Map of Bavaria in Russian with attractions. Bavarian ticket - Unlimited travel in Bavaria and not only

What is a Bavarian ticket, how much is it in 2017, where does it act and where to buy it?

Bavaria is not only one of the most economically developed and rich in attractions, but also the largest in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Federal Earth of Germany. To give travelers the opportunity to argue the immense, Deutsche Bahn offers passengers by the Bavarian ticket with the right to unlimited use by Bavarian transport within a certain time.

Starting at the Northern Turns of the Alps, this region extended already to the offense of Frankfurt am Main. Yes, and from the point of view of tourist attractiveness, this land is superior to many European countries. Munich, Nuremberg, Alps, Danube, Thousands of mountain lakes, Romantic road, Regensburg, Würzburg, Noyeschvynein Castle - All this is Bavaria! And the Bavarian ticket is an excellent opportunity to save and at the same time traveling with comfort for those who want to see all at the maximum!

Transport in Germany is not only very convenient, but also very affordable. It is no secret that in every federal land Deutsche Bahn makes it possible to take advantage of a special offer - a land ticket for which you can travel throughout the region for a whole day without restrictions.

Not exception and Bavaria - Bayern-Ticket.. It includes unlimited travel on local trains and any kind of public transport for a group of people from 1 to 5 people.

That is, by such a ticket you can ride on any train between cities and on any downtown bus, tram and subway, including public transport Munich.

On weekdays, the ticket is valid from 9 am to 3 hours of the next day, on weekends and holidays all day from 00:00, and expires the validity period as well at 03:00 the next day.

There is also a night Bavarian ticket ( Bayern Ticket Nacht.), acting from 18:00 to 06:00 or 07:00, depending on the day of the week.

There is also "extended version Bavarian ticket - the so-called Bayern-Böhmen Ticket (Bavarian-Bohemian ticket). It makes it possible to go to some cities of the Czech Republic, including stunning Czech Krumlov. Also, it is also possible to go to the famous balneological resort of Karlovy Vary and even to the Czech Switzerland National Park in the picturesque elba valley.

There is a ticket from 9 am to midnight on all types of transport as the usual, as well as in trains of several categories of Czech Railways (ČD), with the exception of high-speed.

How much is the Bavarian ticket in 2017

Note that traveling to such a ticket alone is not so profitable - it's all about the formula for calculating its value:

• in the second grade: for the first passenger 25 € and for each subsequent 6 € (for example, a ticket for three will cost 37 euros);
• in the first class: for the first passenger, 37.5 € and for each subsequent by 18.5 € (for example, a ticket to four will cost 93 €).

As for the night ticket, for the first passenger, the price of a ticket 23 € in the first grade and 34.5 € in the second class, and the second and subsequent passengers will cost 3 € (and 14.5 € in the first grade). Transport in many cities and between them goes almost around the clock, especially on weekends, which, you see, very convenient.

Cost of Bavarian-Bohemian ticket in 2017 The year is slightly higher than that of the standard one - 26 € per first passenger and 5.6 € for each subsequent.

As for children, the kids under 5 can travel completely free throughout Germany. When buying a land ticket, one of the passengers (whose name is indicated first in the ticket or on whose name was a ticket) has the right to carry all of his children and grandchildren aged 6 to 14 years at no extra charge.

If children of different parents go with you, then when checking it is better to say that they are all yours to avoid unnecessary issues. Interestingly, dogs that are required by their dimensional tickets can also be included in the number of passengers on the Bavarian ticket.

The territory of the Bavarian ticket

Bavarian ticket (day and night)

In Germany

Bayern Ticket Allows you to visit the vast majority of Must See objects on the territory of this German land. Using the Bavarian ticket in, you can travel all the famous beer and palaces in the vicinity of the city, and in Nuremberg see your eyes medieval Burg And the remains of the buildings of the Nazi period.

Very convenient to reach the train from Munich to the main pearls of the romantic road - that you will never forget! And, of course, it is impossible not to go to the old town Regensburgincluded in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

It is here that you can fully enjoy the variety of wonderful natural landscapes. Choose any southern directions to be in Bavarian Alps. BUT If this seems a little, then admire the Austrian directly from the territory of Tyrol.

City Lindau On the famous Lake Bodense Attracts with his serene and comfort. Directly on the water stroit, the borders of the three countries are converging: Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

This Mecca winter sports is Garmisch-Partenkirchen, but Algau. It is famous not only with beautiful green meadows and cows with a bell, but also as the birthplace of biathletes Magdalena Neuner.

At the box office, the ticket will cost 2 € more expensive than online or automata.

If you want to buy a Bavarian ticket online, you must first select the Type of ticket - day or night. Next, choose the number of passengers, Day of Validity - Day to which this ticket will act. You can immediately buy several tickets for different dates on the button. ADDITIONAL TICKET..

Here we are asked to choose one of the three - go to the site under your username and password (if you are already registered), register or continue without registration. If you rarely go to Germany, choose the friction option.

If you are not registered in the system, then you can buy a ticket only for yourself and your company. If you want to buy a ticket for people with whom you will not go, you need to register.

We enter all the data, confirm the payment and receive a ticket to the mail - the purchase is completed.

Do I need to write the names of other passengers on the Bavarian ticket?

If you buy a ticket online, then you will receive a ticket for something like this. The names of the fellow travelers do not need to fit, but the controller may ask for it with it so that you do not give a ticket to someone else. In case, it is better to have a passport in order to verify the data

If you are buying a ticket at the box office, then two options are possible: in the ticket there will be lines for the names of travelers, or will be only. It all depends on the place of purchase.

If the rows for other passengers did not turn out, do not worry - this is not an error! The controllers are familiar with all types of tickets and themselves will ask you to enter names if they need it.

You do not need to compost the ticket in advance, the controller does it in the check of tickets.

To avoid troubles, it is better to learn in advance from the driver or employees at the entrance to any type of transport, whether the passage of the Bavarian ticket is possible. Or at least just show a ticket - where it works, you will immediately confirm.

It is especially important to test this when using rope roads and all types of water transport. Although some long-distance buses can have separate tickets. In general, a single ticket will allow you to use the subway, trams, buses and electric tram throughout Bavaria!

If you are going to Bavaria, you definitely need to know about the Bavarian ticket (Bayern Ticket). In Bavaria, a network of public transport is perfectly organized. Trains of the German railway make stops in almost every location. Well, in those places where the Deutsche Bahn is still not, or her trains do not stop, flight buses go.

If you are going to Bavaria, you definitely need to know about the Bavarian ticket (Bayern Ticket). In different sources, when preparing for a trip, you can meet its different names: "Bayern Ticket" or in Russian - Bairen Ticket.

In Munich, many remarkable places, interesting tourist objects. To inspect all the parks, castles and museums of Bavaria, you probably do not have enough whole vacation. Ride in Bavarian land inexpensively and easy. In Bavaria, a network of public transport is perfectly organized, and he walks with stunning accuracy and punctuality (delays of flights only with true "force majeure").

Doitcheban trains (German railway) make stops in almost every location. Well, in those places where the Deutsche Bahn is still not, or her trains do not stop, flight buses go. It is not necessary to take a car in Bavaria to take a car - just buy a Bavarian ticket!

Purchase such tickets via the Internet. To do this, open the ticket booking instructions on Deutsche Bahn. There you will see where you look for Bayern Ticket.

Types of Bavarian tickets

After 10.06.2012 there is only one type of the Bavarian ticket. It is called Bayern Ticket. Are you going to travel one? Then you need a Bairen Ticket for one person. At prices 2018, such a ticket costs 25 €, surcharge for each subsequent passenger - € 6. The maximum number of passengers one ticket is 5 people. If more people goes - just combine such tickets for a different number of passengers, distributing several people for each.

In each ticket, in a special line, you need to enter the name of one member of the group (Latin, printed letters). This is a mandatory German Railway rule. When you enter a name, consider this time if your group will have to sit down on the train or go out simultaneously - to enter the ticket follows the person who needs to sit in transport before others or go further.

