In the past, churches were the main focus of most visitors to Rome. Believers from all over Europe made the long and arduous journey to Rome to venerate the seven hills where the pilgrimage churches were located. Among them were four patriarchal basilicas (San Giovanni in Laterano, St. Peter's in the Vatican, San Paolo Fuori le Mura and Santa Maria Maggiore), as well as three other churches: Santa Croce, San Lorenzo Fuori le Mura and San Sebastiano. There are still pilgrims among today's tourists, but many more of Rome's churches are visited as attractions. Travelers admire their architecture and masterpieces of art inside. Here you will find works by the greatest painters - Michelangelo, Raphael, Bernini, Caravaggio, Sansovino, Filippo Lippi and many masters of mosaic art, along with frescoes and stonework from the Middle Ages and earlier eras.

St. Peter's Basilica

The most famous church in Rome - St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican is dedicated to the Apostle, who is considered to be the first Bishop of Rome and the first Pope. The original church of St. Peter was dedicated in 326 and created under the patronage of Emperor Constantine. In 1452, Pope Nicholas V decided to create a completely new church, which was built until the end of the 18th century. Directly at the entrance to the basilica is Michelangelo's famous Pieta, completed in 1500 and protected by a reinforced glass panel. Other attractions of St. Peter's Cathedral are the richly decorated Chapel of the Sacrament with works by Bernini (tent) and Borromini (bronze lattice), the large dome of Michelangelo, the legendary bronze statue of the Ascension to the Throne of St. Peter, the tomb of St. Peter, the Papal altar with a bronze canopy by Bernini. The master created this canopy when he was only 25 years old, as a true masterpiece of baroque sculpture. In the left aisle are the tombs of famous Popes, created by leading masters, including Bernini. Even more tombs are located in the crypt of the most famous church in Europe.

San Giovanni in Laterano

Santa Maria in Cosmedin

In the southern part of Piazza Bocca della Verita is Santa Maria in Cosmedin, one of the finest examples of medieval church architecture in Rome. The church was begun in 772 and completed in 1124. This architectural gem has a distinctive seven-story bell tower and a wide two-story canopied porch. The interior is decorated with marble inlays created by the Roman Cosmati family, including the floor, the marble walls of the sanctuary, the marble pulpit and the bishop's throne. The aisles are frescoed, and several columns are brought from ancient sites in Rome. The crypt contains early Christian graves and the foundations of a pagan temple.


But the fame of this Roman church is not ensured by its magnificent interior decoration, or harmonious architecture. The reason for everything was a large marble slab in the entrance, known as Bocca della Verita, or the Mouth of Truth. Tourist buses fill the entire adjacent street, and numerous visitors line up at the church. The guides claim that it was in this place that the Romans took oaths (according to legend, the mouth bit off the hand of anyone who tells a lie). It is much more likely that it was a wall fountain, or a slab hiding an oracle. Piazza Bocca della Verita offers one of the most beautiful views of Rome, with its complex of ancient buildings and a baroque fountain.

Santa Maria in Travestere

Santa Maria in Trastevere (densely populated area on the right bank of the Tiber) is the first place in Rome where Christians were able to hold their services in public. The building was begun in 221 and completed in 340, then restored in the 12th century and restored in the Baroque period. The church has a Romanesque bell tower, a facade decorated with mosaics and early Christian sarcophagi. Inside, many wonders await the visitor, including the beautiful marble inlay on the floor, the gilded wooden ceiling, or the mosaics in the apse, real masterpieces of medieval art. They depict Christ, the Virgin Mary and numerous saints.

Church of Santa Sabina

The church of Santa Sabina was created by Peter Illyrius in 425-432. It retains the status of an early Christian basilica, even though it was decorated in 824. On the wall above the entrance is one of the oldest mosaics in Rome with two female figures, and in the central doorway are the oldest wooden doors in Christian art dating back to 432. . Carved by an unknown master from African cedar, the delicate and expressive relief illustrates scenes from the Old and New Testaments. Eighteen of the original 28 panels have survived to this day. The church nave is located between 20 Corinthian columns made of Parian marble, as is the marble-decorated choir. Adjacent to the church is a Dominican monastery where St. Thomas Aquinas was a monk, as well as a beautiful Romanesque monastery. The terrace next to the church offers a magnificent view of the Tiber River, Piazza Venezia and the Vatican.

San Paolo Fuori le Mura

The original basilica was created here in the 4th-5th centuries and is dedicated to St. Paul. Before the restoration of St. Peter's, it was the largest church in the world. The cathedral was rebuilt, having been completely destroyed by fire in 1823, and again won the glory of one of the four patriarchal Catholic churches, as well as one of the seven pilgrimage churches of Rome. Some of the original interior decoration has been preserved and decorates the new church. The mosaics on the façade were added in the 19th century, but on the inside of the Holy Door you will see elements of an old bronze door from Constantinople (11th century). The vast nave, measuring 12 by 60 meters, is divided into five aisles with 80 columns that lead the visitor to a triumphal arch with fifth-century mosaics, an altar and an apse. High on the walls are 265 medallions with portraits of all the popes.

Sant'Andrea al Quirinale

In any other city, this Bernini masterpiece would be packed with tourists, but in Rome it is often overlooked amid the plethora of churches. The interior is an exuberant expression of the Baroque style, where art, architecture and design come together seamlessly. It is no wonder that the church was Bernini's favorite among all his works, even though the cardinal never paid him for the work. The oval plan of the building, with eight side chapels, creates a sense of space and movement, smoothly transitioning from an elliptical plan to a round golden dome at the top. The structural design of the Baroque can be seen literally everywhere - from the lavish decoration of pilasters and borders to arches, cornices and windows.

Church of Saint Praxeda

The church of St. Praxeda has retained the features of an early Christian basilica, having gone through many stages of transformation. Its high nave leads into the presbytery, where ninth-century mosaics cover Rome's most beautiful triumphal arch and apse. Numerous mosaics and frescoes were created not as decoration to celebrate biblical events and saints, but as picture books to enlighten the predominantly illiterate Medieval worshipers in the doctrines of the faith. The San Zeno Chapel is like a medieval picture book, where every corner is covered with mosaics depicting saints and biblical symbols.

San Lorenzo Fuori Mura

This early Christian basilica is one of the seven Catholic pilgrimage churches. It was founded by Constantine the Great and, despite numerous destructions and renovations, has retained its original basilica form, with a high nave with narrow side aisles, a higher chancel and massive columns. Noteworthy here is the fine inlay of colored stones and marble on the two pulpits, which is considered the finest example in Rome. The mosaics on the triumphal arch depict Christ surrounded by saints. Below, at the level of the first basilica, is the tomb of Pope Pius IX, who died in 1878.

Church of Santa Constanta

One of the most beautiful churches in Rome is Santa Costanza, built at the beginning of the fourth century as a mausoleum for the daughter of Constantine. This small architectural masterpiece is only 22.5 meters in diameter and is quite simple in design, with an unpretentious brick exterior. But the appearance is extremely deceptive, as you can see in the interior of the church. The interior decoration of Santa Constanta is made of rare and expensive materials. The delicate wall mosaics include sacred Christian and pagan figures with detailed animals and birds fluttering among the vines. The church is dominated by Roman architecture with 12 double columns with capitals, early Christian symbols and mosaic art.

Traveling through the expanses of the Eternal City? Then you probably noticed that Rome is incredibly rich in its cathedrals and basilicas, which is not possible to count (according to the latest version, there are over nine hundred churches in Rome). I think you have a question: “What kind of churches do you need to visit for every self-respecting tourist?” Although each church in Rome is unique and has its own characteristics, we have compiled a list of cathedrals that will definitely turn your head.

Saint Paul's Cathedral

The most famous cathedral of the Eternal City is invariably St. Peter's Cathedral, majestically decorating the expanses of the Vatican State. The cathedral delights with its beauties not only from the outside, but also inside: one of the greatest works of art - “Pieta”, as well as the statue and the throne of St. Peter are kept here. Having enjoyed all the delights of the cathedral, do not rush to leave it without climbing onto its observation deck, which offers a stunning panoramic view of the majestic Rome.

