the countries of Central and South Asia, and in the XV century. He played a prominent role in the history of Portuguese geographic discoveries.

P. Embassy Carpini and Rubcture

ri-Genghis Khan and his successors, Great Hanakh persecuted and MUNE.The early military-feudal Mongolian Empire reached the sizes unheard of in the history of mankind. As a result of a number of robberies, Mongolian know, who headed the squads of his military servants - Nucers, by the middle of the XIII century. won North China South China was conquered by Mongols later, in 1275-1280. Turkestan, Iranian Highlands, Mesopotamia, Transcaucasia and Eastern Europe. Mongolian trips were accompanied by a monstrous rupture of conquered countries and the destruction of their productive forces. A huge military extraction fell into the hands of the Mongolian feudal top. Chanov's rates surrounded by feudalities became extensive markets, where it was possible to sell jewels, fabrics, fur, various wickers and other luxury objects. Europeans learned about this and appreciated the benefits of trade with rich Mongols partly from the words of West Asian merchants, partly from the first ambassadors sent to Central Asia Roman dad and the French king.

Purchase in the eastern Mediterranean of victorious Muslim troops, Christian rulers of ephemeral feudal states, founded by the Crusaders in the Middle East, appealed for help from their Western European patrons - to dad and the Catholic kings. And those considered Mongols as their probable allies in the fight against Muslims. Therefore, in the 40s and 50s. XIII century From Western Europe, Mission was sent to Mongolian Khanam, and the ambassadors were entrusted, except for diplomatic and religious orders, also special intelligence tasks. Dad Innokenti IV. I used the most educated beggar monks for this purpose shortly before the organized orders of Dominican and Franciscan.

Sent by dad Franciscan Giovanni Del Plano Carpini and Benedict Polyak. (from Wroclaw) went to the capital of Mongols Karakorum The city of Hara-Khorin is founded by Genghis Khan in Upper Orhon Northern way They left Lyon (France) in 1245, crossed Central Europe, Russian lands, while the Mongols of Kipchak (Golden) Horde, the Caspian Steppe and Part of Central Asia already captured by the Mongols. In Karakorum, they hit in 1246, when from all areas of Asia conquered by the Mongols, at the rate of the newly elected Great Han GUUKA Delegations arrived from conquered sedentary peoples and nomadic tribes. About 4 thousand gathered messengers brought their lord to their lord to loyalty. The carpini plan and its satellites used this extremely favorable circumstance for collecting information about the Mongol Empire and the peoples inhabiting it. Papal ambassadors here first met the Chinese and the art of Chinese artisans. At the rate of Guyuk-Khan, the Carpini plan met a group of Russians, including the Grand Duke Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (who was soon poisoned), Father Alexander Nevsky. In the spring of 1247, Franciscans went back the same northern road and returned safely to Lyon. The Carpini plan presented the Pope "Historical Review" (in Russian translation of the History of Mongols) about the nras of the Mongols, their lives, religion and the state device. His review is complemented and clarified by the data recorded at the courtyard of Pope from the words of his companion Benedict Pole: "Order from the Supreme High Priest - writes in the introduction of Carpini's plan, - made with care, both and ... Brother Benedict, who was the participant of ours Disaster and Tolmick. "

Shortly after Carpini, in 1249, Karakorum visited the Ambassador of the French King Crusader Louis IX Saint Dominican monk Andre Lonjumo. The report on his journey was not preserved, and there are only rare mention of him in the stories of his contemporaries, in particular the heading. Lionemically drove to Karakorum through Syria, Iraq, Iran and the Custinian desert.

Important geographical information was collected by another (Franciscan) Mission to Karakorum - Flemish Guilloma (Villem) Rubruk. She was sent from Akkka (Northern Palestine) by Louis IX Saint after an unsuccessful hike in Egypt. The king hoped to find in great Han ally against Muslims. In winter, 1252 - 1253. Rubruk crossed the Black Sea and landed in the Crimean Port of Soldia (now Sudak). Hence, he moved to the east in May 1253g. And in two months on the will I got to the low-level Volga. Rubruk confirms that it flows into the closed Caspian Sea, and not to the Bay of the Northern Ocean, as almost all ancient geographers believed, except Herodota and Ptolemy: "Brother Andrei [Longleumo] personally endorsed two sides, it is southern and eastern, I'm others Two, it is the northernmost [and] ... western. " Rubruk indicates that the mountains rise in the West (Caucasus), in the south (elbs) and in the east of the Caspian Sea, probably implied under the eastern mountains a distinct breakdown - Western Chink Ustyurt, crossed Longleum. In mid-September, Franciscan moved again to the east. Further path from the Caspian Sea, he was riding.