Time of action of the ticket

Another important point is the time of the ticket actions. Bavarian ticket "Works" is not around the clock. It operates from 09.00 - until 03.00 next day - this is on weekdays. On official holidays in Germany and weekends, its operation begins from 00:00 hours. An exception is the day of August 8. On the territory of Germany, this day is not a weekend - this is a national holiday (day of the world) only in the territory of Bavaria. When he does not fall out on a day off, the action of the Bavarian ticket begins at 9 am. Remember this!

Action Bayern Ticket Nacht

If you are planning movement only in the evenings (after 18.00) - you will be profitable to buy tickets for another type - Bayern-Ticket Nacht - tickets for "Midnobnikov". Such Bayern Ticket for one person costs 23 €, surcharge for each subsequent passenger - € 3. The maximum number of passengers one ticket is 5 people. Bayern-Ticket Nacht is valid from 18:00 to 06.00 next day. And on holidays and weekends (remember about August 8!) - Until 07:00.

Why acquire such tickets? It is beneficial with a temporary crossing from one city to another in the evening (for example, from Munich to Nuremberg for several days). Then a ticket for two to Nuremberg will be beneficial - it will cost only 26 €.

Trips with children.

For children up to 5 years, travel on the German railway is free. One Bavarian ticket for one person gives the right to carry a unlimited number of children or grandchildren 5 - 15 years (but only relatives). In this case, it is allowed to take with you another adult, with a surcharge of 5 €.

When you travel along with children or grandchildren, you can use Bayern Ticket, decorated not more than two adults!

The string intended for the name must contain only the name of a person who is native to children. If there are other adults in the group - they must acquire individual tickets. If another traveler your group also has children - he will also have to buy a separate ticket. The Deutsche Bahn rule says - to carry children has the right that passenger, whose name is indicated in the ticket (and only their children / grandchildren). Two families with children - at least two tickets, and each will be written the name of the parent (or grandparents).

You can generally abandon the free transport of children, and pay for their fare as the passage of ordinary passengers. Sometimes it turns out even more profitable.

Future travelers in Bavaria ask many questions on the merits of the Bavarian ticket. We will try to disassemble various road situations.

What transport is the effect of Bayern Ticket?

Bavarian ticket can act:

• at all regional trains (in grade 2). These compositions are marked with Re or RB (Express Region or Ban);
• on electric trains S-Bahn: at the subway U-Bahn;
• on the city tram; On buses running through the territory of Bavaria and some adjacent areas.

What transport does the Bayern Ticket action do not apply?

• The ticket does not act on night and high-speed trains, marked: IC, EC, ICE, D;
• bayern Ticket action usually does not apply to special purpose exprinsis buses; For example, on the express "Memmingen - Munich Airport". It does not work on some other routes. (However, the bus that runs from Memmingen Airport to the station is distributed, the action of the Bavarian ticket is distributed, and with this method of movement, you will save 2,5 € tickets per passenger);
• the ticket is not valid on sightseeing and tourist routes; on some routes of buses that are not included in transport associations; on tourist trams; suspended cableways;
• any types of transport that are not municipal are paid separately.

What areas covers the action of Bayern Ticket?

• All Bavaria, Her City and Village; all points where Bavarian municipal transport goes;
• border with Bavaria of Germany and Austria. (In the case of a trip to the territory of Austria, you should choose the German local train, but not an Austrian, because it does not apply to the action of the Bavarian ticket).

More details with the Bavarian ticket area can be found on the Doyutcheban website, in the Bayern Ticket section (in German). There you can see that on the ticket you will get to Ulma (in the land of Baden-Württemberg), as well as to Sonnenberg (in Thuringia) and to the Austrian Salzburg. Austrian trains are indicated by EC, and German - RB.

Where can I buy Bayern Ticket?

There are several tickets for the sale of tickets, and they differ in them. The simplest thing is to buy such a ticket at the station station. However, the purchase at the checkout will cost more than 2 € for each ticket. If you buy a ticket to the station machine - there will be no such overpayment. Bavarian ticket for sale in Deutsche Bahn machines; You can find them at train stations, at airports (on the territory of Austria Tickets are sold in Salzburg at the station).

Machine is easy - there are buttons on which the type of passage is indicated. To acquire "partnerships" tickets there is a corresponding button. After pressing you by the desired button, the machine will ask the date to which you purchase a ticket, after which it will ask for the necessary amount; Let's give a ticket and passing.

You can purchase tickets in advance via the Deutsche Bahn website. To do this, you will have to clearly decide on the trip, with the number and composition of the travelers of the group. Plan all the details of the trip in advance!

You can buy a ticket on the Internet on the Russian, and in the German territory, without leaving the hotel where you will live. Print your ticket - and its action will begin right behind the hotel's threshold.

How to acquire bayern ticket on the Internet?

This is an easy operation, it is carried out in a few clicks on the daitcheban website.

How else to travel on Bayern Ticket with children?

These rules are complicated even for Germans and constantly cause many misunderstandings and questions from passengers. Forums of the German Railway are literally donated with such questions and reviews. Inturists in this case understand even more difficult.

We will analyze the basic rules for the carriage of children in Bavaria using Bayern Ticket:

1. Children under 5 years (inclusive!) Throughout Germany, drive free. Always, without options.
2. Rights of parents, grandparents and grandmothers for the transport of children or grandchildren are completely the same. In order not to make explanations, we will simply use the "parents" designation. A priori all the rules of travel will also relate to the older generation.
3. Any parent (grandmother or grandfather) can carry in the Bavarian ticket any number of children, grandchildren 6 - 14 (inclusive) years. Important condition: it must be "their children" - i.e. Native children or grandchildren in the legal sense (on adopted children are subject to the same provisions). No other degrees of kinship (brothers, cousins, nephews and others) under the action of the Bavarian ticket do not fall. The conductor or the conductor has the right to demand a document confirming the relationship (for Russians enough passport with inscribed children).
4. Children can take a passenger for free, whose name is recorded in the ticket, and only he. That is, children should be relatives to this person.
5. When one adult is lucky through the Bavarian ticket of children - he can enter into him another adult passenger. That is, children are taken for free on a ticket at a price of 25 € with one adult, or on a ticket worth 31 € - with two adults. Tickets for three, four and five passengers of the right to preferential procurement of children do not give, even if the name of the parent will be inscribed in the travel document.

These rules seem simple, but in practice on trips often occurs confusion. Therefore, it is better to consider concrete examples of situations:

• Mom rides with two children, which is 9 and 14 years old. She needs to purchase Bayern Ticket on one passenger, writing his name there. A ticket will cost a mother in 25 euros, her children will go for free.
• Mother goes, with her children 9 and 14 years old, and uncle - Mother's brother. They will need a Bavarian ticket for two passengers. The ticket should enter the name of the mother, and then the children will go for free. If you enter the name of the name of the uncle - the children will lose their rights to free travel. Only a person whose name is indicated in the ticket can be transported for free! It means that only the name of the parent is always indicated in the ticket, and he gets the right to carry his children for free.
• Mother, her children are 9 and 14 years old; Her girlfriend, and with her a child of 4 years old. They need a ticket for two passengers. Their ticket will cost 31 €. Children under 5 years old are always for free - when choosing a type of tickets, they can not be taken into account.
• Same situation: Mom has 9 and 14 children; Her friend is also a child, but 14 years old. Only one mom will be able to carry children for two Bavarian ticket for two people. How to actually do girlfriends - take each ticket for one passenger? In the one given case, the total cost of their Bavarian tickets will be 50 €. Another way out for these passengers is to consider yourself an ordinary group of passengers from five people. In this case, their shared ticket for five will cost 49 €.
• Travel aunt and three her nephews. Children 4, 9 and 14 years old. A ticket must be purchased on three passengers - the child is 4 years old rides for free. The rights to free procurement of nephews on the Bavarian ticket Aunt has no. Ticket price - 37 €.
  There are other situations. All examples lead here is simply impossible. On the website of German railways, you can ask your questions. Use the above rules, consider the group composition and argue logically when you buy tickets.

Whose name to fit in Bayern Ticket?