You should be warned that entrance to the cathedral is free, but the queue of tourists eager to visit it is incredibly long. However, if you arrive early, say by 7 or 8 o'clock, you will successfully avoid this huge queue. It is also worth remembering that you should not take large bags to the Vatican, and you should also cover your knees, otherwise you simply will not be allowed to see the wealth of the capital of Catholicism. If you decide to visit the panoramic platform of St. Peter's Basilica, then the following information will be very useful for you. You can climb the observation deck in 2 ways: by paying 8 euro and having mastered 551 steps or by paying 10 euro and after passing a small part on the elevator, reduce the number of steps to 321 . In general, it is worth noting that the ascent to the panoramic platform of the cathedral is very difficult and it will not work to turn back halfway, because the steps are very narrow and will not allow you to do this, so this ascent is not recommended for elderly tourists and tourists with children.

Working hours

7:00 - 19:00 in summer

7:00 - 18:00 in winter

Wednesday morning is reserved for papal audiences.

You can get to the dome:

from October to March from 8:00 to 16:45

from April to September from 8:00 to 17:45

Address

Piazza San Pietro, 00120 Città del Vaticano

The Sistine Chapel

The magical beauty of the Sistine Chapel is difficult to convey in words, it must be seen with your own eyes: the enchanting Frescoes of Botticelli and Pinturicchio can be viewed for hours, penetrating the essence of the plot. By the way, the main highlight of the Sistine Chapel, created by the hands of Michelangelo, took its rightful place on the vault of the chapel on October 31, 1512, when the artistic genius finally decided to present it to the public.

Pantheon

The majestic ancient Pantheon... Perhaps one of the most ancient buildings that have retained their original appearance to this day. The Pantheon is the pagan temple of all Gods. It is a huge building with a convex rounded roof, in the center of which there is a hole, which is a symbol of the unity of all saints and is popularly called “oculus”. The roof of the Pantheon is incredible, no wonder that the Roman “patrons” of the Fendi fashion house were inspired by its ornament when creating their signature brand details. But seriously, the roof of the Pantheon is also unusually heavy and therefore it is fixed on the walls of 6 meters thick, which at one time served as an excellent shelter during uprisings and riots. It is also worth noting that the tomb of the great genius Raphael is kept in the Pantheon, which you can find by going deep into the temple and turning your attention to the wall on the left side. Entrance to the Pantheon is absolutely free.

Working hours

Mon - Sat: 9:00 - 18:00

Sun: 8:30 - 19:30

Address

Piazza della Rotonda

Santa Maria Maggiore

The delightful early Christian church of Santa Maria Maggiore has one of the most advantageous locations in the expanses of the Eternal City: firstly, it is located on the Esquiline hill (which allows you to add another mark on the map of the 7 hills of Rome), and secondly, this is perhaps the closest basilica located to the central station of Termini, which makes it one of the most accessible to visit.

In addition to the above, Santa Maria Maggiore is one of the 4 Great Basilicas of the Eternal City, as well as one of the 7 pilgrimage Catholic churches. Inside the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore are mosaics created in the 5th century, as well as the manger of the baby Jesus. To visit the museum located on the territory of the church, you need to purchase an entrance ticket for 4 euros.

Working hours

Museum opening hours: daily, from 9:30 to 18:30

Cathedral opening hours: daily, from 7:00 to 19:00

Address

Piazza di S. Maria Maggiore, 42

Santa Maria della Vittoria

The charming church of Santa Maria della Vittoria is located relatively far from the most visited places by tourists, which makes it an excellent haven for lovers of a relaxing holiday.

In addition to precious decorations in the form of many sculptures and gilding, the basilica is decorated with a fresco by Domenico Cerrini and paintings by the famous Guido Reni and Dominichino. There is also a very controversial sculpture that has repeatedly puzzled the public: of course, we are talking about the sculpture “The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa”, created by the greatest genius, in whose hands the stone seemed to be transformed into plasticine, Gian Lorenzo Bernini.

Working hours

Mon - Sun: 7:00 to 12:00 and from 15:30 to 19:00

Address

Via Venti Settembre, 17

Santa Maria della Concezione

Santa Maria della Concezione is a unique Capuchin church, behind an inconspicuous façade hiding amazing works by Caravaggio and Guido Reni. The highlight of the church of Santa Maria della Concezione is the presence of a crypt, consisting of 6 rooms. It is in it that you can see intricate baroque patterns, as well as decorations created from the bones of 4000 monks, chandeliers from vertebrae and an alcove from skulls. All these “jewels” were brought to the Basilica of Santa Maria della Concezione back in the 18th century from the cemetery of the Capuchins. The entrance fee to the basilica is 6 euros.

Working hours

Mon - Sun: 9:00 - 19:00

Address

Via Vittorio Veneto, 27

Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri

The Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri is a 5-minute walk from the central station of Termini and is definitely worth your attention. Let's start with the fact that at first glance, the external appearance of the basilica does not meet the standards of the construction of churches, because its facade is literally built into the ruins of Dioctelian's baths. The Baths of Dioctelian is a grandiose building that could accommodate as many as 3,000 people, built in 290-305 thanks to the sweat and blood of thousands of slaves who gave their lives to build this structure.

The church was built much later, in 1566, and was named after those same martyrs who died. The project of the church was entrusted to none other than the most talented genius of Michelangelo. A year later, before he could finish his project, he died, but the embodied idea of ​​​​Michelangelo still amazes the viewer: every centimeter of the Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri is saturated with his spirit. In addition to the precious decorations of the church, there are also many interesting details, such as a huge amazing organ with 5400 silver pipes, or a pendulum in the form of a hand holding the globe.

Working hours

Mon - Sat: 7:00 - 18:30

Sun: 7:00 - 19:30

Address

Piazza della Repubblica

Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano

The Lateran Basilica is not only one of the finest basilicas in Rome, it is also the world's premier cathedral. Here is a small collection of the most valuable relics: among them you can find statues of 12 holy apostles, the holy ladder on which Jesus himself climbed, the papal throne, symbolizing the power and responsibility of the chief Roman bishop, and many other treasures. It is also important to note the fact that as many as 6 popes rest within the walls of the Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano: Sergius IV, Innocent III, Alexander III, Clement XII, Martin V and Leo XIII.

By the way, on November 7, a Catholic feast will be held in honor of the consecration of the Lateran Basilica, and if you are in the Eternal City, it will not be superfluous to visit the possessions of the Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano.

Working hours

Mon - Sun: from 7:00 to 18:30.

Sacristy: from 8:00 to 12:00 and from 16:00 to 18:00

Baptistery: from 7:00 to 12:30 and 16:00 to 19:00

Museum: from 10:00 to 17:30.

Address

Piazza di San Giovanni in Laterano

Basilica of San Agnese in Agone

It is simply possible not to notice this beauty, because the Basilica of San Agnese in Agone is located in the heart of one of the most beautiful squares in Italy (!) - Piazza Navona. Such wonderful creators as Girolamo and Carlo Rainaldi, Francesco Barromini, Baciccio and many others worked on decorating the basilica. It was in front of the church of San Agnese that the main character Liz from the famous novel “Eat, Pray, Love” sat and ate gelato. The Church of San Agnese should definitely be on your list of attractions that you must visit, at least, because it is located in the very - very heart of the Eternal City, and its riches will definitely turn your head.

Working hours

Mon: day off

Tue - Fri: 9.30 to 12.30 and from 15.30 to 19.00

Sat - Sun: from 9.00 to 13.00 and from 16.00 to 20.00

Address

Via di Santa Maria dell "Anima, 30/A

San Paolo fuori le mura

Paradise for travelers who value peace and tranquility. In fact, the Basilica of San Paolo - fuori - le - Mura is literally like a phoenix rising from the ashes: in 1823, a fire broke out in the basilica, almost completely destroying the entire building (only the apse part remained from the remnants that survived this terrible tragedy basilicas). In general, the church of San Paolo - fuori - le - Mura is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Here you can find a well-groomed square where you will be met by a sculpture of St. Paul (created by Giuseppe Obici), who literally welcomes you and sees you off to your chambers. It is worth noting that in San Paolo - fuori - le - Mura are the relics of the Apostle Paul, and also here is the place of his burial.