From the register report, you can only determine its route in the most general traits. He drove into the east several north of the Aral Sea and Syrdarya. After a long journey through the endless steppe, where only occasionally, the rivers met woody vegetation, he reached the mountains (Karatau), and the passing of them, got into the valley of the river. Chu. Then the journey was going through the mountains (Zailean Alatau) to the valley of the river. Or, "current to the large lake" (Balkhash), and along the northern foot of the Dzhungarian Alatau to Lake Alakol. From there, the monk penetrated, probably through the Dzhungarian gate to the Valley of the Black Irtysh. Then the road passed through the semi-desert and the traveler there were only Mongols placed along a large path. At the end of December 1253, on the boundless plain, Rubruk saw Karakorum - the temporary rate of the MANKE, the Great Khan of Mongols. Here he met the artisans-Europeans, including Russians and even one Frenchman - Jeweler. The Mongolian capital, surrounded by an earthen shaft, did not impress him, with the exception of the court of the Great Khan. The monk was struck Other - the presence, except for pagan, probably Buddhist temples, two mosques and one Christian (Nestorian) church - the proof of the incomprehensible day of medieval Catholics of the Mongols of Mongols.

Munke Han handed the ambassador to the French king. He called himself in this letter of the Lord of the world and demanded an oath from the French to loyalty if they want to live with him in the world. Satellite rubruck, monk-Italian Bartolomeo (from creamons), remained at the local Christian church. Rubruk, in the summer of 1254, went back. This time he drove to the bottom Volga in the northern way, so Balkhash remained south of him. In the fall, he moved to the south along the western coast of the Caspian Sea through the Caspian Gate, crossed Armenian Highlands, passed the Eastern Tavr and, coming to the Mediterranean Sea, arrived in Lebanon in his monastery in mid-August 1255

Rubruk, the first in European literature indicated one of the main features of the relief of Central Asia - for the presence of Central Asian Highlands. This conclusion is made from observations on the direction of the flow of Asian roar, who met on the way: "In all the way I noted only one thing, which I told me in Constantinople ... Baldwin de Genowhich was there: ... He was all the way ... Raised and never descended. For all rivers flowed from the east to the West or straight, or not directly, that is, with the inclination to the south or north. " Rubruk described also, of course, in general terms, according to questionnaires, a number of countries in Central and East Asia. He pointed out that Katay (North China) joins the east to the ocean. He is the first of the Europeans quite correctly suggested that sulfur antique geography and Katetsy are the same people. He collected, the truth is scarce and sometimes incorrect, information about Manchuars, Koreans and about some peoples of North Asia.

In the history of Western Europe, with Asia, the Mission XIII century. They still played a very big role, especially in the study of the geography of the mainland. True, the records of the Franciscan ambassadors on the everydays of the countries visited by them, about religion and military organization of Mongols, etc. still are of great interest and are important historical documents. But the observation of these diplomats and spies in the regions was limited to their scholastic Catholic education.

Marco Polo and his "Book"

Z.

apoud European merchants, directed to Asia, usually received special diplomatic or spy tasks from their governments or from the Roman Church. But the merchants in the first place were the interests of buying and selling: what valuable goods can be bought with the greatest benefit for themselves in a particular Asian country, where and to whom it is possible to sell it more profitable. And with these trading interests, the issues of financial order (taxes and duties) and observations over the paths and means of communication were closely connected, and T. D. in one word, merchants first of all were interested in the "Trade Practice". So it was named in the XIV century. Famous Italian Directory - Travel Guide for Asia Countries, composed by Florentine Francesco Balduchci Pegolotti. And it is characteristic that this practical guide for a wandering merchant is also of the other name - "Book of Descriptions of the countries". Of these reference books, the Geography industry, which in the XIX century, developed later. In Western European countries, was called "Commercial Geography", or the Geography of Trade, or "Economic Geography", as it is still understood by many bourgeois scientists.

