Cenigsberg city gates (Kaliningrad). Königsberg gates

Koenigsberg was surrounded by the seven bastion fronts, i.e. Citizens of polygonal serf belts, with the inclusion of bastions in them with an earth-shaft connecting them. Lunting, cavaliers, redoubts and individual Reduits should have become auxiliary defensive structures, built into the shaft and rendered beyond its limits. The system also turned into the system, powered by water, both pregel sleeves and other reservoirs. Separate elements of the defensive circuit were the gate.

All city gates of Königsberg locked up for the night and put a guard. The entrance to the city from sunset to dawn was prohibited. The exception was only doctors and priests.

The history of the construction of the gate

April 5, 1843, Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm Fourth, ordered to create a second bottleneck around Königsberg. Develop a project was commissioned by the head of the engineering corps, Lieutenant-General Ernest Ludwig von Aster.

Ludwig von Aster, developing a project of second best strengthening of the city of Königsberg, took into account not only the military assignment of the gate, but also aesthetic. All urban gates were performed in one of the directions of English Neoeta - Tudor-style. Separate attention was paid to sculptures decorated them.

Construction of the city gate began on August 30, 1843 from the bookmarks of the royal gate. In this event, the King of Friedrich Wilhelm Fourth himself took part. The construction of the consecration of the Friedland gate in 1862 was completed.

At the end of the 19th century, the construction of the fortnight "Night Parina Königsberg" began, which was made at a considerable distance from the borders of the city.

The second boost strengthening of the city of Koenigsberg lost its military significance.

By decree of August 25, 1910, a number of protective structures are prescribed from the fortifications system, including the city gates of Königsberg.

During World War II, many cenigsberg City Gate (Kaliningrad), were partially damaged.

In the postwar years, they were not even considered as a monument of architecture and stained in the cast and oblivion. Some were given under a vegetable warehouse, others under workshops. So it lasted until 1960, when by the decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, they were declared under the protection of the state.

But the main revival of the city gate of Koenigsberg occurred in 2004. Then the Royal 750th anniversary of Kaliningrad were renovated.

Now it is seven attractions of the city. Some gates are located museum expositions, in other cozy cafes.

Royal

Royal Gate (Him. Königstor) Located at the intersection of Frunze Street and Lithuanian shaft. Initially, there were Calfo Gate at this place.

In 1717, they were demolished, and during the entry of Königsberg to Russia in this place were built by Russian engineers.

These gates were originally called Gumbinnin, as it was in Humbinen (Gusev) who went through them the road. In 1811, the gate was renamed royal, by the name of the street on which they were (him. Königstrasse).

At the end of the first half of the 19th century, modernization of urban fortifications began in Königsberg. Then the old gates were demolished, and newly preserved in their place were built.

Solemn bookmark new royal gates It took place on August 30, 1843 in the presence of the King Friedrich-Wilhelm 4, and construction was completed in 1850.

Koenigsberg. Built in a pseudo-styled style and outdoor resemble a small castle. The author of the Gate Project General Ernst Ludwig von Aster, Architect Friedrich August Stewler answered the artistic design of facades, the bas-reliefs created a sculptor Wilhelm Ludwig Sturmer.

Royal Gate. Consist of one pass of a 4.5 meter width, on the sides of which are the chamsis. From the city of the caasemates had windows and doors, and from the outside of the ambrusura.

The roof edges are framed by teeth. At the corners of the building there are four eight-marginal turrets (on old turret pictures round), and four more eight-marched turrets are located on the high central part of the royal gate.

The facade of the city is decorated with the Borders of the King of Czech Ottokara 2 (left), King of Prussia Friedrich 1 (in the middle) and the duke of Prussia Albrecht 1 (right). The figures contain their generic emblems. Above niches depicted the coat of arms of Prussian lands - the deputy and natantia.

At the end of the 19th century, gross fortifications have lost their defense functions, and at the beginning of the 20th century Royal Gate. Were sold by the Military Ministry of the City Office.

Later, in the 20th century, the shafts adjacent to the gates on the sides were broken because they prevented the increased car movement. Thus, they have become a free standing, an island structure. Now they perform the function of a peculiar triumphal arch.