An independent traveler has to be carefully dealt with foreign rules and adapt to them in a timely manner. It would seem to buy a ticket - it's very simple! However, their nuances exist here. A ticket for trips on a certain federal land of Germany (in our case, the Bavarian ticket) will not be valid until the passenger name entered it. Be sure to enter the Latin Passenger name to the ticket! The name is always written only one thing - even if the travelers are five.

If the name is not written - you will have to do this in the presence of a conductor or controller (you will be given a handle and require this name to enter). In case German you know good - it will be a normal, typical situation. Anything else, if you practically do not know the language. The situation may become very difficult and even conflict. Therefore, it is still better to prepare and write a name in the ticket in advance. But do you travel a group - whose name should be there?

There also have several rules. Controllers and conductors often require a certificate of personality of the person specified in the ticket. They can thus check the belonging to the Bayern Ticket exactly to your group. Show the certificate will have to someone who listed their name in the ticket.

According to the laws of Germany, each person (and tourists are no exception) are obliged to have an identity card. However, often tourists prefer to keep their passports in the hotel, so that it is accidentally not losing them and not to nourish trouble in a foreign country. This approach has its own reason - but some certificate in this case should still be at the passenger. The transfer of the passport can be the right of international sample (the name in rights should be written by the Latin). For the conductor / controller, this certificate will be enough. When you choose from the members of your group that whose name will be inscribed in the ticket, check - if this person has such an identity card. Avoid conflict situations with controllers!

If there is a person with children in the group (5-15 years old) - be sure to enter the name of the parent. There are a lot of subtleties in the prosecution of children - so thinking in advance all specific situations in order not to buy in the end of the "wrong" tickets.

That's what I love to travel in Europe, so that there is a well-developed transport, and can be alone, without knowing the language, calmly move around the ground, examining the sights. As a rule, you buy in an automatic one ticket for all types of transport, and this ticket is valid for a certain time. Bavarian ticket is no exception.

Ticket is valid for everyone local Vehicles in Bavaria (Germany is divided into land, Bavaria with the capital in Munich is one of the lands):

• metro
• trams
• buses
• electricians
• and local trains whose rooms are listed in the ticket, but about it below.

We sat in Munich on the train, drove to some city, they sat down on the bus, tram, back again on the train. At the same time a ticket is bought once and acts all day!

Yes, you did not hear. This miracle ticket is acting all day. So,

Bavarian ticket time

• on weekdays: from 9-00 to 03-00 nights of the next day (that is, in fact, after breakfast, the hotel can be sent anywhere for a whole day, paying only once);
• on weekends and official holidays of Bavaria: from 0-00 hours before 03-00 next day (also for a whole day, even longer: you can travel from the morning).

There is also a night Bavarian ticket (Bayern Ticket Nacht), which operates from 18-00 and ends at 06-00 next day.

We used only daytime Bavarian tickets ,. We were enough for us.

This is what the ticket looks like. But we also came across this format, small:

The cost of the Bavarian ticket in 2019. How much is the pleasure cost and is there an economic meaning?

The most pleasant for us, simple travelers, exploring German lands on their own two, was the price of the Bavarian ticket: the cost of a ticket for one person is 25 Euro, surcharge for each subsequent passenger - 7 Euro. Maximum number of passengers one ticket - 5 people.

Table of the cost of the Bavarian ticket 2019

The table indicates the number of people (1 column), further - 2 class, 1 class of the car, hereinafter - the Night Bavarian ticket 2 and 1 wagon classes.

We traveled for a long time and together, that is, our ticket costs only 27 euros for two, which, you see, for a whole day, including long-distance and even international moving (and we went to Salzburg) Sale. And if we were five, we would pay 23 euros + 4 people * 4 euros \u003d 39 euros, which is about 8 euros per person.

Bavarian ticket for children

Children under 5 years old are free of charge in any transport of Germany, and in the Bavarian ticket, that person whose name is indicated on the ticket, can spend all his children for free from 6 to 14 years.

A child under 14 can drive for free only if no more than 2 adults are written in the ticket !!! Take a ticket for 3-4 adults and to carry on it for free more child can not. In this case, the child needs to enter a ticket as an adult and pay for it. The price of November 2018 is 27 euros, 4 euros are added for each subsequent passenger. Children all must be native brothers and sisters. The ticket can go two adult girlfriends and, for example, two children only if these children are children of one of these women. If these are two women, each with their child, it is impossible. For children need to pay extra, as adults. Fines are big, better not to risk. We took two tickets, each of which was written 2 adults and 1 child drove for free. Checked tickets 2 times, the controller said that they did everything right. No documents confirming the kinship of mom and child did not require.

Comment from user Irina (see below from 09.11.2018).

Rules Using the Bavarian ticket in 2019. What do you need to know the tourist?

• Before using the ticket, be sure to enter the name of the traveling (them) in a special field. With you, have documents to check if you can verify the name.

We entered both names, truth, slightly lower than you need - above there is another line.

• If you paid a plastic card ticket, be sure to have it with you - the checking may ask for it.
• Keep a ticket during the whole trip.
• You do not need to compote the ticket.

Where can I go through the Bavarian ticket?

Wherever within Bavaria, as well as in some cities of Austria (Salzburg, Ulm, Kufstein). We, for example, have come:

• in Regensburg from Munich

Bavarian-Bohemian ticket

There is an "extended" version of the Bavarian ticket for visiting Czech Bohemia - Bayern-B? Hmen-Ticket (Karlovy Vary, Czech Krumlov and a number of other cities). Bavarian-Bohemian ticket is a bit more expensive, to Prague, however, it is impossible to take it.

So, what kind of transport is the Bavarian ticket spread?

• city transport (buses, trams, except for express and excursion buses).
• the metro (U-Bahn is denoted by the letter U).
• electrics (S-Bahn, denotes the letter S).
• regional trains with RB, RE, M, ALEX, BOB marking and other local and regional trains. Attention, Bavarian ticket it does not work in high-speed trains and long-distance trains ICE, IC, EC, D.

This is an international high-speed train ICE - The Bavarian ticket does not work for him.

How to get a train schedule on which the Bavarian ticket is distributed, read. I made photo instruction. Also, see: Answers to frequent issues of tourists.

How to buy a Bavarian ticket?

Buying ticket is very simple in special machines Fahrkarten / Tickets.But I prepared.

Machines are standing at all stations, in transitions and other places of the city.

Before you, a detailed map of Bavaria with the names of cities and settlements in Russian. Move the map by holding it with the left mouse button. You can move around the map by clicking on one of the four arrows in the upper left corner. Scale allows the scale on the right side of the map or turn the wheel of the mouse.

In which country is Bavaria

Bavaria is located in Germany. This is a wonderful, beautiful place, with your story and traditions. Coordinates of Bavaria: northern latitude and east longitude (show on the big map).

Virtual Walk

The "man" figurine over a large scale will help to make a virtual walk through the cities of Bavaria. By pressing and holding the left mouse button, drag it to any place on the map and you will go for a walk, while in the upper left corner will appear inscriptions with the approximate address of the area. Motion direction Select by clicking on the arrows in the center of the screen. Option "Satellite" at the top of the left allows you to see a relief image of the surface. In Map mode, you will be able to get acquainted in detail with the roads of Bavaria and the main attractions.

Bavaria (it. Bayern.) - Earth in the south and south-east of the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany), is the largest largest land in the FRG. Administrative division: Seven administrative districts - Upper Franconia, Middle Franconia, Lower Franconia, Upper Palatinate, Lower Bavaria, Upper Bavaria, Swabia. The capital is the city of Munich. The basis of the population is four nations - Bavarians, Frances, Schwab and Sudeten's Germans.

Geography

Landscape

The main cities of Bavaria - Munich, Nuremberg, Augsburg, Würzburg and Regensburg. In the east, the Bavaria includes part of the Franconian forest, the mountains of the Fieper, the forest parts Oberpofelzer Wald and Bemerwald, in the south of the Alps, in the west of the Swabian land of Stphenland and in the north of the sleese and Ryon.