Medieval Arabic (more precisely, Arabic-speaking) geographers began to draw up such guides long before the XIII century. But the first Western European essays of this type should be attributed to the main content of the Book of the Venetian traveler to China Marco Polo, which in the earliest version dictated in 1298 in the Genoese prison, was called "a book about the diversity of the world." However, the "book" of Marco Polo is sharply different from the later dry compilations by the fact that it is mainly drawn up by personal observations, otherwise, for small exceptions, - according to his father's stories Nikco, uncle Muffeo (Senior Polo) and counterparts, and not by literary materials. This difference is also explained by the prison situation in which the book was created: it was recorded by another prisoner - Pisantic Rustico As a chain of living stories facing direct listeners. Hence the style of Marco Polo, characteristic of the book, and the detention of its content. The description of the journey, in the literal sense of the word, is only a short "prologue" and a few of the chapters "book". It is mainly filled with the characteristics of Asian countries, localities, cities, morals and life of their inhabitants, the court of the Great Khan Mongols and the Chinese emperor Khubila. In this geographical material representing the greatest interest, the historical chapters in several novel legends are inserted.

The older polo is more than once, as Marko himself, and three times crossed Asia, and two times - from the west to the east and one - in the opposite direction, during the first trip. Niccolo and Muffeo left Venice around 1254 and after a six-year stay in Constantinople left from there with trading goals in the South Crimea, then moved in 1261 to the Volga. From the Middle Volga, the Polo brothers moved to the southeast through the lands of the Golden Horde, crossed the Custinian steppes, and then through the Plateau Ustyurt passed to Khorezm, to the city of Urgench. The further path flew in the same, southeast direction up the Amudarya Valley to the low-level Zakafshan and up to the Bukhara. There was a meeting with the ambassador of Iran's conqueror, Ilhan Gulau, who went to the great Hanu Khubilaus, and the ambassador suggested that the Venetians join his caravan. With him, they walked "north and northeast" for a whole year. According to the valley of Zarafshan, they rose to Samarkand, switched to the Syrdarya Valley and went down to the city of Otr. From here their way lying along the foreigners of Western Tien Shan to r. Or. Further east, they went either up the valley or, or through the Dzhungarian gate, past Lake Alakol (east of Balkhash). Then they advanced by the foothills of East Tien Shan and reached the oasis of Hami, an important stage on the northern branch of the Great Silk Road from China to Central Asia. From Hami, they turned south, in the valley of r. SULEHE. And then east, to the courtyard of the Great Khan, they walked along the same way, which was later done with Marco. The opposite path is not found out. In Venice, they returned in 1269

In 1271, the merchants of Polo together with Marco, which was then 17 years old, went to Palestine, in Aki. In the fall of 1271, he crossed out from there in Ayas (at the Bay of St.Dander), then crossed the central part of Malaya Asia and Armenian Highlands, turned to the south, to Kurdistan, and the tiger went down to the bass. Then, the Venetians were most likely to go to the north to Tabriz, and then crossed Iran in the southeast direction through Kerman to Ormuza, counting the sea to get (through India) to China. But the courts in Ormueze seemed to them very unreliable - they returned to Kerman and did a hard way straight to the north through the Desert of the Cheap-Lut in Kayen. From there, they were in an unexplained path to the Balka. Moving to the East, along the southern previations of Hindukusch, the travelers joined the high-mountainous Afghan Badakhshan and reached the painted of the Pamire. In his "book", Marko Polo gives a brief, but remarkably accurate description of the Pamir and Alai Valley.