In the course of the Great Patriotic War, during the bombing of the city, the gates received minor damage.

After the war, the royal gates used as a bookstore number 6, which closed in the nineties of the last century. After used under the storage room.

In 2004, restoration work began, during which the building of the royal gate was completely renovated, and Friedrich 1 Basperfam 1, Duke Albrecht 1 and Ottokar 2 were led by their lost heads.

In 2005, the royal gates became a symbol of the celebration of the 750th anniversary of Kaliningrad.

On November 10, 2005, a message to descendants was prompted to the descendant's wall - a glass case with the book "City of My Dreams". One of the records in the book was made by Russian President Vladimir Putin on July 2.

Since 2005, the royal gate has been a branch of the World Ocean Museum. There is an exposure dedicated to visiting Königsberg Peter 1.

From the city	main facade
bas reliefs	With outside s

Rosgarian

Rosgarten Gate (it. RossgärTer Tor)located at the intersection of the streets of Chernyakhovsky (Wrangels) and Alexander Nevsky (Cranzer Allee), next to the Vasilevsky Square and the amber museum.

The first gates that were in this place were built at the beginning of the 17th century during the construction of the first strengthening of Königsberg.

In 1852-1855, on the draft director of serf-building Irfuhelbacht and Lieutenant Engineer, Bay High, at the place of the first city gate, built new, more modern.

The project facade of the gate was developed by the secret Supreme Construction Advisor to August, the head of the technical construction deputation in Berlin. Stewler himself worked the project of the facade, giving him pronounced gothic forms. Author of sculptural jewelry - Wilhelm Ludwig Sturmer.

Rosgarian Gate There are only one pass four meters wiper. On both sides of the sides of the passage, there are three caasemate. In this way facade Rosgarian Gate Consists of seven openings. From the city of the caasemates have windows, from the outside of the city of ambrusura. From above above the facade of the gate is a series of teeth, divided into two halves sublime central part.

On the sides, the central part is framed by two high eight-grown turrets. Above the entrance is the observation platform, fenced by the teeth. On the right and left of the entrance are arcades, consisting of arches based on columns. On the sides of the main archway there are two medallion-portrait depicting Prussian generals of Sharnhorsta and Gneisenau.

From the outside, the passage is covered with blockhouse, from which you can conduct a circular rifle and artillery fire and Cordegardia, from the Ambrazur of which the front and flank fire could be conducted. Cordegardia had a swing gate. In front of Cordegardia, through which the lifting bridge is thrown.

After the war Rosgarian Gate were restored and began to be used as a cafe-restaurant "Sunny Stone".

From the outside	From the city

Rosgarian Gate	medallion-portrait of the Sharnhorst	medallion-portrait Gneisenau

Zakhaimsk

Zakhaimsky Gate (Sack. SackHeim Tor) Located at the intersection of Moscow Avenue and the street Lithuanian shaft. The first gates that were in this place were built at the beginning of the 17th century during the construction of the first strengthening of Königsberg.

Construction Zakhaimsk gate, which reached our time, it was built in the middle of the 19th century.

They have one passage in the form of an arch, which performed the function of the checkpoint when entering the city.

The gatehouse is built in neoctic style from red brick of varying degrees. From it, walls and decorative parts are folded. At the corners of the gate there are four towers: two round from the city side and two eight-marched from the outside. From the side of the city, they were decorated with the bas-reliefs of Johann David Ludwig York and Friedrich Wilhelm Bülov, on the outside - the image of a black eagle.

At the end of the 19th century, gross fortifications have lost their defense functions, and early 20th century Zakhaimsk gate Were sold by the Military Ministry to the city administration, and they were left as a monument of architecture, in the form of a triumphant arch. Part of the champows was demolished and residential buildings were attached to the gate. Through them stopped walking, which was allowed next to the gate, the breakdown of a significant part of the defensive shaft.

During World War II, the gate was not injured. After the war, they began to be used under the warehouse, which function they performed until 2006.