In Bavaria, there are three parts of large German landscapes: the German part of the Northern Calcalpen and the ingredorty Alps with its attractive lakes, Schottishe Ebene with the Earth of the Adorable Hills Extras to R. Danube and the German middle mountains with a variety of landscapes.

Danube on the territory of Bavaria

In Bavaria, many rivers, most of which are associated with the Danube. In the north-west of Bavaria, the Main River proceeds with tributaries, from the slopes of the Franconian forest and Fikhtelgebirge takes the beginning of the River Zale. Pools of the Rhine and the Danube were combined in 1992 by the Rhine-Mine Danube Canal.

Danube is the second largest river in Europe after the Volga. The river bed in places fenced by dams to maintain shipping.

Bavaria - land of lakes. About 1600 lakes are focused mainly in the foothills of the Alps. The largest - Kimsee, Ammesee, Starnberg Lake, Tegernsee, Königssee; The deepest - Walchensee (192 m).

In the Franconian Alba and in the south in the Bavarian Alps, many small karst caves and vertical karst mines. The deepest mine is GeburtstagsSchacht (Geburtstagsschacht, depth of 698 m). The largest cave of Bavaria - Salzgrabenhel (Salzgrabenhöhle, 7800 m).

Bodhen lake. Far Plan - Switzerland

The border

Bavaria's border a total of 2705 km.

Baden-Württemberg	829 km
Hesse	262 km
Thuringia	381 km
Saxony	41 km
Czech Republic	357 km
Austria	816 km
Bodhen Lake	19 km - the border between Bavaria and Switzerland passes through the Lake.

History of Bavaria

Ancient story until 1180

The oldest inhabitants of the ancient-class lands were Celtic descent, with an admixture of Etruscov in the south, namely: windliki. on a flat hill to Inna, in the east - tavrici, in the Alps - rety., and in the north of the tribes boyev, whose main resort from 365 BC. e. There was Bohemia.

For a more successful Gaul protection against the invasions of Varvarov, Augustus ordered his commander, a friend and Tiberius, to conquer these countries and made two provinces from them: a region, with the main city of Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg), and Norik. The border between them was the course of Inna. But already in the third century, the calmness of both provinces, with the time of those who accepted quite a Roman character, began to threaten the movement of the German tribes. In the V century, they were temporarily engaged in gearlands, rugs and skirs, displaced from their inhabitants on the Danube invasion of Huns. The recent innocence led to the fact that the country fell under power first sharp, and then, between 530-540, the Frankish kings of Austsia. But even earlier, at the beginning of the 6th century, it established new aliens, mainly the tribes of Markomans and quads who lived in Bohemia (Bojohemum) and brought from there the name Bavara (Bajuwarii). At the head of them, from the mid-vi century, they stood the duke of the genus Aguilphings.

Duchy occupied the area between the rivers Lech and Ens, the mountains of the Fuck and the Triedent Alps. The first duke whose name is mentioned in history was Garibald I (mind in 590), who had his residence in Regensburg. Connecting with Langobards against the rule of francs, he was defeated by the last and forced to ask the world. He was inherited by his relative, Tassilon I (mind in 612), marked himself by the fact that he first discovered hostile actions against the Slavs and their allies, Avarov. With his son, Garibalde II (mind. For about 630), the Bavarians received the first written laws from the Frankish king (Lex Bajuwariorum, between 628-638) from the Franksky King. At its invitation to Bavaria arrived St. Eustachius and Agil and preached Christianity there. Finally, Christianity was introduced under Theodon II (mind in 716/718) by Frankish missionaries by Rupert, Emmeram and Korbinian.

Duke Odilon (736-748), the son-in-law of Karl Martella, formally accepted the royal title, but his attempt to overthrow the supreme power of the Frankish kings ended in that he was lowered by Carlomban and Pipin. With it, the Archbishop of St. Bonifacea divided the Bavarian Church for 4 bishops: Salzburg, Passau, Regensburg and Freising; At the same time, several monasteries were established.

Tassilon III (748-788) was forced to bring on the state pit in the oath on the fidelity of Pipina short, and received his hereditary possessions in Len. But later he violated this oath and connected with his test, the Langobard King of Deeideria and Aquitan Duke against Franc. After deploying Desidery, Karl the Great turned against his ally and the threat of war made him resume oath in Worms and issue hostages. Tassilon, however, did not obey and faced the intercourse with Avara, for which it was caused by 788 g. On the state seam in Inglegeim, he was convicted of an oath for the death penalty and, together with the whole family, sharpened to the monastery, where his genus and UGAS. Bavaria, although remained still duchy and retained its ancient laws, but was divided into several small districts, subordinates, like other regions of the state, the management of graphs. Thus, Bavaria became the province of the Franksky state and received the equal political organization with it.

Bavaria in the X century

When divided by Karl's Great, Bavaria, together with Italy, went to the second son of his Pipina, deceased during the lifetime of his father. Louis Pious, who inherited Karl the Great, handed over to his senior son Lotary with the title of King, but with a new division of 817. She moved to Louis II, nicknamed then GermanWho called himself Rex Bojoariorum and elected regensburg with his residence. Louis has continuously fought with Slavic peoples, causing much harm with its frequent raids. In the meantime, the secular power of the bishops strengthened, the power of the Palavgrafts, which ruled as the governors intensified. After the death of the German Louis (876), his son Carloman became king of Bavaria, to which Karinthia, Istria, Fryula, Panonia, Bohemia, and Moravia belonged at that time.

Germany in 919-1125 years

Carletnuna inherited (879) His younger brother Louis III "And after his death (881), the second brother Karl III is fat, who, having received 884 and the crown of France, connected in this way under his authority all states Charles V. after him she Pested (887) to the side son of Carlomanna Arnulfu, and then (899) to his son Louis Kistiti, in whose board of which Bavaria suffered a lot from the attacks of the Hungarians. With Louis Dieta, he stopped (911) Roda Caroling, and Bavarians chose their duke The son of Marcgraf Luitpold, Arnulf II of the evil, famous for his hostility with the emperor by Conrad I. His Son After his death, Otton I was the great brought Bavaria from the son of Arnulfa, Ebhard, handing it with his uncle, Bertold (mind. In 947), and then his own Brother Henry I, appointing Brother Ebarcard, Arnulfa, Pfalzgraf Bavaria. This was a reason for the inner partners who made Bavaria the theater of devastating wars. Taking advantage of the rebellion of the emperor and the Duke of Henrich, Arnulf tried again To take possession of Bavaria's hereditary Duchy, and called for the help of Hungarian, who invaded B., devastated her, but were broken by Otten on Lehfeld. Heinrich I inherited the son of His Heinrich II plump, one of the most educated princes of that time and an irreconcilable enemy of Oton II, who took him B. and handed her outton Shvabsky (mind. In 982). After the death of Cull II, Heinrich again received the Duchy of B., which after him (995) passed to his son "Henry IV, who was then the Emperor Hermansky under the name of Heinrich II. With the death of him in the history of Bavaria, almost a 200 year period comes During which the country had to suffer a lot, both from the crusades, who deprived it of a significant part of the population, and from the eternal shift of the dukes, then appointed, then abandoned by emperors, and which their mutual parties were not given to her calm down. Finally, after the expulsion of Henry XII Lion (Founder of Munich), Bavaria moved (1180) to the Paflozgraf Otten Vittelsbakh, the Rodonarchist of the Bavarian and the Palatinate House.

Henry Lion's ownership

Duke Otton Vittelsbakhsky

Duke Otton Vittelsbakh (mind in 1183) and his active successor Ludwig I significantly expanded his hereditary possessions, and the latter, in addition, received from Emperor Friedrich II in Len Rhine Palatinate. Ludwig Mind. In 1231, from hitting the dagger, applied to him by someone unknown on the Kelheim Bridge (hence his name L. Kelheimsky); To him, Bavaria is obliged to the foundation of the city of Landshuta.