The Basilica of San Paolo - fuori - le - Mura is located in a relative distance from the main attractions, so ordinary tourists simply do not reach this temple and are unlikely to know about its existence. Therefore, if you are looking for a place for solitude, then you will definitely like the Church of San Paolo - fuori - le - Mura.

Working hours

Mon - Sun: from 07:00 to 18:30

Monastery and cloister: from 08:00 to 18:15

Confessions: from 7:00 to 12:30 and from 16:00 to 18:30

Address

Piazzale San Paolo, 1

Church of San Ignazio di Loyola

Not far from the church of San Agnese in Agone described above, you can find the Basilica of San Ignazio di Loyola, which is located near the Pantheon. The main highlight of this church is the illusionary dome created by Andrea Pozzo: it seems that the dome has a convex shape, but the ceiling is absolutely flat - this is the optical illusion of the image. Why did the artist suddenly decide to depict an optical illusion? Because the owner did not have enough money to complete the structure of the dome, so it was decided to create such a visual “trick” that would hide this “flaw”.

Working hours

Mon - Sun: from 7.30 to 12:20 and from 15:00 to 19:20

Address

Piazza di Sant'Ignazio, 171

Il Gesu

The Basilica of Il Gesu is the most important church of the Jesuit Order, and therefore is made in accordance with generally accepted canons in austerity and without architectural frills. However, the church with perhaps the most symbolic name of Il Gesu is famous for its amazing domes, precious masterpieces and golden decorations. By the way, this church was not without the influence of Michelangelo, who, unfortunately, did not have time to bring his project to life, nevertheless managed to influence the architectural style of the building. The fact is that after Michelangelo, his talented student, Giacomo della Porta, took up the project, and therefore you can easily notice the special style and spirit of the brilliant maestro Michelangelo.

Working hours

Mon - Sun: from 7:00 to 12:30 and from 16:00 to 19:45

Address

Via degli Astalli, 16

Basilica of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme

One of the most unique basilicas in the Eternal City, built on Jerusalem soil, as you may have already guessed from the name. It is also included in the list of the seven main churches of the Eternal City, visited by pilgrims during their 20-kilometer route. Here you can find the most precious relics that have been kept here for centuries: this is the sacred nail, and part of the Crown of Thorns, and 3 fragments of the True Cross and “Titulus Crucis”.

Working hours

Mon - Sun: daily 7:00 - 12:45 and 15:30 - 19:30

Address

Piazza di S. Croce in Gerusalemme

Church of San Luigi dei Francese

One of the most adored churches of the Eternal City, if only because it is here that you can see absolutely free of charge as many as 3 works of the talented genius of realism in painting - Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. In addition, the church of San Luigi dei Francesi occupies one of the most favorable geolocations, located between the Pantheon and Piazza Navona, so it will not be difficult for any tourist to visit it.

Working hours

Mon - Sun: 09:00 - 12:30 and 15:00 - 19:00

Address

Piazza di S. Luigi de Francesi

We hope our article was useful for you and you highlighted a lot of necessary information that may come in handy on your journey. We also hope that you will spend a magical holiday in the Eternal City.

If you are going to Rome, you are surely preparing for an encounter with ancient history and beautiful art. After all, in Rome, before the astonished travelers, the history of the formation of the entire European civilization comes to life. Moreover, numerous architectural, sculptural and artistic masterpieces do not necessarily “hide” in or palaces. Works of art can be found in almost any part of the city, in almost any lane! And the special "keepers" of the cultural and historical treasures of the Eternal City are the cathedrals and churches of Rome. You can find everything in them - a rich history, expressive architecture, unique paintings and sculptural masterpieces, and, of course, priceless Christian relics. We invite you to take a look at the most famous and interesting basilicas and churches of Rome with us and find out what treasures they hold.

The main cathedrals of Rome

Among the many Roman churches, the Catholic Church highlights several of the most significant. These are the so-called "papal basilicas" (Basilica Papale), which have a special status in the Catholic world and are directly subordinate to the Pope. Officially, they are part of the Vatican, wherever they are geographically located. Let's "look" into some of them - the most famous and interesting for tourists.

Basilica di San Pietro

St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican is the largest Christian cathedral in Rome and one of the largest in the world. But he is famous not only for his grandiose size. The architectural harmony and luxury of the decoration of the temple are amazing. And this is not surprising, because such masters as Michelangelo (the author of the famous dome of the cathedral), Bernini (the creator of the amazing colonnade in the square), Raphael, Bramante and many other outstanding architects, sculptors and painters worked on the construction and decoration of the cathedral.

St. Peter's Basilica is the heart of the Vatican. And the heart of the cathedral itself is the tomb of St. Peter the Apostle. It is above it that the main altar of the basilica is located, it was because of it and for its sake that a temple was built on this site in the 4th century. In addition, St. Peter's Basilica houses many other relics and, of course, unique works of art.

The Cathedral of St. Peter is so large that, according to legend, a whole army of soldiers was somehow "lost" in it - they say that the commander who was late for the service simply did not notice them. What can we say about tourists who find it so difficult to understand all the variety of interesting artifacts of the cathedral! In order not to get lost in the cultural and historical richness of this temple, explore it with our audio guide! We have created a fascinating audio tour "" so that St. Peter's Cathedral opens up for you, reveals some of its secrets, stories and legends. Download the Travelry guide with audio guide so you don't miss out on the highlights and most important relics of St. Peter's Basilica.

Opening hours of St. Peter's Basilica: from October 1 to March 31 - 7.00-18.30 (closed on January 1 and 6); from April 1 to September 30 - 7.00-19.00.

Read also:

Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano

The Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano, or the Lateran Basilica of St. John, is one of the first Christian churches in the Eternal City. This majestic cathedral was founded in the 4th century, under Emperor Constantine the Great. It is also called the "archibasilica", that is, the main basilica. Yes, yes, it is this cathedral of Rome that, according to its official status, is the main one in the Catholic world, even more important than St. Peter's Cathedral in the Vatican! After all, it was here, in Laterano, that the residence of the popes was once located. And right up to 1870, the erection to the papal rank took place in this cathedral.

The interior of this grandiose basilica impresses with its grandeur and solemnity. An attentive traveler will find a lot of interesting things in it, especially if with him. Mosaic floor, beautiful statues of the apostles, a 13th century mosaic behind the central altar, a 16th century organ, magnificent reliquaries…. Important shrines are kept in the temple - the heads of the holy apostles Peter and Paul, as well as part of the table at which Christ and the apostles ate the Meal at the Last Supper.

Address: Piazza di S. Giovanni in Laterano, 4
Opening hours: 7.00 - 18.30 (without lunch).

Learn many interesting facts and stories about the Lateran Basilica with the audio tour " ”, which is available in our guide to Rome for iPhone.

Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore

There is a beautiful legend about the construction of the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. This fragment of ours is just about him:

Built in the 4th century, Santa Maria Maggiore is not only one of the oldest, but also the fourth largest church in Rome. However, despite its grandeur, the cathedral keeps very touching relics. Among them are fragments of a wooden manger, in which, according to legend, the baby Jesus lay. Another shrine of the temple is the ancient miraculous image of the Virgin. It is believed that it was written by the holy evangelist Luke. The icon is called “The Salvation of the Roman People”, which is associated with one of the many miracles - the salvation of Rome from the plague, which took place in the 6th century through prayers to the Mother of God.

The ancient mosaics of the 5th century, the luxurious decoration of the side chapels (especially the Borghese chapel), the ancient mosaic floor, the majestic coffered ceiling of the 15th century and many other amazing and beautiful details that make up the majestic appearance of the temple deserve special attention in the cathedral.

Above the cathedral rises a 75-meter Romanesque bell tower, which is considered the highest in Rome.

Address: Piazza di S. Maria Maggiore, 42
Opening hours: 7.00 - 18.45 (without lunch).

If you are going to visit the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore and are traveling around Rome with your iPhone, we recommend downloading the audio tour " ”, in which a detailed and interesting story is dedicated to this cathedral.