Turning to the northeast, the Venetians descended into the oasis of Kashgar, and then drove the tacla-makan desert from the south, moving along the North-Western Bouquet of Tibet, from the oasis to the oasis to the lower houses. Church. Through the sands of Kumtag from the well to the block, they passed into the valley of the river. SULEHE, and from there through the country of Tangutov (northeastern Tibetans) in Ganzhou (Zhanie). There, Venetians lived a whole year for an unexplained reason - "in the case, which should not be said about." It is possible that it was at this time Marko Polo visited G. Karakorum, the northernmost point where he visited. (Everything that Marco speaks of North Asia is not based on personal observations, but on questioning information.) From Ganzhou, the Venetians moved further to the southeast through the "Tangut Great Area, where many kingdoms", in the city of Sining. And the last plot of their path is from the city of Sining to the temporary rate of the Great Khan - Clemenf, which was located north of Hanbalyca (Beijing), - ran first along the valley of Middle Juanhe, and then through the steppe.

For more than 15 years, Marco and his father and Uncle lived in China (about 1272-1292). Being in the service of the Great Khan, he, apparently, several times and in different directions crossed East China. Traveling in China then did not imagine any difficulties, especially for Kubila's races, in which a wonderful communication service was organized - equestrian and walking (boost) mail. According to the "book", Marco Polo can be determined relatively exactly the two of its main route in China, both from Hanbalyca. One way is Eastern - led along the seaside band right south through the countries of Katay (North China) and Manzi (Central and South China) to the cities of Kinsai (Hangzhou) and Zeytun (Quanzhou). Another way led to the southwest, to Eastern Tibet and the border areas with him.

Flawed by Venetian under the distorted name Kinsai, Hangzhou, lying south of the mouth of the Great Chinese River, in the Middle Ages was one of China's largest cities. But an excessively exaggerated description of Kinsaya with his "12 thousand stone bridges", naturally caused the distrust of some contemporaries to the fond of Million (million) - the Venetians called this countryman, probably for his passion for exaggerations (valid and imaginary).

Having stayed for many years in the service of Kubilan, the Venetians returned to their homeland by the sea - around South Asia and through Iran: they were accompanied on the instructions of the Great Khan of the two Tsareven - Chinese and Mongolian, issued married Ilhan (Mongolian ruler of Iran) and his heir to the capital of Ilkhanov Tabriz. In 1292, the Chinese fleet moved from Zeytun to the southwest, through the Chinsk (South China) sea. Marco during this transition heard about Indonesia - about "7448 Islands" scattered in the Ginsk Sea, but he only visited Sumatra, where travelers were lying for five months. From Sumatra Fleotilla switched to about. Sri Lanka past the Nikobarian and Andaman OGO. Sri Lanka (as well as Java) Marko incorrectly accounts to the "best in the world" islands, but truthfully describes the life of Srilatsev, the deposits of precious stones and famous pearl fishing in the Polk Strait. From Sri Lanka, ships went along Western India and southern Iran, through Ormuz shed to the Persian Bay.

Marco also talks about African countries adjacent to the Indian Ocean, which he, apparently, did not attend; About the great country of abasi (Abyssiniya, i.e. Ethiopia), about the plaque of the equator and in the southern hemisphere O-Wah "Zangibar" and "Madeigascar". But he mixes Zanzibar with Madagascar, and both islands with the seaside region of East Africa and therefore gives them a lot of incorrect information about them. Still, Marco was the first European, who informed Madagascar. After a three-year sailing, the Venetians delivered printed in Iran (about 1264), and in 1295 came home. According to some reports, Marco participated in the war with Genoa and about 1297. During the sea battle, he was captured to the Genoesers. In the prison in 1298, he dictated a "book", and in 1299 he was released and returned to his homeland. Almost all information given by biographers about his subsequent life in Venice are based on stories, of which other are different to the XVI century. Documents of the XIV century. About Marco and his family to our time came very little. It is proved, however, that he lived his age as a wealthy, but far from a rich Venetian citizen. He died in 1344

Fragment "Il Millione" Paolo Novaresio, The Explorers, White Star, Italy, 2002

In the XIV-XV centuries. "Book" Marco Polo served as one of the guides for cartographers. Its geographical nomenclature is largely repeated on many maps, including such famous world maps, as Catalan 1375 and Circular Frame-Mauro 1459. But, of course, cartographers used other sources, often much less reliable than "Book "In general, truthful Venetian. A very large role of "book" Marco Polo played in the history of great discoveries. Not only are the organizers and leaders of the Portuguese and first Spanish expeditions of the XV-XVI centuries. We used the maps compiled under the strong influence of polo, but also his essay itself was a desk book for outstanding cosmographs and navigators, including for Columbus. The "book" Marco Polo belongs to the number of rare medieval essays - literary works and scientific papers, which are read and reread at present. She entered the Gold Foundation of World Literature, translated into many languages \u200b\u200bis published and reprinted in many countries of the world.