Bavaria and her neighbors in 1378

The Board of his son, Ottone Svetayshest (1231-1253) was marked by internal parties due to the secular power of the bishops, striving for complete independence. For his commitment to the emperor, he was daddy dad from the church. His sons Ludwig II Stern and Heinrich XIIITwo years have ruled together, but in 1255 we divided the country among themselves, and Ludwig received an upper Bavaria with Munich, the Rhine Palatinate and the title of Kurfürst, and Heinrich, the line of which in a few years ceased, became the owner of the Lower Bavaria with the main city of Landsgut. In addition, both brothers got the inheritance of the unfortunate conradience of Gogenstaufensky. One of the two sons of Ludwig II (mind in 1253), Ludwig, was elected to the emperors under the name Louis IV Bavarian. In 1329, he concluded a separate agreement in Pavia with sons of his brother, according to which the Rhine Palatinate and the Upper Palatinate were provided; Both sides lost the right to alienate their possessions and inheritance in the women's line, while the title of Kurfürst should have belonged to both alternately. However, the last resolution was canceled by the Golden Bull (1356), which submitted to the Kurfürst dignity of the Palatinate House. Thus, there were two main lines of the Vittelsbakh Home: Pafaltsky and Bavarian. Upon termination of the Nizhnebavskaya line, Emperor Louis, with the consent of the estates, joined the lower Bavaria to the top. Him B. is obliged to also many improvements in the order of internal management; So, he granted Munich city law, published a civil code for the upper Bavaria and new proceeding laws for Lower Bavaria Louis (mind in 1347) left behind six sons and rich inheritance to which, except Bavaria, belonged to Brandenburg, Dutch and Zeelaland provinces, Tyrol, etc. But these external holdings were lost soon, and parties began between individual lines, which ended in 1505 by the compound of most of the ancient-class lands in Albrecht IV's hands.

In the XIV century, it was the beginning of the gradual development of the estate state-owned device of Bavaria, since, using the difficulties and discords of their princes, the nobility and the city extorted different rights and benefits from them, meeting support from the dominates of spiritual principalities and the property. The estates (prelates, knights and cities) were gathered when they would be pleased, and moreover, either in the form of "Seima" (United estates), or in the form of individual estates, of which each formed his special union. General state laws were previously discussed by a constant class commission, together with the advisers of the Duke, and then came to the final assertion of the Seimas. The scribe of approved taxes was again made by the estates that were charged and spent them through their people, and not through the duccian officials. The heavy crisis had to survive the Core Constitution of Bavaria at the beginning of the duke of the Duke Albrecht IV, the absolutist proliferation of which caused the energetic resistance of the Nizhnybar ranks, which came to an open uprising. In 1506, the estates of the Lower and Top Bavaria were connected to a model assembly, and Duke Albrecht, conscious of all the harm of the crushing existed on the lot, achieved the recognition of the unity and inseparalism of the state and the order of the Prepoligation of the Birth of the birth. According to this, of the three of his sons: Wilhelm IV, Ludwig and Ernst, he had to inherit only Wilhelm; But after his death (1508), the distribution began, leaving for the joint rule of Wilhelm and Ludwig.

German states in 1648

Both of them provided the reformation that found numerous adherents and in Bavaria, the most decisive opposition and in 1541 called for Jesuit to the country. Wilhelm died in 1550. Son His Albrecht V Gnamy was also a friend of Jesuits, but at the same time patronized sciences and arts. Of the three sons, he was in 1579 by Wilhelm V Pious, which in 1597 was forced to send the board to his older son Maximilian I and retire to the monastery. Maximilian I, gifted by rare abilities, was a league soul formed against Protestant Ulya. During the 30-year war, Emperor Ferdinand II complained to him (1623), the Pafaltsky Kurfechsty and in the form of a collateral for military costs handed over to him the upper palatinate. The Westphalian world strengthened Maximilian I title of the fifth voter and the possession of the top panels, at the same time, the eighth Kurket was established for the Palatinate line and the right of inheritance on B. was approved for her, in case of termination of the offspring of Wilhelm. Maximilian Mind. 27 hundred. 1651 after a 55-year-old reign. With his peaceful and lean successor to Ferdinand-Maria, the last time the Bavarian Sejm was gathered, which did not differ in crowd; From this time, all the rights of the Seimas moved to a constant class commission called the class of the Costaxe (Landschafts Verordnung), originally interconnected for only 9 years. Ferdinanda-Maria inherited 1679 His Son, Maximilian II Emanuel, who acted in the War for the Spanish Legacy of France. As a consequence, after the battle at the Mochstedt (1701), the emperor cost B., as with a conquered country: Maximilian was declared a traitor and deprived of his rights, which were returned to him only in the Baden world of 1714. He inherited in 1726 Karl Albrecht. Based on the marriage agreement between the Duke of Albrecht V and his wife, Anna, the daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I, supported by the latter's testament, he presented after the death of Karl VI claims to most of the Austrian inheritance and began the war against Mary Teresia. Assistant by the French army, he won the entire Upper Austria, proclaimed himself after the conquest of Prague King Bohemian and in 1742 he was elected in Frankfurt to the German emperors, under the name of Karl VII. But on this celebration and ended it. Austria took Bavaria with his troops, and Karl Albrecht, who hurried to Munich, died sustained on January 20, 1745.

Maximilian Joseph

Son of his and heir, Maximilian Joseph, I concluded peace with Austria in Füssen, 22 Apr. 1745, recognizing the pragmatic sanction, and in return by receiving the Bavarian lands conquered by Austria. Sincerely imbued with the desire to see his country happy, he drew all his attention to improving agriculture, crafts, mining, justice, police, finance and public education. He established the Academy of Sciences in Munich (1759) and generously patronized arts. Being childless, he confirmed all the existing hereditary contracts with the house of Palatinate Kurfürst. Both under the agreements of the Vittelsbakh house and according to the definitions of the Westphalian world, the Palatinate Kurfürst belonged to the rights of inheritance to Bavaria, when the death of Maximilian Joseph 30 Dec. 1777 Ugasla Vittelsbakh line. But unexpectedly, Austria spoke with claims to the lower Bavaria and took several districts. Heir and successor Miksimilian Joseph, childless Karl Theodor (See this.), having surrendered to the guarantee of Emperor Joseph II, signed on January 3 and 14, 1778. The agreement in which Austria promised the Abstrade of the Lower Bavaria, the ownership of Mildelheim and Bohemian Lenov in the upper palatinate. But the duke of Karl Tswebryukhensky, as the nearest agnat and the likely heir to Bavaria, declared himself against this concession, prompted by the Prussian King Friedrich II. This was the reason for the so-called war for the Bavarian inheritance, which, however, ended without bloodshed by the Teshensky world of 1779, thanks to the mainly interference of Russia, who spoke against Austria. At the Kurfuist Palatz-Bavarian, the undisputed possession of Bavaria was provided, with the exception of the Inn Quarter with Brunau (38 square meters. Miles, who departed to Austria. At the same time, according to the decisions of the Westphalian world, the eighth rifucy ceased to exist.

New story

Bavaria and her neighbors in 1786

Karl Theodor Died on 16 Feb. 1799. With him, the Neurburg-Saltzbakh line of the reigning dynasty and Kulfüsskiy dignity passed to the Celebrybrynsky line. Duke Charles He died back in 1795, without leaving behind the children, and therefore the board went to his brother, Maximilian IV Iosifa. The latter immediately confirmed (patent from July 16, 1799) the country's rights in the estates, but at the same time flatly refused to convene a common seim and through his minister of Monzhel introduced a system of so-called enlightened despotism. A number of measures were followed by a new era: softening censorship, restriction of the power of the clergy in secular affairs and the abolition of monasteries. But all this did not without violence and discrepancies of public good. In the Lunevilian Mire (Feb. 4, 1801), Bavaria lost all the Rhine Palatinate, Duchy Tsweibrücken and Yulih, but received a rich reward for this, it was the Bishop of Würzburg, Bamberg, Freising and Augsburg, part of Passau, together with 12 abbey and 17 imperial cities Among which were Ulm, Kempten, Memmingen, Nigalingen and Schweinfurt. Bavaria has thus acquired 60 square meters. Miles and about 110,000 inhabitants. The pressurian world of Bavaria was increased by another 500 square meters. Miles and 1 million inhabitants. Among the new acquisitions were Tyrol, Forarlberg, Marcgrafy Burgau, the Principality of Eichstut, Marcgrafy Ansbach, instead of what Würzburg went to the former Duke of Tuscan, and Duchy Berg - to France. From the hands of an ingenic conqueror, Kurfürst received the powers and the royal title adopted by it 1 Jan. 1806 under the name Maximilian Joseph I.. Following this, he became headed by the German provincial princes, which on July 12, 1806 signed an act on the establishment of the Rhine Union, making the obligation in the event of the war to exhibit a contingent out of 30000 soldiers for the French emperor. Soon the imperial city of Nuremberg was also joined to the New Kingdom; The same fate suffered and inclaves. The old pambed device was actually canceled, and the government arranging the right to challenge taxes. The formal abolition of the old constitution followed on May 1, 1808. The proclamation of a new complained constitution, which, although promised equality to the law, equality of taxation, freedom of conscience and the general, and not a status representation, but so, everything remained only on paper.