Basilica of St. Paul's "Behind the Walls" (San Paolo fuori le mura)

One of the main papal basilicas in Rome. The basilica was founded during the reign of Emperor Constantine in the 4th century on the resting place of the holy Apostle Paul. It is this most important Christian relic that attracts many pilgrims to this day. In the courtyard of the temple (created back in the 13th century), many other shrines are kept. And the luxurious interior of the basilica impresses with an abundance of beautiful works of art.

Address: Piazzale di San Paolo, 1
Opening hours: 7.00-18.30.

Secrets of antiquity: ancient frescoes, Byzantine mosaics and antique artifacts

Church Santa Maria in Trastevere(Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere)

One of the oldest Roman churches, built in the 3rd century, even before the official adoption of Christianity! This church is considered the first official Christian church in Rome. The basilica acquired its Baroque façade at the beginning of the 17th century. However, despite a number of reconstructions, the elements of medieval decoration are well preserved in the church. In particular, the beautiful mosaics of the 12th century that adorn the facade of the church, as well as the frescoes of Pietro Cavallini inside.

Address: Piazza di Santa Maria in Trastevere
Opening hours: 7.30 - 21.00, in August 8.00-12.00 and 16.00-21.00.

Church of San ClementeSan Clemente)

The Church of San Clemente is also one of the oldest in Rome. Looking around this church, you can study different eras, plunging deep into the centuries. The fact is that under the main building of the XI-XII century (which in itself deserves attention), an older church, built back in 385, has been preserved. And even lower, under the early Christian basilica, you can see a piece of antiquity! At the lowest level, the ruins of a pagan temple dating from the 3rd century and the ruins of an ancient city from the 1st century are preserved - what remains after the great fire of 64, attributed to Nero. An underground river still flows there - part of the ancient Roman aqueduct.

To descend to the lower levels, you must purchase a ticket.
Address: Via Labicana, 95
Opening hours: weekdays 9.00-12.30 and 15.00-18.00; Sundays and holidays 12.00 - 18.00.

Church of Saint Pudenziana (Chiesa di SantaPudenziana al Viminale)

Among the oldest churches in Rome, the church of St. Pudenziana also stands out. It was built on the site where once stood the house of the Roman senator Puda, the father of Saint Pudentiana. The remains of an ancient 1st century house belonging to Pud (Palazzo di San Pudente) are located under the church. It was in this house that the first Christian community of Rome gathered. Senator Pud received the apostles Peter and Paul, as well as other believers, in his house. An ancient tradition calls him "a friend of the apostles." Subsequently, Pud himself was numbered among the 70 holy apostles. And the church is dedicated to one of his daughters - St. Pudentiana.

In the second century, baths were built on the site of the Puda house. And at the end of the 4th century, after the adoption of Christianity, one of the first Roman churches appeared here. The church has been rebuilt several times over the centuries. The church is notable for the ancient mosaic above the main altar in the semi-dome - it dates from the end of the 4th - the beginning of the 5th century and is considered one of the oldest in Rome. In addition, old paintings and frescoes attract attention.

Now the Church of Santa Pudenziana is the national church of the Philippine community in Rome.

Address: Via Urbana, 160
Opening hours: 8.30 - 12.00 and 15.00 - 18.00 (break from 12 to 15.00)

Church of Saint Praxeda (Santa Prassede all'Esquilino)

The church was built in the 9th century by Pope Paschal and is dedicated to Pudenciana's sister, another daughter of Pud, Saint Praxeda. According to legend, together with her sister Pudenziana, Saint Praxeda sheltered persecuted Christians in her house (they lived during times of cruel persecution, in the 1st century), took care of them, and buried the martyrs. The relics of the holy sisters rest in the underground crypt of the church.

In this temple, one cannot pass by the amazing chapel of St. Zeno. It is decorated with amazing colorful mosaics created by Byzantine craftsmen who took refuge in Rome from iconoclastic persecution.

On the right side of the Zeno Chapel there is a great Christian relic - "Colonna della Flagellazione", the upper part of the pillar to which Jesus Christ was tied during the scourging. This relic was brought in 1223 from Constantinople. Two other parts of the same pillar are in Jerusalem and in Constantinople.

Address: Via di Santa Prassede, 9/a
Opening hours: weekdays 7.30 - 12.00 and 16.00 - 18.30, weekends 8.00 - 12.00 and 16.00 - 18.30.
http://www.romaspqr.it/

We visit all three churches mentioned above - San Clemente, Santa Praxeda and Santa Pudenziana - in an audio tour " » with travel guide for iPhone Travelry. In it, we recall both the amazing history, and the shrines of these places, and their cultural treasures.

Church of Santa Cecilia in Trasteverein Trastevere)

The church dedicated to St. Cecilia, the patroness of music, has existed since the 5th century and, according to legend, was built on the site of the house in which the saint lived. It is impossible to ignore and pass by the sculpture of Stefano Maderno, amazing in its beauty and tenderness, depicting Saint Cecilia as, according to legend, she was discovered when she was uncovered her relics.

The church is also decorated with ancient mosaics of the 9th century, frescoes by Pietro Cavallini, a Gothic canopy of the 13th century. And in the crypt of the basilica (underground part) you can see a piece of antiquity - the remains of ancient buildings have been preserved there. In addition, under the altar is a sargophagus with the relics of St. Cecilia.

Address: Piazza di Santa Cecilia, 22
Opening hours: 10.00-13.00 and 16.00-19.00.

A visit to the basilica is free, the entrance to the underground crypt is € 2.50.You can see the medieval frescoes by Pietro Cavallini from 10.00 to 12.30 (€ 2.50).

Read also:

Masterpieces of painting and sculpture in the churches of Rome

Church of Santa Maria della Victoria

The Church of Santa Maria della Victoria, built in the 17th century, houses the famous masterpieces of Baroque art. One of them is a sculptural composition by Bernini " Ecstasy of Saint Teresa". Looking at this amazing sculpture, one involuntarily recalls the words of Bernini himself: “I defeated marble and made it flexible like wax, and in this way I was able to combine sculpture with painting to a certain extent.” It sounds bold, but… look at the work of this sculptor and decide for yourself how true this statement is.

Also in the interior of the church is remarkable cornaro chapel- its design is distinguished by deliberate theatricality, characteristic of the Baroque style.

Address: Via XX Settembre, 17
Opening hours: 8.30-12.00 and 15.30-18.00

Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo (Santa Maria del Popolo)

The Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo, in its current form, is an example of the Roman Renaissance and modestly houses many cultural treasures. Among them - paintings by Caravaggio with scenes from the life of the holy apostles: "The Conversion of the Apostle Paul" and "The Crucifixion of St. Peter." They are in the Cherazi Chapel.

Also in the church you can see the sculptures of the Baroque master Bernini, painting according to sketches Raphael, frescoes Pinturicchio, work Sebastiano del Piombo and other famous artists.

Address: Piazza del Popolo, 12
Opening hours: all days except Friday and Saturday 7.30 - 12.30, 16.00 - 19.00, Fri. and Sat. 7.30 – 19.00 (without lunch).

We visit the Church of Santa Maria del Popolo in an audio tour " ". Exploring the city with an audio guide, you will not miss the most interesting places and learn the most interesting stories about it.

Church of San Luigi dei Francesi (Chiesa di San Luigi dei Francesi)

In the church of San Luigi dei Francesi, built in the 16th century, you can see famous paintings of mature Caravaggio. As many as three outstanding works of this master of light and shadow are in the Contarelli Chapel, in the left nave: "The Calling of the Apostle Matthew", "St. Matthew and the Angel", "The Martyrdom of St. Matthew". In addition, it is worth paying attention to the frescoes. Domenichino.

The Church of San Luigi dei Francesi is included in the route of the audio tour " » with travel guide for iPhone Travelry. In it, we will talk about the amazing canvases of the painter, and about the history and features of the church, and about many other interesting places in the center of Rome.

Address: Piazza di San Luigi dei Francesi, 5
Opening hours: 10.00-12.30, after a break 15.00-19.00, closed on Thursdays after lunch.