Western European missionaries and travelers of the XIV-XV centuries

N.

a bore of the XIII-XIV centuries. Several Catholic missions in South and East Asia, who gave a geographical material, in some part complementary "Book" Marco Polo. About 1289, Italian Monk Franciscan Giovanni Montecorvino He was sent dad to Tabriz. Two years later, he from Ormuza went by sea to the Koromandel Coast of the Industan and there, among local Christians (Fomists), arrived more than a year. In their letters-reports, Montekorvino gave a good description of South India, the life of its population, trade and navigation in the conditions of the monsoon climate. From there, he moved to China in 1293 and lived mainly in Northern China for about 35 years. However, his letters from China from a geographical point of view are less interesting than letters from India.

The motley mixture of truth and fiction is a description of the 12-year-old travel in Asia (1318-1330) of Franciscan Odorico from Pordenone. From Ormuza, he was reached by the sea near the Indian y. Thhana (in the area where Bombay grown later), visited both shores of South India and Sri Lanka. From there around 1324, he arrived at the north-west coast about. Sumatra (odoric writes "SMOLTRU", but refers this name only to the kingdom in the southern part of the island). Java, on which he then crossed, odorico characterizes as the most abundant and thriving edge. In those days it was ruled by one supreme state; In his vassal addiction there were seven kings. With Java odoriko, the first of Europeans came on about. Kalimantan and first noted that in the seas of Southeast Asia there are "good 24 thousand islands" - according to modern data about 20 thousand, and with reefs much more. He visited South Vietnam and South China, reached Hangzhou, and from there - Hanbalyca, where he lived for three years. On the way back, odorico crossed in the western direction all of Asia. From Hanbalyka and Pool of Middle Juanhe, he walked into a red pool r. Yangtze, penetrated to Tibet, described the capital of the country Lhasa, where, he said, lived for a long time (some historians legally doubted this). On this description, his travel is broken. It is only known that Odorico returned to his homeland in 1330 and died on January 14, 1331, without finishing his book. It is an indiscriminate story about the various countries and cities of Asia, about its peoples and miracles.

In Europe at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries. It became known that all Muslim states of Front Asia and Northern India are conquered by the Mongolian ruler of Central Asia Tamerlane (so distorted by Europeans name Timur-Leng., i.e. Timur-Chromets). He was considered the most powerful lord of the world; European sovereigns dreamed of attracting him as an ally to the fight against Muslims in Europe and North Africa. That is why it is especially interested in this Castilian king Enrique III sent at the beginning of the XV century. Two embassies to Timur in his capital Samarkand. At the head of one stood Rui Gonzalez KeychaWhich during a three-year travel (1403-1406) was led by a detailed diary, first published in 1582 called "History of the Great Tamerlan". Being a very important primary source for the study of the state of the Middle East and Central Asia at the beginning of the XV century., The "history" key also gives a new geographic material that replenishes the news of Marko Polo mainly in Central Asia and neighboring regions of Northern Iran. Its information on personal observations is usually true and accurate; Some abusive data are erroneous, in particular, the reports that Amudarya "flows into the sea Baku", that is, in the Caspian.

The Merchant of Venice Nikco Conti. From 1419 he lived in Damascus (Syria), he studied Arabic there. In 1424, he began his disaster with trading goals in Asia. From Damascus, Konti drove to Ormuz and moved to the North-West India, to the port of Cambay. Having visited several cities in the area, he walked south along the entire west coast of Industan, visited Sri Lanka, then passed the sea along the entire east coast of India to the mouth of Ganges. From Bengal, he went to the east to the east, passed the deserted mountains separating India from the North-West Indochina, went on a wide plain, reached the "very large river - giving" (Iravadi). Going around her to her mouth, Kombay returned to the Sea, from there headed on to the West, visited about. Socotra, in Aden, in one of the northern Ethiopian ports, in the Arabian Harbor Jeddah (Port Mecca) and through Egypt and Tripoli returned to Italy in 1444. Dad Evgeny IV. So interested in the worships of Conti, that he let him even such a heavy sin, as a renunciation of his faith, and ordered his secretary, a famous humanist Pozho Braccholini, Write in Latin of his stories ("Four books on the variability of fate").