For participation in the campaign of 1809 against Austria, Bavaria received the Principality of Regensburg, Marcgrafy Bayreuth, Salzburg, Berchtesgaden, giving away, for his part, South Tyrol, Ulm and some other districts. Bavaria numbered 3 million 300 thousand inhabitants at this time. In the Russian campaign of 1812, Bavarian contingent at 30000 people. Almost all died from cold and hunger. In 1813, she put up a new army under the Napoleon team and at the same time focused on the observation body at the Austrian border. But seeing the danger of Napoleon's position, the Bavarian government immediately changed its policy. 10 days before the decisive battle at Leipzig, it came out of the Rhine Union and concluded an agreement with Austria, according to which for the assignment of Tyrol, Forarlberg, Salzburg, the Inn Quarter, etc., all other possessions were provided, along with Würzburg, Aschaffenburg And some part of the left bank of the Rhine, forming the currently Bavarian Palatinate. Since then, Bavaria has passed on the side of the Allies and participated in the campaigns of 1814 and 1815. In the Vienna Congress, its territorial relations were finally streamlined, and the law of an autocratic sovereign was recognized as the Bavarian King. Throughout this time, in which the smart and energetic, but not alien violence, Minister, Monzele (Montgelas), than a kind and little bit of Maximilian Joseph, many French institutions were planted in Bavaria, and moreover, not always the best. But the enlightenment and education undoubtedly made progress, although quite one-sided. At the Vienna Congress, as well as after the fall of Monzele (1817), the Bavarian government jealously defeated his own privileges, and this was one of the reasons for the failure of all the then attempts to unite Germany on wider grounds than the Federal Constitution could be achieved. On May 26, 1818, the announcement of the Constitution, which in significant features remained so far. It was a pledged constitution. By virtue of her Bavaria should have remained for eternal times with an independent state, not merging with any other monarchy. All citizens of the state should be equally public and use personal freedom equally. At the same time, the freedom of conscience and press is proclaimed - the latter with well-known restrictions. The legislative power is awarded to the king cumulatively with two chambers: state counselors and the Chamber of Deputies. The latter is elected for a 6-year term and every three years should be necessarily convened for two months. The proposal of laws can come only from the king, and the decisions of chambers are legal only after the approval of the supreme power. But all decisions relating to property rights and taxes can only be published with the participation and approval of the chambers. The publication of the Constitution was preceded by the EDIKTA edition of the community device on rather liberal for that time bases. At the same time, concordate was concluded with Roman Smoke, included in the constitution. Already at the first Seimas of 1819, the House of Representatives found courage, ability and practical meaning. Sejors of 1822 and 1825 were held mainly by the debates of finance, accompanied by many unpleasant reasons for the government, as well as discussing new customs legislation, improving the judication, the establishment of the cash register, mitigation, and other restrictions, etc.

Board of Ludwig I 1825-1848.

After the death of Maximilian I, on October 13, 1825, his son climbed on the throne, which became a rule under the name Ludwig I. He entered the story as a patron of science and art. In 1826, he translated from Landshut to Munich University, which is now known as the University of Munich Ludwig Maximilian, reorganized the Academy of Arts. Under his leadership, Munich began to turn into "second Athens". However, the enterprises of the king demanded huge expenses, which members of the deputies Chamber did not particularly sympathize. This, as well as the Belgian revolution in the United Netherlands Kingdom and the July Revolution in France, led to the fact that the original Liberal King became the reactionary.

In 1837, ultramontants came to power, and Karl von Abel became the first minister. The first violin in the country began to play Jesuits, began persecution on Protestants, and liberal articles were removed from the Constitution. At the same time, Ludwig sympathetically traveled to the Greek uprising, and agreed to election of his son, Ottone, the Greek king, which was very necessary by the Bavarian Treasury, forced to support the king of the ruined country.

However, not folk protests led to the collapse of the clerkal regime in Bavaria, but the love of the king. In 1846, he was under the strong influence of the Irish adventurer Eliza Hilbert, who issued himself for the "Spanish dancer Lol Montes", which was managed, as they said, "defeat Loiol", that is, to overthrow the clerical ministry of Abel, and then the moderate Ministry of Maurera. The first minister was the prince of Ludwig von Etting-Wallentein, whose Cabinet began to be called "the Ministry of Lola". The new first minister tried to conquer the sympathies of liberals, appealing to panthermanism, but could not form a capable government.

Revolution 1848-1849

In 1848, the news about the revolution in France led to folk unrest. On March 11, the king was resigned by the first minister, and on March 20, to realize the degree of people's perturbation by his board, torn away from the throne himself. The new king was his son, Maximilian II.

Only March 6, 1848, Ludwig I issued a proclamation in which he promised that the Bavarian government would act for the sake of freedom and unity of Germany. Acting in the spirit of this proclamation, Maximilian II recognized the power of convened in Frankfurt of the German Parliament, and on December 19, issued a decree on action in the Bavaria of all the laws taken by the German Parliament. However, the primacy among Germanic states has become more and more to move to Prussia, and not to Austria. Maximilian was supported by the Parliament when refused to agree with the proposal to present the imperial crown to the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. However, Maximilian went against the will of the people, refusing to support the project of the German Constitution, when it turned out that, according to him, Austria was excluded from the German Union.

The Board of Maximilian II 1848-1864.

After rejecting the father of King Bavaria Ludwig I, his son Maximilian II enters the throne of Bavaria in 1848.

Bavaria during the unification of Germany

The Bavarian Kingdom initially counteracted the strengthening of Prussia's role in Germany. In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Bavaria spoke on the side of Austria. The result of participation in this war for Bavaria was defeated; Under the conditions of the peace treaty, Bavaria lost to Prussia, a number of territories, namely the ORB County and Gersfeld, lying in the sleeper and the Ryon Mountains, with 32976 inhabitants, and was supposed to pay 30 million florines of military ending. In addition, due to the collapse of the German Union and the formation of the new North German Union, which the South German states, including Bavaria, could not be included in particular Franco-Prussian agreements, the kingdom was in political isolation.

Since that time, the rapprochement of Bavaria and Prussia begins, the result of which was the participation of Bavaria in the Franco-Prussian war on the side of the latter. During this war, Bavarian troops acted perfectly. The validity of them is witnessed by battles in Weisenburg and Verte, under Sedan, Paris and Orleans. The overall rise of national consciousness at the time was so strong that the population of Bavaria in numerous addresses addressed to the government applied to joining the North-German Union. Nevertheless, when negotiations with the Union on this issue, the Bavarian government tried to repay the maximum preferences. Finally on November 23, 1870, an agreement was signed on the accession of Bavaria to the Union. For this Treaty, Bavaria retained its own diplomacy, an army, mail, telegraph, telegraph, railways, taxation system and complete independence in matters of citizenship and the right of settlement. Similar contracts were concluded by the rest of the South Hermann states. In the North German Union thus included all Member States of the former German Union, except Austria, Luxembourg and Liechtenstein.

On November 30, 1870, the King of Bavaria Ludwig II, by agreement with other German monarchs, turned to the Prussian king with the so-called "imperial letter", in which he asked Prussian King Wilhelm I to take the title of German emperor. For this, Bismarck guaranteed Ludwig a significant cash payments from the specially created Velf Foundation.