Church San Pietro in Vincoli(San Pietro in Vincoli)

The Church of San Pietro in Vincoli, or "St. Peter in Chains", was built in the 5th century specifically to store an important shrine - the chains of the Apostle Peter. The iron chains with which Saint Peter was bound when he was kept in custody for preaching about Christ are kept in a special reliquary under the main altar.

And in the 16th century, a masterpiece by the famous master of the Renaissance appeared here. Michelangelo – Moses sculpture. For her sake, many art lovers flock to this church. The sculptor conceived a grandiose composition, however, he failed to fully realize it, since Michelangelo was "distracted" to work on St. Peter's Cathedral in the Vatican. The project was completed by the master's students, but even one mighty sculpture of Moses, created by his hands, is worthy of attention. In addition, the frescoes of the masters of the 17th and 18th centuries are interesting in the church.

The temple is located a little away from the well-known hiking trails, and therefore not all independent tourists manage to find it. But for this purpose, it was created to help travelers quickly find their way around the city and find places of interest to them, as well as learn a lot of interesting things about them (currently the application is only available for iPhone).

We tell more about the history and treasures of this church, as well as about the famous creation of Michelangelo in the audio tour "".

Address: Piazza S. Pietro in Vincoli, 4a
Opening hours: from April to September 8.00-12.30, 15.00-19.00; from October to March 8.00-12.30, 15.00-18.00.

Basilica of Santa Maria Sopra Minerva

Jean-Christophe BENOIST , Wikimedia Commons

The Basilica of Santa Maria Sopra Minerva, built in the 13th century, is considered the only Gothic church in Rome. In the basilica you can see the frescoes by Filippo Lippi and the sculpture of Christ by Michelangelo (1521)

Address: Piazza della Minerva, 42
Opening hours: 07.10-19.00, Sun. 08.00-12.00 and 14:00-19.00

Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva we visit on a guided tour " » with Travelry audio guide.

Churches of Rome with interesting architecture

Pantheon (Pantheon), the Church of Santa Maria "At the Martyrs" (Santa Maria ad Martyres, Santa Maria della Rotonda)

The magnificent Pantheon is not only a unique architectural and engineering monument of antiquity, but also a Christian church. Once, back in 27 BC, a pagan sanctuary was built here. The temple acquired its famous architectural appearance after perestroika in the 2nd century. It was then that an amazing dome with a hole (“eye of the Pantheon”) and a round building appeared - the rotunda. Until now, this grandiose building is considered a miracle of engineering and a masterpiece of ancient architecture.

And in 609, the pagan “temple of all gods” turned into the Church of the Mother of God “At the Martyrs” (Santa Maria ad Martyres). Probably, thanks to this, he survived to this day almost unchanged. Why "At the Martyrs"? The name is due to the fact that 28 carts with the relics of the holy martyrs were transported here from the Roman catacombs. And in later centuries, the Pantheon became the tomb of famous people, among them Raphael, the first king of United Italy, Vittorio Emmanuele II and his son Umberto I. The second name of the church, Santa Maria della Rotonda, is associated with the round shape of the building.

Address: Piazza della Rotonda

Opening hours: Mon.-Sat. 08.30-19.30, Sun. 09.00-18.00.

Tourist visits are not allowed during church services (on Sundays and holidays at 10.30, on Saturdays at 17.00)

Listen to the amazing history and unique features of the ancient Pantheon in the audio tour “ “.

Church of Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza

The Church of St. Ivo is one of the brightest examples of Baroque art and the unusual, even extravagant, architectural style of Borromini. Dynamic architecture with bizarre curves creates the impression of movement, a swift impulse, in which the building seems to freeze for a moment. The amazing graceful dome also attracts attention.

The church is located on Corso del Rinassimento, but is almost invisible from the street. In order to see it, you need to go into the courtyard.

Address: Corso del Rinascimento, 40 (entranceWithstreetsCorso del Rinasimento)

You can visit the church only on Sundays from 9.00 to 12.00. From July to August it is closed even on Sunday.

The Church of Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza is included in the route of our audio tour " ”, which is available in the Travelry mobile guide.

Church of the Gesù

The Jesuit Church, called del Gesù, is a brilliant example of Mannerism and opulent Roman Baroque. The elegant church with luxurious decoration was built in the 16th century by the architects Vignola and della Porta. Curiously, the design proposed for this building by Michelangelo was rejected by the cardinal. The architecture of Il Gesu has become canonical for Jesuit temples around the world. Churches of the so-called "Society of Jesus" are built on its model in Poland, Lithuania, Portugal, and Latin America. The founder of the Jesuit order, Ignatius Loyola, is buried in the temple.

Address: Piazza del Gesu

Opening hours: 7.00-12.30 / 16.00-19.45

Church of San Carlo "At the Four Fountains" (San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane)

The amazing Church of San Carlo, or San Carlino, is located near the intersection of the Four Fountains. Not every tourist gets to this place, and loses a lot! After all, this is one of the main masterpieces of the architect Borromini. The dynamic forms of the facade, the amazing play of light and shadow, undulating curves and other architectural features make this building an outstanding example of the Baroque style. Moreover, in the performance of the talented and unfortunate architect Francesco Borromini, this style is completely unique and original. No wonder many foreign architects, stunned by the work of Borromini, tried to get sketches and copies of the building plan.

Address: Piazza Navona - Via S.Maria dell'Anima, 30/A - 00186 ROMA

Opening hours: weekdays 9.30-12.30, after a break 15.30-19.00, weekends and holidays 9.00-13.00, after a break 16.00-20.00, closed on Sunday.

Twin churches of Santa Maria di Montesano and Santa Maria dei Miracoli (Santa Maria di Montesano e Santa Maria dei Miracoli)

On the south side of the square, opposite the arch of Porta del Popolo, two twin temples stand out: Santa Maria dei Miracoli and Santa Maria in Montesanto, built by architect C. Rainaldi in the 17th century. The buildings are mirrored and are an important part of the overall architectural ensemble of the square. They are incredibly similar, however, if you look at them very carefully (and especially if you see them in plan), you will notice that Santa Maria dei Miracoli is round, and Santa Maria in Montesanto is oval. This is due to the fact that the architect had to somehow fit the building into the complex of already existing buildings.

Address: Piazza del Popolo

We will see the twin churches at the very beginning of the audio tour " ».

Roman relics venerated by the Orthodox

Today Rome is known as the capital of the Catholic world. But this city is much older than the Catholic Church itself, and its significance for the entire Christian world is much greater and more important than it might seem. Indeed, long before the division of the churches into Catholic and Orthodox (and this tragic event took place in 1054), Rome was the ancient cradle of all Christianity. It was in Rome that the holy apostles Peter and Paul preached, it was in it that they suffered and were martyred. In times of persecution, Rome revealed to the world countless Christian martyrs. And later, after the legalization of Christianity under Emperor Constantine the Great, it was here that magnificent Christian churches and basilicas began to grow, which became models for later buildings. It is not surprising that today in Rome a great number of common Christian relics are kept, which are revered by both Catholics and Orthodox.

Holy things from Jerusalem

Many shrines came to Rome thanks to the active work of the holy Empress Helena, the mother of Emperor Constantine. Already at a very advanced age, Elena undertook a long and difficult journey to the Holy Land, to Jerusalem, in order to find the shrines associated with the earthly life of Jesus Christ. In those days, this was an incredibly difficult task, because Jerusalem was completely destroyed in the 1st century. Nevertheless, Elena was able to find and brought to Rome many important relics.

Among them - shrines associated with the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. This is a part of the Cross on which the Savior was crucified, a thorn from the crown of thorns, a nail that was used during the execution, a plate with the inscription of guilt, which was attached to the Cross. The Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem (Santa Croce in Gerusalemme) was built especially for the storage of these relics brought by Empress Helena. In addition, the finger of the holy Apostle Thomas, the cross of the “prudent robber”, as well as a full-size copy of the Shroud of Turin are kept in the cathedral.

There was also a staircase from Jerusalem to Rome, which was once in the palace of Pontius Pilate. Jesus Christ, condemned by Pilate to execution, ascended and descended several times along it. Holy Stairs (ScalaSanta) That's what they call her in Rome. It is allowed to climb these steps only on your knees. The relic is stored in a special building next to the Lateran Basilica of San Giovanni, which we mentioned above. There was also the chapel "Holy of Holies" (Sancta Sanctorum), which got its name because of the many relics that were in it.