1468 Shah Shirvana, the country in the West Bank of the Caspian Sea, sent ambassadors to the Moscow Great Prince Ivan III. Not earlier than April 1468, when the ambassadors went on the way back, in Tver (Kalinin) two vessels, equipped with Russian merchants, headed by Afanasy Nikitin. In July, Astrakhan attacked the Tatars to the caravan and plundered him. At the same time, the Russians lost their ships and almost all the property. A part of them in different ways got to the shirvan possessions and asked them to return them to their homeland, but the Shah refused, referring to the fact that they were too much. "And we, weekly, were separated by where," says Nikitin in his notes "Hoggling for the three seas", "who had that in Russia, he went to Russia, and who was going there, he went where to look ... "

Nikitin, as shown L. S. Semenov, not "was owned", that is, did not gain the goods in debt, but he lost all the property and therefore decided to terminate in other people's countries. From Baku, "where the fire is restless", in September 1468 Nikitin sailed to the Caspian, Iranian region Mazandran. There he stayed over eight months, and then, the passing of Mount Elbsch, moved south. Traveled Athanasius does not hurry, in a month sometimes lived in some point, engaged in trade. In one of the southern Iranian cities he heard how the roads in India are thoroughbred horses and how cheap valuable goods for Russia. He acquired a stallion, deciding to visit India, and headed for the Persian Bay, however, more than once turning from the direct path to Gurmaz (Ormuz). After more than a biennial stay in Iran on April 23, 1471 Nikitin sat on a vessel going to the Indian port of Chaul, at 18 ° 30 "s. Sh. But he failed to sell a horse to him, and he went through Western gates in June The depths of the country, for 200 versts from the sea, east, in a small town in the upper reaches of Sina (Krishna pool), and from there to the north-west, to Dzhunar, 74 ° C. D. He spent two months and in September, although The rain period did not end, led the stallion even further, for 400 miles, in Bidar, at 18 ° C. sh., the capital of the Ceremensky (Muslim) state of Bakhmani, who was then almost to all decan to the river. Krishna in the south, - "The city is big, crowded ". Then he visited three neighboring cities and returned to Bidar in November. He managed to sell the horse only in December 1471. Nikitin describes the lush departures of the local Sultan, his courtyard, surrounded by the walls with the seven gates. He sees around a terrible poverty, on which other European travelers did not pay attention: "... rural E people are very poor, and the boyars are rich and luxurious; They carry them on silver stretchers ... "Nikitin notes and distributes the Hindus and Muslims (" do not eat and drink with delements "), and the caste division of the Hindus (" Ver in India 84 "), and differences in the life and food of individual castes. In 1472, At Bidar Athanasius performed a route to the sacred city of Parvat, on the right bank of Krishna. Biddar left in April 1473, he lived in one of the cities of the "diamond" area of \u200b\u200bRichur and decided to return "on Russia".

Route A. Nikitin

Nikitin was disappointed with the results of the trip: "I was deceived by the dogs-bassurman: they spoke about many products, but it turned out that there is nothing for our land ... cheap pepper and paint. Some carry the goods by the sea, other duties do not pay for him. But they will not let us go without duties. And the duty is big, and there are a lot of robbers on the sea. " About three years spent Athanasius in India, he witnessed wars between the two largest powers of the subcontinent at that time, and his records clarify and complement the Indian chronicles characterizing events 1471-1474. In "Hozing ...", it also gives a brief, but mostly reliable information about some "refuges", where he himself did not get: about the capital of South Indian powerful state, Vijayanagar and its main port of the collective (leather), about Sri Lanka as about country rich in precious stones, incenses and elephants; About the "considerable pier" of Western Indochina Peg (mouth of Iruvadi), where Indian dervishi lives - Buddhist monks selling precious stones, and about porcelain products "China and Massac" (China).