On January 18, 1871, in the Versailles Palace, under Paris, Bismarck in the presence of German princes read the text of the proclamation of the Prussian king by the emperor of the German Empire. And on April 16 of the same year, the Constitution of the new state was adopted, part of which was from the beginning of Bavaria.

Bavaria as part of the German Empire

Bavaria as part of the Weimar Republic

On November 12, 1918, the Bavarian Folk Party (BNP) was created on the basis of the Bavarian Catholic Party of the Center. From 1919 to 1933, BNP was the most influential political force in Bavaria, invariably entering all provincial governments. Its representatives became three times the presidential ministers of Bavaria:

• Hugo von Lernenefeld Köfering (September 21, 1921 - November 8, 1922),
• Oumen von Klaning (November 8, 1922 - July 1, 1924),
• Heinrich Held (July 2, 1924 - March 10, 1933).

In November 1923, in Munich, the first attempt was made to capture the authorities by the Nazis, during the beer coup. He was depressed, his initiators led by A. Hitler were arrested. Hitler and his associates were serving a sentence in Landsberg prison.

Bavaria as part of the Third Reich

During the Third Reich, the federal device was liquidated. The territory of Bavaria was divided between several Reichsgau. In Nuremberg, the congresses of NSDAP were held. During World War II, Munich, Nuremberg and other cities received severe destruction from bombing.

Political system

The legislative body of the Federal Earth - Bavarian Landtag (Him. Bayerischer Landtag; Since 1999, one-palate, in 1946-1999 in parliament was the Upper Chamber - Senate (it.)russian ), who is elected by the population for 5 years. The executive body - the Bavarian Government (Bayerische Staatsregierung), which is formed by Landtag and consists of:

• Minister President (Him. Bayerischer Ministerpräsident ) - Prime Minister, Head of the Government of Bavaria,
• bavarian state ministers
• bavarian state secretaries.

Constitutional supervisory authority - Bavarian Constitutional Court ( Bayerischer Verfassungsgerichtshof.) (Early - Bavarian State Court of Justice ( Bayerischer Staatsgerichtshof.)), Higher judicial authorities are the Supreme Land of the Bamberg ( Oberlandesgericht Bamberg.), The highest land court of Munich ( Oberlandesgericht München.) and the Supreme Land Court of Nuremberg ( Oberlandesgericht Nürnberg.) (until 1932 also the highest land court of Augsburg ( Oberlandesgericht Augsburg.)), until 2006, the Bavarian Supreme Court stood on them ( Bayerisches Oberstees Landesgericht.), the highest judicial instance of the administrative justice - the Bavarian Administrative Court ( Bayerischer Verwaltungsgerichtshof.).

Politics

Within a long time, a Christian-Social Union (HCU) was held in Bavaria, who almost always received more than 50 percent of the votes during the elections to Landtag. However, during the elections held on September 28, 2008, the party could not get the absolute majority of places in Landtag and was forced to enter into negotiations with WDP on the formation of a coalition government. In connection with the failure in the elections, the then Prime Minister of Bavaria, Günther Buckstein, was forced to resign. HCC Chairman Erwin Huber also had to leave his post. October 25, 2008, at the HSS party meeting, Horst Zehofer was elected the new party leader. After the vote in Landtag on October 27, 2008, Horst Zehofer was also elected Prime Minister of Bavaria. On the same day, Landtag deputies for the first time in the history of Bavaria elected a woman to Barbaru strain.

At the elections of 2013, HCS scored 47.7%, having received 101 place from 180. SDPG scored 20.6% and received 42 seats. SVDP scored 3.3% and lost places in Landtag. HCC formed a one-party government.

Elections

The distribution of places in the Bavarian Landtag after the elections, which took place on September 15, 2013 (only 180 seats) and the percentage of voters gained:

• HSS 101 place, 47.7%
• SDP 42 seats, 20.6%
• Free voters 19 seats, 9%
• "Union 90 / Green" 18 seats, 8.6%

Results of parties that have not passed to Landtag after 2013 elections as a percentage:

• CVDP 3.3%
• Left 2.1%
• Bavarian Party 2.1%
• ÖDP 2%
• Pirates party 2%
• Republicans 1%
• NDP 0.6%
• Others 0.2%

Population of Bavaria

Bavarians are the descendants of the three ancient German Allied tribes - Bavarov, Franks and Swabs (Alemanov) - differ in the nature of speech, customs, ways of thinking and maidos. Later, in 1945, more than two million refugees and persons deported from the former German territories were added to their number, which brought their own traditions and culture.

• Bavarians - are the descendants of Bavarov, inhabit the administrative districts Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate. With a number of about 6.4 million people, they account for approximately half of the population of Bavaria.
• Frances - are descendants of francs. The places of their settlement are in the administrative districts of the Upper, the Middle and Lower Franconia, which are members of the Bavaria Earth from the beginning of the XIX century, is currently about 4.1 million French.
• Schwab. - The name of 1.8 million Bavarian shvabs is named by the Administrative District of Schwabia.
• « Fourth tribe"Also to three Bavarian ethnic groups joined the expelled Sudeten Germans who moved to Bavaria mainly after 1945. Free Earth provided them with protection and support. In decree of November 5, 1962, it is said: the Government of Bavaria recognizes the belonging of the Sudeten Germans to the indigenous Bavarian population. Exceived by gratitude to the acquired homeland, "New Bavarians" put a lot of strength to its recovery after World War II.

Cities with the number of residents above 50 thousand

City	Census December 31, 2000.	Census December 31, 2005.	Census December 31, 2009.
Munich	1 210 223	1 259 677	1 330 440
Nuremberg	488 400	499 237	503 673
Augsburg	254 982	262 676	263 646
Würzburg	127 966	133 906	133 195
Regensburg	125 676	129 859	134 218
Ingolstadt	115 722	121 314	124 387
FURT.	110 477	113 422	114 044
Erlangen	100 778	103 197	105 554
Bayreuth	74 153	73 997	72 576
Bamberg	69 036	70 081	69 827
Ashaffenburg	67 592	68 642	68 722
Landshut	58 746	61 368	62 735
Kempten.	61 389	61 360	62 007
Rosenheim	58 908	60 226	60 877
Schweinfurt.	54 325	54 273	53 533
Noah-ulm	50 188	51 410	53 034
Passau.	50 536	50 651	50 627

Extras: The Bavarian Land Office has provided this statistic and processed data.

Religion

Palmnic Church in His

Religience in Bavaria:	1840 *	1900 *	1933 *	1950	1970	in 2006.
Roman Catholic	71,1 %	70,5 %	70,0 %	71,9 %	70,4 %	57,2 %
Evangelical	27,4 %	28,3 %	28,7 %	26,5 %	25,2 %	21,3 %
Muslim	-	-	-	-	0,9 %	2,2 %
Judist	1,4 %	0,9 %	0,5 %	0,1 %	0,1 %	0,1 %
Other religions	0,1 %	0,3 %	0,8 %	1,5 %	3,4 %	19,2 %

* Including Palatinate

Administrative device

The federal land of Bavaria includes 71 district (it. Landkreis) and 25 cities of land subordination (it. Kreisfreie Stadt.) (In brackets index of areas and cities on car rooms), areas are divided into cities (it. Stadt.) And communities (it. Gemeinde), Cities are divided into urban districts (it. StadtBezirk.), communities for community quarters (it. Gemeindeteil.).