The relics of Queen Helena rest in Basilica of Santa Maria in Aracoeli on Capitol Hill. We visit it with By the way, this basilica is also interesting in itself - the severe appearance will take you to the Middle Ages, and the interior decoration will amaze you with wealth and beauty.

The church of Santa Prassede also houses the so-called " Flagellation Column”- part of the pillar to which Christ was tied during the scourging.

And in the Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano, high under the ceiling, you can see the tabletop on which the legendary "Last Supper" was celebrated.

Most of the shrines brought to Rome from Jerusalem, we will see on the tour “ ” with the Travelry audio guide. In this audio tour, we will visit the unique ancient churches of Rome and learn a lot of interesting things about them.

Rome - the city of the apostles

The capital of the great ancient empire at one time was the center of European civilization, and therefore Christian preachers flocked here. Many of them met their death in Rome and are still buried in the Eternal City. saint's tomb Apostle Peter(whom Catholics consider the first Pope) is located in St. Peter's Cathedral in. And above the grave apostle paul a large basilica of St. Paul "Outside the city walls" was built, which we also spoke about above.

Heads of the Apostles Peter and Paul kept separately, in a special reliquary in the church of St. John (San Giovanni) in Laterano. We talk a lot and interestingly about this church on an excursion with an audio guide ““.

Roman martyrs and early Christian saints

Ancient fresco in the Basilica of San Clemente (life of St. Alexis, Man of God)

Christian pilgrims in Rome are also attracted by churches in which the relics of early Christian martyrs and saints rest. There are a great many of them in the Eternal City. In particular, in Rome rest:

Great Martyr George the Victorious(Church of St. George in Velarbo - San Giorgio in Velarbo)

St. Alexis the Man of God and St. Boniface(Church of St. Boniface and Alexy on the Aventine Hill - SS. Bonifacio e Alessio)

St. Cosmas and Damian(under the main altar of the Church of Cosmas and Damian on Fori Imperiali - Chiesa di Santi Cosma e Damiano). This church is included in the route of the audio tour ““.

Saint Cyril, one of the creators of the Slavic alphabet and educator of the Slavs (the Basilica of San Clemente - Basilica di San Clemente, which we visit on the excursion ““)

Hieromartyr Clement(Basilica of San Clemente -)

St. Eustathius Plakida(Church of Sant'Eustakio near the Pantheon - Chiesa di S. Eustachio in Campo Marzio). We talk about this church, as well as about St. Eustathius, in the audio tour ““.

Holy Martyrs Archdeacons Stephen and Lawrence(Church of St. Lawrence "Beyond the Walls" - Basilica di S. Lorenzo fuori le mura)

St. Cyprian and Justina(Lateran Baptistery - Battistero Lateranese, which is included in the audio tour “ “)

Holy Martyrs Chrysanthus and Darius, patrons of matrimony (Church of the Twelve Apostles - Basilica dei SS. XII Apostoli, included in the free audio tour ““)

St. Eugenia and her mother Claudia(- Basilica dei SS. XII Apostoli)

Holy Martyr Agnes(The head of the saint is kept in the church of Sant'Agnese in Agone on Piazza Navona, and the body is kept in the church of St. Agnes "Behind the Walls", Chiesa di S. Agnese fuori le mura). About the church of St. Agnes on Piazza Navona and about the life of the saint herself, we tell in the excursion “” with an audio guide.

Saint Cecilia of Rome, patroness of music (Church of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere - Santa Cecilia in Trastevere)

Saint Anastasia of Sirmia(Church of Santa Anastasia al Palatino)

Saint Chrysogon(Church of St. Chrysogon in Trastevere - Basilica di San Crisogono)

St. Praxedus, Pudentianus and many martyrs(Church of St. Praxeda - Santa Prassede, which we visit on an excursion with an audio guide ““)

St. Anna(in a reliquary located in the courtyard - Chiostro - St. Paul's Cathedral "Behind the Walls", San Paolo fuori le mura).

Miraculous icons in Rome

Despite the fact that the icon-painting tradition was developed mainly in the Eastern Orthodox Church, several amazing ancient icons can be seen in the Eternal City. Some of them, according to legend, were written by the holy evangelist Luke.

One of the most famous and revered icons in Rome is the icon of the Mother of God, which is called "The Salvation of the Roman People" here. According to legend, the image was painted by the holy evangelist Luke. It is stored in Basilica of Santa Maria MaggioreSantaMariaMaggiore).

Miraculous image "Salvation of the Roman people"

About the amazing history of this icon and the miracles associated with it, as well as other relics and treasures of the church of Santa Maria Maggiore, we tell in the excursion “” with an audio guide in Rome.

And on the beautiful Aventine Hill, in Churches of Saints Boniface and Alexy (Santi Bonifacio e Alessio), the ancient miraculous icon of the Mother of God "Edessa" is kept, which came to Rome presumably in the 10th century. The Romans call her Madonna di San Alessio.

Icon of the Mother of God “Edessa” (Madonna di San Alessio)

At the top of Capitol Hill Basilica of Santa Maria in Aracoeli, above the main altar is a revered Byzantine icon of the Virgin, dating from the 10th century. You can learn about the history and features of this place in the audio tour ““.

The miraculous image of the Mother of God in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Aracoeli (Madonna Aracoeli)

The miraculous icon of the Mother of God, dating from the 10th century, is quietly kept in Church of Santa Maria in Via Lata (SantaMariainvialata) on Corso street. We visit it in the free audio tour "".

Russian Orthodox churches in Rome

Orthodox tourists and pilgrims are often interested in questions: are there Russian Orthodox churches in Rome, and how to find them. Yes, and even two! One of them - Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker- is located in the old building of the mansion of Princess M. A. Chernysheva (Palazzo Czernycheff), who in 1897 bequeathed her house to the Russian Church on Via Palestro. Since the church is located in a residential mansion, it is easy to miss it: there is neither a dome nor external signs characteristic of temples, only a modest sign at the entrance. But once inside, Russian visitors, no matter where they come from, feel "at home".

Another Russian church in Rome is still quite young, but you definitely won’t confuse it with any other: the characteristic “onion” domes and the general appearance of the building clearly indicate that in front of you is a Russian Orthodox church. This Church of Saint Catherine located near the Vatican.

Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Rome

Address: via Palestro, 69/71
www.romasannicola.it

Russian Church of St. Catherine

Address: Via del Lago Terrione, 77/79
www.stcaterina.com

Where and how to find all these places in Rome if you are traveling on your own?

If you are traveling with an iPhone, we recommend downloading free Where did the Byzantine mosaics come from in Rome?

Some of the ancient churches of Rome are decorated with incredibly beautiful mosaics created by Byzantine masters. How did these masters suddenly end up in Rome? It was during the time of iconoclastic persecution in Byzantium, when the creators and admirers of any iconographic images were severely persecuted. But Pope Paschal I accepted and sheltered in Rome Byzantine masters who fled from the Eastern Empire. Gathering them under his wing, he began to decorate Roman churches with Byzantine mosaics.

By Livioandronico2013 , via Wikimedia Commons

Why are some churches in Rome called basilicas? What is a basilica and why is it special?

The first basilicas appeared in ancient Rome. This was the name of the structures (in the ancient period they were administrative buildings), arranged inside in the form of a rectangular space, divided by columns into an odd number of parts. The ancient Romans, in turn, borrowed this way of organizing space from the Greeks. And later, architects began to use such a device in the construction of Christian churches. The rectangular spaces of the church, separated by rows of columns, are called naves. In Christian basilicas, the main nave is crossed perpendicularly by the so-called transept (transverse nave). Thus, a cruciform arrangement of space is formed.

Initially, the concept of "basilica" meant precisely the architectural device. But over time, this name has also turned into a special title that is given to important churches in the Catholic Church. Only the Pope can confer such an honorary title on a church.

• Keep in mind the operating hours of the basilicas. Only the largest of them work without lunch. And most close for a day break, which lasts 2-4 hours. In our free guide to Rome for iPhone You will find information on the opening hours of most Roman churches and other tourist sites.