Extermining in India, Nikitin at the end of 1473 went to the return route described by him very briefly. He sat down on the ship in Dubhol (Dabul) in January 1474, paying two gold for travel to Ormuza. "And I sailed ... By the sea, I didn't see anything, only for another month I saw the Efiopian Mountains ... and in that Efi-Earth was five days. God's grace did not have evil, we made a lot of rice, peppers, breads, and they did not whip. Under the "Ethiopic Mountains" means the Northern High Coast of P-oval. The vessel has reached a mascat, passing about 2,000 km against wind and flow and spending much more time on this path than noted in the text "Ham ..."

After almost three-month swimming, Athanasius landed in Ormueze, where he stayed 20 days. Then he moved to the north-west through the mountains of Iran and, trading spices, passed to Tabriza, visited the mainstream of nomadic "Whobaramon" Turkmen, and then crossed the Armenian Highlands and reached the Black Sea from Trapezund to the beginning of October 1474 for the golden his They took to transport to the Genoese Cafu (Feodosius), but "because of a strong and evil wind", the ship reached it only on November 5. Then Nikitin did not lead records. Here he spent the winter 1474-1475. And probably led to his observations. In the spring of 1475, along with several merchants, Athanasius moved to the north most likely in the Dnieper. From a brief entry into its "Hozing ..." included in the Lviv Chronicle under 1475, it can be seen that he, "Smolensk who did not reach, died [in late 1474 - early 1475], and wrote his own hand to his hand And his handwritten notebooks brought guests [merchants] to Moscow ... "

"Ham ..." in the XVI-XVII centuries. Repeatedly corresponded: at least six lists came to us. But until the XVII century. We are unknown in Russia any new attempts to start direct trading with India. Yes, and are unlikely that those Russians who read the "Hozing ...", could encourage the words of truthful Nikitin to travel to India, which there is no product there "to Russian land." His journey from an economic point of view turned out to be a disadvantageous enterprise. But Nikitin was the first European, given quite truthful, huge value of the description of medieval India, which he outlined simply, realistic, business, without embellishment. His feat, he convincingly proves that in the second half of the XV century, 30 years old to the Portuguese "discovery" of India, a trip to this country from Europe could even make risks even lonely and poor, but energetic person, despite a number exclusively unfavorable conditions. Indeed, Nikitin did not have support from the secular sovereign, as the Portuguese Covilian, who traveled shortly after him. There was no powerful church power behind him, as for his predecessors Monkhahorvino monks and Odoriko from Pordenone. He did not bother his faith as Venetian conference. The only Orthodox Christian among Muslims and Hindus, Nikitin did not meet everywhere help and hospitality, as the Arab merchants and travelers among their units.

Athanasius Nikitin was completely lonely, very wounded in his homeland and sought to return home. "And God will save the Russian land ... There is no country like it, although there is a prince of Russian Earth in this world, although the Russian land is unfair. Yes, there will be Russian land well-maintained, because there is little justice in it. "

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One of the first geographical maps was an ancient Greek scholar of Hektei (VI-V centuries. BC). How she was not like modern cards! Europe, Asia and Africa (she called Libya then) looked at it completely differently, and there were no other continents and parts of the world. In those distant times, people did not know much about the appearance of the Earth.

Humanity took the century to find out what our planet looks like. These centuries were marked by a series of wonderful geographical discoveries. We will tell about those of them, thanks to which new continents and parts of the world appeared on the map.

Discovery of America

This part of the light was open, you can say mistakenly. In the XV century Many European travelers traveled to themselves the distant Asian countries, primarily India and China, famous for indiscreputed wealth. But the path to Asia was very long - it was necessary to sail around Africa. Italian from Genoa Christopher Columbus decided to find a shorter path (1451 - 1506). He was confident that the Earth had a spherical shape and therefore to Asia could be reached if they were saved from Europe to the West. August 3, 1492 Columbus with his team (about 100 people) sailed on three ships from Spain. And on October 12, 1492, the sailor of one of the ships saw the Earth. Soon, Columbus landed ashore. He believed that he got to India, and therefore named the local residents of the locals here. The detected land turned out to be a small island.