Administrative districts

Administrative map of the land of Bavaria

The Republic of Bavaria consists of several administrative districts. List of districts:

Administrative District	Administrative center	AO.	Abbreviation	Area km²	A citizen (Sep 2005)	Population density person / km²
Upper Bavaria	Munich	091	OB.	17 529,63	4 232 962	241
Lower Bavaria	Landshut	092	NB.	10 329,91	1 197 631	116
Upper Palatinate	Regensburg	093	Op.	9691,03	1 090 318	113
Upper Franconia	Bayreuth	094	OFR	7231,00	1 103 239	153
Middle Franconia	Ansbach	095	MFR.	7244,85	1 708 841	236
Lower Franconia	Würzburg	096	UFR.	8530,99	1 342 308	157
Shvabiy	Augsburg	097	Schw.	9992,03	1 789 698	179
Bavaria	Munich			70 549,11	12 464 997	177

Freunung - Grafenau (FRG)

Fürstenfeldbrook (FFB)

FURT (FÜ)

Garmisch-Partenkirchen (GAP)

Günzburg (GZ)

Hasberg (HAS)

Hof (HO)

Kelheim (Keh)

Kitzingen (KT)

Kronea (KC)

Kulbach (KU)

Landsberg-on-Lech (LL)

Landshut (LA)

Lichtenfels (LIF)

Lindau (Bodensee) (LI)

Mine - Sweesert (MSP)

MB (MB)

Miltenberg (MIL)

Muldorf-on-Inn (MÜ)

Munich (M)

Neuburg - Schroenhausen (ND)

Neumarkt - Upper Palatinate (NM)

Neustadt-on-Aishe - Bad Windsheim (NEA)

1. Neustadt-on Valdnabe (new)
2. Noah-Ulm (NU)
3. Nuremberg (LAU)
4. Upper Algaya (OA)
5. Eastern Algaya (Oal)
6. Passau (PA)
7. Pfaffenhofen-on-Ilme (PAF)
8. Regen (REG)
9. Regensburg (R)
10. Ryon - Grabfeld (NES)
11. Rosenheim (RO)
12. ROT (RH)
13. Rottal-Inn (PAN)
14. Schwandorf (SAD)
15. Schweinfurt (SW)
16. Starnberg (STA)
17. Straubing - Bogen (SR)
18. Tirchenroit (TIR)
19. Trauntein (TS)
20. Nizhny Algia (Mn)
21. Wilheim - Schongau (WM)
22. Weissenburg - Gunzenhausen (Wug)
23. Vaunzidel - Fieper (WUN)
24. Würzburg (WÜ)

Free cities (Kreisfreie Städte)

Local government bodies

Representative bodies of districts - Bezirkstagi ( bezirkstag.), consisting of becirclass ( bezirksrat.), elected by the population according to the proportional system with an open list, the executive power in the district carries out the district committee ( bezirksausschuss.).

Representative bodies of districts - Krestagi ( kreistag.) consisting of lander ( landrat.) who leads the meeting, and Craisratov ( kreisrat.), elected by the population on the proportional system with an open list, the executive power in the area is carried out by the Landrart, elected by the population, and the district committee ( kreisausschuss.), consisting of a lander and members of the district committee, elected by Krestag in proportion to the size of the factions.

Representative bodies of cities - Standrats ( stadtrat.), consisting of Ober Burgomistra ( oberbürgermeister) who leads the meeting and members of Statthart ( stadtratSmitglied), elected by the population on the proportional system with an open list, the executive power in the city carries out Ober-Burgomaster, elected by the population.

Representative bodies of communities - Hemendarati ( gemeInderat.) consisting of burgomistra ( bürgermeister), which leads the meeting, and members of the hemenderat ( gemeinderatsmitglied), elected by the population according to the proportional system with an open list, the executive power in the community is carried out by the burgomaster, elected by the population.

Representative bodies of urban districts - District Committees (Bezirksausschuss), elected by the population.

Regions

Algia (Him. Allgäu.) Altmultal (it. Altmühltal) thug Alps (it. Alpenvorland.) Bavarian Alps (it. Bayerische Alpen.) Bavarian forest (it. Bayerischer Wald.) Himgau (Him. Chiemgau.) Donyaum (Him. Donaumoos.)

Donaurid (Him. Donauried.) Fuck (it. Fichtelgebirge.) Frankenehee (Him. Frankenhöhe.) Franconian forest (it. Frankenwald.) Franconian Alb (Him. FRÄNKISCHE ALB.) Franconian Switzerland (it. Fränkische Schweiz)

Goyboden (it. Gäuboden) Hasberg (Him. Haßberge.) Heldah (Him. Holledau.) Inn-iltshah (it. Inn-Salzach.) Lehfeld (it. Lechfeld.) Oberpaltsky lakes (it. Oberpfälzer SEENLAND.) Oberpfaltsky forest (it. Oberpfälzer Wald.)

Ryon (Him. Rhön.) Ruppyifiedintel (it. Rupertiwinkel) Rottal (it. Rottal) Nigalinger Rica (Him. Nördlinger Ries.) Sweesert (it. Spessart) Steyger Forest (Him. Stegerwald.)

In honor of Bavaria, the asteroid (301) of Bavaria, opened in 1890, is named.

Pagracy regions

Partners of the free state of Bavaria.

Economy

... Over the past decades, Bavaria has become a modern highly developed region. Enterprises of an international scale, strong secondary entrepreneurship and promising scientific research provide it to the primary position on the top of technical and economic progress. Bavaria remains faithful to its principles, despite all sorts of changes. Tradition and progress is such a motto of free land. Being a member of the actively developing European community, Bavaria does not lose its own identity and self-esteem ..... Horst Zeehofer, Bavaria Prime Minister

Bavaria has the largest economic and scientific potential among 16 FRG federal lands and leads the rate of economic growth (for 1985-2005, Bavaria's GDP increased by 28.2%, and on average by country - by 14.6%).

In 2005, Bavaria's GDP amounted to 403 billion euros (18% of Osmermansky), of which, about 69% accounted for in the sphere of trade and services, 30% - to industry and only 1% - to the agricultural industry.

In 2006, Bavaria became the first in the last 30 years of the Federal Earth of Germany, who accepted a short-state budget.

Bavaria from the agrarian country, proceeds to the technological state and claims to be one of the most developed countries in Germany. Engineering, in particular, the automotive industry and the aerospace industry plays the most important role in the economy of Bavaria. Electrical engineering, accurate mechanics, optics, manufacture of medical equipment, chemical industry are also developed.

Well-developed areas of Bavaria, are: Metropolitan area of \u200b\u200bMunich with developed auto industria ( BMW., Audi., Man., Knorr-Bremse.), information sector ( Siemens., Infineon Technologies., Microsoft.), media and publishers ( Prosiebensat1, Sky Deutschland., Kabel Deutschland., Publisher Burda.), military industry ( EADS., Krauss-Maffei Wegmann); Augsburg district ( EADS., Kuka., UPM-Kymmene.), Ingolstadt ( Audi., Media-Saturn-Holding) And the "Bavarian chemical triangle" between the Kimsee lake and the Rivers of the Inn and Olsa. Tourism is developed (historical sights, museums, beer gardens, Oktoberfest, fairs).

Agriculture

Bavaria also belongs to the forest in Austria of Zhulforste.

Tourism

One of the sources of Bavaria's income is tourism. Bavaria is considered land leisure. Because of the beauty of its landscapes and a well-developed infrastructure, as well as the Alpine Trigger and the Bavarian Alps themselves, it was a favorite destination for tourists, at any time of the year.

Bavaria is the largest land in Germany. Some Bavarian cities were built by the Romans.

The capital is Munich (the first mention in 1158), about 1.35 Miles live in it. residents (February 2009). The city center is a favorite tourist area "Marienplatz" with a new town hall building. On the eastern side of Marienplatz, there is an old town hall, in the building of which today is the museum of toys. A little south of Marienplatz stands built in the XI century Church of St. Peter. To the southwest of the church, the Munich City Museum is located on St. Jacob's Square. Its exhibits cover the history of the culture of Munich, here there are photos and filmuses, the museum of dolls, musical instruments and much more. State National Galleries in Munich: Old Pinakotek (Old Masters), New Pinakotek (Art of the New Time), Pinakotek of our time (modern art); Bavarian National Museum with a collection of sculpture, decorative art, folk art; State collection of natural history exhibits; German museum.

Bavaria is a place for holding a large number of different festivals, among which the most famous Oktoberfest and Landshut wedding.

Bavarian figures

Religion and Politics Benedict XVI - Former Pope Franz Joseph Strauss - Former Prime Minister Edmund Stomiber - Former Prime Minister Horst Zehofer - Prime Minister