• When visiting the cathedrals and churches of Rome, you should be aware of the dress code. In very short skirts, shorts or with bare shoulders, you may simply not be allowed in.

• In some churches, you can turn on special lighting for an additional fee in order to better view the ancient mosaics. For example, in the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore or in the church of Santa Prassede.

• In Roman churches, it is not customary to venerate relics or icons - there is simply no such tradition in Catholicism. As a rule, shrines are kept either very high or hidden under the altar, and therefore it is impossible to get close to them. But no one prevents believers from praying, being next to the shrine.

• Many Roman churches are "equipped" with real "time machines"! Temples with a rich history often have underground crypts where you can see the remains of older buildings, old frescoes or mosaics. Going down to the underground level, you can "look" into the first centuries of our era. Entrance to the crypt is usually paid. We also talk about some of these temples.

• Another curious "secret" of ancient Roman basilicas: some of them have a special patio called Chiostro (Chiostro). Entrance to it is usually paid. Once there, you will find yourself in a small atrium - a cozy open courtyard, which is usually decorated with flowers, greenery, often a fountain, and surrounded by an elegant colonnade. There are such courtyards, in particular, in the basilicas of San Giovanni in Laterano and San Paolo "Behind the Walls". Few tourists know about the courtyard, but meanwhile, it is often one of the most picturesque parts of the basilica.

September 29, 2018

Rome is one of the oldest cities in the world and for many centuries it was the largest center of social and political life. Religion occupied a special place in the life of the ancient Romans. The first temples dedicated to the pagan Gods began to be erected as early as the royal period, around the 6th century BC. These most ancient temples of Rome have survived to this day - their ruins can still be seen in Rome today. Let's get to know them.

The ruins of the ancient temple of Vesta, dedicated to the Roman goddess of the hearth, are located in the oldest part of the Eternal City, in the Roman Forum. Presumably the temple appeared in the VI-V centuries BC. The building, round in plan, was surrounded on the outside by a colonnade. The sacred fire was constantly burning in the temple, which was maintained by the priestesses of the goddess Vesta - the vestals, and inside there was a cache that kept sacred relics.

Contemporaries can see only three fifteen-meter columns, an altar, as well as the source of Yuturna, whose water was considered healing.

One of the most ancient religious buildings of Ancient Rome, which was lucky enough to survive to this day, is the temple of Saturn. Its ruins can be seen in the Roman Forum. Saturn - the God of earth and fertility, in ancient times was especially revered by the Romans, temples were erected to him and new cities were named after him. According to legend, in ancient times Italy was called Saturn's land.

The Temple of Saturn was erected at the foot of the Capitoline Hill in the second half of the 5th century BC. During its history, the building burned down more than once during fires, but it was restored. Today, only a few columns of the portico and part of the foundation have survived. On the frieze you can see the inscription in Latin:

SENATUS POPULUSQUE ROMANUS INCENDIO CONSUMPTUM RESTITUIT

Which translates as: Senate and people of Rome restored destroyed by fire».

During the Republican period, the treasury was located under the temple, where not only the Roman treasury was stored, but also important state documents.

Portun's Temple is one of the few ancient buildings that managed to survive to this day. In ancient Roman mythology, Portun was considered the god of doors, keys and cattle, the guard of entrances and exits. The temple is located in the Bull Forum. In republican times, there was a small port and a market where livestock was traded.

The first temple of Portun appeared in the 3rd century BC, but the building that can be seen today dates back to the 1st century BC. From the previous building, only a part of the foundation, found during excavations, has been preserved.

The temple is the oldest surviving marble building in Rome. It was built around 120 BC. at the Bull Forum, not far from the Temple of the Portun. Dedicated to the hero of ancient Greek mythology, the deified Hercules, whose cult through the Greek colonists spread to Italy.

The legendary ancient Roman commander and statesman Gaius Julius Caesar was the second in history, after the founder of Rome, Romulus, to be deified by a Roman. Just two years after the brutal assassination of Caesar, starting in 42 BC. the construction of a temple in his honor began. Unfortunately, only a small part of it has survived to this day, but the ruins that can be seen today in its place give a good idea of ​​how impressive in size this building was more than two thousand years ago.

Three tall columns and part of the podium - this is all that has been preserved from the temple of Venus the Ancestor in the forum of Caesar. It was erected in 46 BC. at the direction of the great Julius Caesar in gratitude to Venus, fertility, beauty and love, for help in the victory over Pompey. The cult of Venus was of particular importance in the life of the ancient Romans, who considered her their patroness.

The surviving ruins of the temple are located in the Imperial Forums, or Fori imperiali, in the center of the Forum of Augustus, commissioned by the first Roman emperor in the 2nd year of our era. It was a majestic building, richly decorated with white marble, sculptures of kings and great Roman generals, sacred statues of gods and mythological characters.

In 79 AD, a temple was erected in the Roman Forum in honor of the two deified Flavian emperors - Vespasian and his son Titus. Only a few columns remained from the majestic temple, as well as some bas-reliefs, which are now kept in museums.

The temple of all the gods - the Pantheon - is located in the Rotunda Square, or Piazza della Rotonda, in the historic center of Rome. This building was built by order of Emperor Hadrian in 126 AD. e. To this day, it remains a functioning temple. The Pantheon is a unique example of ancient Roman architecture; its design features testify to the great achievements in the field of ancient engineering.

Many prominent personalities of the past are buried in the Pantheon, including the Italian kings Umberto I and Vittorio Emmanuele II, Queen Margherita of Savoy, as well as famous Renaissance painters and architects Rafael Santi, Baldassare Peruzzi and others.

According to historians, the most majestic religious building of Ancient Rome was a temple erected to the glory of the goddesses Venus and Roma, the patrons of the Eternal City. It was consecrated in 135 AD. e., during the reign of Hadrian. The emperor himself was the architect of this monumental structure.

The ruins that can be seen today near the Colosseum give an idea of ​​the size of the ancient structure. The pedestal on which the temple was erected is 145 meters long and 100 meters wide.

Modern Rome is not just a city with a long, centuries-old history, it is a real open-air museum, the exhibits of which surprisingly find a place among modern buildings. One such example is the temple of Hadrian, located on Stone Square (Piazza di Pietra). Part of the ancient Roman structure turned out to be built into a 17th-century building designed by Carlo Fontana.

The temple to the glory of the deified emperor Hadrian was erected by his adopted son and successor Antoninus Pius in 141-145 AD.

The Temple of Antoninus and Faustina is one of the few well-preserved pre-Christian temples of the Forum. By decree of Emperor Antoninus Pius, who was inherently a deeply religious person, a temple was erected in the Roman Forum in about the middle of the 2nd century in honor of his late wife Faustina. When the emperor died, an eagle was released into the sky at the farewell ceremony, which symbolized the deification of Antoninus. On the frieze of the portico you can see the Latin inscription:

DIVO ANTONINO ET DIVAE FAUSTINAE EX S(enatus) C(onsulto)

which is translated from Latin as: Divine Antoninus and Divine Faustina by decision of the Senate».

One of the largest buildings located in the Roman Forum is the basilica dedicated to the emperors Maxentius and Constantine. The height of the vaults of the basilica, built in 312, was 39 meters, and the area of ​​just one nave exceeded four thousand square meters.

The most ancient temples of Rome, preserved to this day

There are over 900 churches in Rome. Of course, it is impossible for a tourist to visit them all, but there are those that are included in the obligatory “classical” program: St. Peter's Cathedral, the Pantheon (St. Mary and the Martyrs Church), pilgrimage basilicas, some churches of baroque masters. Even if you are not a religious person, the churches of Rome are definitely worthy of your attention, because many of them are masterpieces of architecture and at the same time museums that store priceless treasures of world art.

In this article, we will talk about those Roman churches that stand out from the general background - for their architectural style, history, or the presence of an unusual museum.

1. Santa Maria sopra Minerva /Santa Maria sopra Minerva

The Basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva is a Dominican church built between 1280-1453. in the image of the Florentine church of Santa Maria Novella. The rather nondescript façade of the basilica hides a real gem - a magnificent Gothic-style interior with blue pointed arches adorned with golden stars. This the only original example of the medieval Gothic style in Rome(Roman churches are dominated by the Baroque style).