Columbus continued the journey and opened several more islands, including Cuba. In the spring of 1493, he returned to Spain, and in the following years he made three more journeys in the same places. However, until the end of his days, the great navigator never found out that Asia did not reach, and opened a new part of the world - America. Day of the opening of America is considered to be October 12, 1492

Opening of Australia

For many centuries, it was believed that far in the south there is a huge mainland, populated by people and rich in gold, diamonds and pearls. And although this mainland no one has ever seen, he was applied to the cards and called unknown southern land. Many navigators were engaged in the search for the legendary mainland. And when in the XVI century. I managed to open a new Guinea, geographers considered this huge island by the protrusion of the unknown South Earth. It is clearly seen on the modern map that from New Guinea to hand to Australia. The first before that, the continent was reached by the Dutch navigator Willem Janzzon in 1606, he not only planted on the mainland, but also examined his coast for 350 km. At the same time, Janszon thought that he only visited New Guinea. Like Columbus, he did not know before the end of his life that he became the discoverer of the new continent. After January, other Dutch navigators opened large sections of the Northern, Western and South Coast of Australia.

It is curious that at the same time, one of the Dutch captains first discovered and described Kangaroo - an amazing animal with a tiny young in a bag. Open lands were named after New Holland and were considered part of the unknown southern land. And only after in the XVIII century. The great English traveler James Cook discovered and carefully examined the eastern coast of Australia, it became clear that it was an independent mainland. He was called Australia that, as you remember, means "South".

Opening Antarctica

In 1820, Russian Seafarers Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev on the East and Mirny sailing ships opened the sixth continent - Antarctica. Their heroic swimming lasted 751 days. During this time, they approached 9 times close to the shores of Antarctica, however, the ice did not allow them to land on the mainland.

Only in 1894, people first stepped by Antarctica. These were Norwegians Captain L. Kristensen and the sailor K. Borchgrevinka, who managed to get through the ice to the shore in the boat.

Ten great travelers

Robert Pear (1856-1920)
USA. Polar researcher. In 1909, the first reached the North Pole.

Marco Polo (1254-1324)
Venice. For 24 years traveled by Asia countries. From his book, Europeans learned about the amazing nature and unprecedented wealth of these countries.

Fernan Magellan (about 1480-1521)
Portugal. At the head of the Spanish Maritime Expedition made the first world journey. This journey proved the shag-likeness of our planet and the unity of the World Ocean.

Vasco da Gama (about 1469-1524)
Portugal. The first paved the sea route to India, spending his ships around Africa.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888)
Russia. Investigated the hard-to-reach areas of Asia. Arranged more than 20 mountain ranges on the map, a number of lakes and rivers.

David Livingston (1813-1873)
England. He studied hard-to-reach areas of Africa, opened one of the largest waterfalls - Victoria.

Athanasius Nikitin
Russia. A merchant from Tver. In the XV century Making a trip to India, overcoming on the way there and back Caspian, Arabian and Black Sea. Its impressions outlined in the book "Going for the Three Sea".

Ruled Amundsen (1872-1928)
Norway. Polar researcher. In 1911, the first reached the southern pole.

Vitus Bering (1680-1741)
Russia. He explored the northern and eastern banks of our country. He opened the strait between Asia and America (Bering Strait).

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846)
Russia. He headed the first Russian round-the-world swimming (1803-1806).

Check your knowledge

1. What parts of the world and continent were known ancient Greek scientist?
2. How was America discovered?
3. How was Australia?
4. How was Antarctica open?

Think!

Track the routes of four expeditions X. Columbus. During which of these expeditions, he only visited the islands, and during which - on the continent of America?

Ancient Greek scientists were known Europe, Asia, Africa (she was called Libya), although their outlines on the cards of that time are still very far from authentic. America was opened in 1492. X. Columbus, who tried to find a short way to Asia. The Dutch navigator V. YANSZON was the discoverer of Australia, who settled on this mainland in 1606. Antarctica was opened in 1820. Russian navigators F. F. Bellinshausen and M. P. Lazarev.