The church got its unusual name "Saint Mary over Minerva" due to the fact that in its place there was once a temple of the Egyptian goddess Isis, mistakenly taken in the Middle Ages for the temple of Minerva. The main treasures of the church - statue of Jesus Christ with a cross by Michelangelo(to the left of the altar) and the tomb with the relics of the patroness of Italy, Catherine of Siena. The outstanding early Renaissance artist Fra Angelico is also buried in the church.

In the Dominican monastery (in the building to the left of the basilica) was the headquarters of the Inquisition. It was within these walls that Giordano Bruno's death sentence was read out, and the famous trial of Galileo Galilei, during which he had to renounce his views on the heliocentric system of the world.

The Basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva is a couple of minutes walk from the Pantheon in the area known as Campo Marzio. The beacon of the location of the church is egyptian obelisk mounted on the back of a baby elephant designed by the Baroque genius Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini.

The most convenient way to get to the church is by arriving at the bus or tram stop in Piazza Venezia. Nearest metro stations: Barberini (line A), Colosseo (line B). Address of the Basilica: Piazza della Minerva, 42.

2. Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Prati / Chiesa del Sacro Cuore del Suffragio in Prati

If Santa Maria sopra Minerva is an example of the medieval Gothic style, then the Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Prati is already neo-Gothic, which is also very unusual for Rome. The church is small, but stands out on the Tiber for its appearance, which was inspired by the architecture of Northern Italy, in particular the Milanese Duomo.

The uniqueness of the church is not only in its appearance. In the sacristy there is a rather unusual museum, the only one of its kind - Museum of Souls in Purgatory(museo delle Anime del Purgatorio). There was a fire in the first building of the church, during which the priest Victor Jouet noticed that a sad human face appeared behind the altar. The priest decided that this is how the soul, imprisoned in purgatory, is trying to get in touch with someone from the living. According to the ideas of Catholics, if they pray fervently for the soul on Earth, this will make it easier for it to enter heaven.

Victor Jouet began to collect evidence and facts of this phenomenon - the attempts of the dead to contact the living. This is how an unusual museum appeared, which contains such exhibits as, for example, a book with a trace, as if left by a burnt hand, or a pillowcase with a protruding face of a nun. So the soul from Purgatory tried to send a message to her sisters asking them to pray more fervently for her.

Where is it located and how to get there

The Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Prati is located on the Tiber Lungotevere, a 10-minute walk from the castle. Nearest metro stations: Lepanto (line A), Spagna (line A). Church address: Lungotevere Prati, 12.

3. Church of St. Ignatius / Chiesa di Sant'Ignazio di Loyola in Campo Marzio

The Church of St. Ignatius is a typical example of Baroque architecture and is the most common architectural style in Rome. The church was built between 1626-1650. and is dedicated to Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuit order.

What is remarkable about the church of St. Ignatius? In addition to the rich baroque interior, attention is drawn to the ceiling, decorated with a magnificent fresco "The Triumph of St. Ignatius" by Andrea Pozzo. This is one of the largest ceiling frescoes in the world. To make it easier for visitors to look at its details, a large mirror was installed in front of the entrance, aimed at the ceiling.

Even more amazing is the "false dome" of the church - it is a plane in front of the altar, on which a painting is applied, creating the illusion of volume. The reason for the appearance of the pseudo-dome is prosaic: there were not enough funds to build the real one. But the brilliant Andrea Pozzo found a way out and created 3D graphics, which in the 17th century. made a great impression on his contemporaries.

"False dome" of the Church of St. Ignatius

Where is it located and how to get there

The Church of Saint Ignatius is a couple of minutes' walk from the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Campo Marzio. The most convenient way to get there is by arriving at the bus or tram stop in Piazza Venezia. Nearest metro stations: Barberini (line A), Colosseo (line B). Church address: Via del Caravita, 8a.

4. Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane / Chiesa di San Carlino alle Quattro Fontane

The church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, also called San Carlino, was designed by Francesco Borromini, a baroque genius whose rivalry with Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini was reminiscent of that between Mozart and Salieri. Interestingly, very close to the Church of San Carlino is Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, a church designed by Bernini, which the master himself considered his most perfect creation and often came here in his old age to mass.

The Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane was built by order of the order of the Trinitarians, who were engaged in the ransom of captive Christian slaves. Financial support for the construction was provided by Cardinal Francesco Barberini, whose palace was across the street.

The church is very small and compact, but it is considered the standard of the Baroque style and its first full-fledged "swallow". The plan of the church has an unusual oval shape, and the undulating lines of the interior create a feeling of constant flow and movement. Behind these wavy lines lie complex mathematical calculations: at one time, the seemingly impossible architecture of the church made a splash.

It is also interesting where the church is located - at the crossroads, at the corners of which there are 4 fountains, symbolizing the Tiber and Arno rivers, the goddesses Diana and Juno.

Where is it located and how to get there

The Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane is located near the Quirinal Palace and the Barberini Palace. Nearest metro stations: Barberini (line A), Repubblica (line A). Church address: Via del Quirinale, 23.

B asilica di Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri

The Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli i dei Martiri was rebuilt from the ruins of the baths of Emperor Diocletian, who were the largest in Rome. Therefore, its appearance is significantly different from churches built from scratch. It is dedicated to the Virgin Mary, the “queen of angels”, as she is often called, and the intercessor of the Christian slave martyrs who died during the construction of the term. The reconstruction project was entrusted to Michelangelo himself and this church is his last work before his death.

Behind the not too remarkable, almost ascetic facade of the basilica, it is very difficult to guess the majestic and magnificent interior, decorated with sculptures, frescoes and marble columns. But the most interesting thing is not on the walls and ceiling, but on the floor of the basilica.

Not everyone knows that it was the Roman popes who stood at the origins of the calendar that we use today and were involved in financing astronomical projects. So on the floor of the Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli y dei Martiri, by order of Pope Clement XI in 1702, a meridian line (Linea Clementina) 44 m long appeared, created by the philosopher, mathematician and astronomer Francesco Bianchini.

The line was needed to dispel doubts about the accuracy of the new Gregorian calendar, to which the Catholic world had switched a century earlier. This is a sundial and a calendar by which it was possible to determine (with the help of a sunbeam falling on the floor from a hole in the wall) the days of the solstice and equinox. Along the entire line of the meridian, there are various zodiac constellations made of marble. On the right side of the line are summer and autumn constellations, on the left - spring and winter. Along the meridian, yellow stars can also be seen indicating the positions of some of the most important stars and their names.

Where is it located and how to get there

The Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli i dei Martiri is located in the Republic Square. Nearest metro station: Repubblica (line A). Church address: Piazza della Repubblica, 00185.

6. Church of Saints Peter and Paul in the quarterEUR/ Basilica dei Santi Pietro e Paolo

The Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul, dedicated to the patron apostles of the Eternal City, is one of the most significant examples of modern architecture in Rome. The history of this church is unusual, because it was built as part of a complex of buildings of the new quarter EUR(Esposizione Universale Roma) - an architectural project of the fascist regime, inspired by the legacy of imperial Rome with its exaltation of the role of the state and rulers.

The Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul turned out to be very monumental, a kind of rethinking of St. Peter's Cathedral (Michelangelo's project was indeed adopted by the architects), as the Palace of Italian Civilization (the "square" Colosseum) became a rethinking of the Colosseum. It is located on a hill overlooking the Tiber, which is why, as the locals joke, some uninformed tourists on the way from Fiumicino to the center even mistake it for the original St. Peter's Basilica.

A stepped ramp leads to the basilica, which is crowned by giant statues of Saints Peter and Paul (as in St. Peter's Cathedral). The facade of the church is lined with travertine - the most popular material in Rome, which was used, for example, in the construction of the Colosseum.

Where is it located and how to get there

The Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul is located in the EUR quarter in the southwest of Rome. Not far from the church is the most famous example of the architecture of the regime of Benito Mussolini - the "square" Colosseum. Nearest metro station: EUR Palasport (line B). Church address: Piazzale dei Santi Pietro e Paolo, 8.