In 2006, the restoration of the gate began. In the Zakrhaim gate, the Federal State Institution "Center for Standardization and Metrology", his laboratory and a small museum could be accommodated, where the scales and other vintage measuring instruments can be seen.

At the moment (April 2011), no work is conducted, and we can only dream about the museum.

From the city	From the outside
From the city	From the outside

Friedland

On the outskirts of the city, not far from the cattle courtyard, on the road from the Austrian street (Kalinin Ave), and crossing it with Schienglisserally Street (Ul Dzerzhinsky), the shaft was built with a gate, to cover the city from the south, the road that led to the city Friedland (Pravdinsk).

The first mention of O. Friedland gate (it. Friedländer Tor) Refers to 1657, this year, Prussia was freed from vassal dependence on the part of Poland.

Defensive structures were well equipped with artillery, but these fortifications were seriously inspected only during the Napoleonic Wars. Attempting the French to take Koenigsberg somewhat, but this fact is an exception, since the first cool ring showed its inconsistency at the occurrence of the enemy.

And already in 1857-1862, the construction of a new second defensive ring around the city began. The olds were disassembled and in their place in 1862 new ones were built, and they were the most fortified in the system of the second rings. Friedland gates were built under the direction of architect F. A. Stewler (1800-1865).

Friedland gates are made in the style of neoctic from red bricks of varying degrees. From it, walls and decorative parts are folded. The gates had a large number of chambers with windows and embrasures. They had an escarp wall (the inner wall of the fortress shaft) with a sentiment of it. This wall, goes along the park and preserved to the present day.

The gates of the gate had not only rifle embrasures, but also cannon. The gate had two drives with the portals of a shadow outline, and the portals had platbands repeating their forms. The front part of the goal from the city is disseminated vertically five counterphorties, ending at the level of decorative gear paw with pointed double turrets - pinakles with phylami. From the outside of the gate of such turrers, only three.

Parapet's turrets and teeth for creating lighting and greater architectural expressiveness are decorated with decorative niches with multibane and double-centered arches. Under the gear paws, the ornament from the repetitive crosses, wearing the name of the Besant in the ancient architecture.

From the side of the city, the figure was decorated with the figure of Friedrich von Trollena, who at the beginning of the 15th century was the Comnor of the Balg Fortress. From the outside of the gate is the image of the fifteenth Master Master of Teutonic Order Siegfried von Faochtwangen.

The author of the sculptures Wilhelm Ludwig Sturmer (1812-1864). The date of creation of sculptures discovered during the restoration - 1864.
Currently, sculptures are restored (the sculpture of Fahtwangen - in 2005, the Sculpture of Trollena - in 2008).

In the early 20th century, Friedland gate We wanted to demolish, but the gate together with all the second topics were sold by the military ministry in 1910 by the city administration, and they were left as a monument of architecture.

After World War I, the Friedland gate closes for transport and become entrance gates to the park, which is created at the site of defensive structures of the South Front. And the road to Friedland (the current street of Dzerzhinsky) began to pass on the side of the gate, while the part of the defensive shaft was demolished.

During World War II, the Friedland gate had to become a military facility. Upstairs still traces from the trenches and holes for artillery guns. During the storming of the city of 1945, the gate was practically not affected. What can not be said about the Soviet period. In the post-war, the gate was empty for a long time, then a warehouse was located in them. Unique ceramic bricks were repeatedly descended, painted, trees sprout on the roof of the gate and in the end the gate was destroyed.

In 1988. Friedland gate The park named after the "40th anniversary of the VLKSM" (now the South Park) was transferred. For donations of individuals and public organizations, the Friedland gates managed to restore and discover the Museum of Eastern Prussia.

When cleaning the pond ponds, various items were found, which were the first exposition of the museum. Here collected a collection of weapons of the 19-20th centuries, a collection of wine and beer bottles, blacksmith and carpentry tool, bricks with prints of animals and stamp masters.

Museum in the Friedland Gate Founded Alexander Georgievich Novik. Initially, the museum was actually private and did not have official status. Only in 2002 the museum was officially created by order of the director of the South Park.
Now the "Friedland Gate" Museum is the only museum of Kaliningrad, the exposition of which is devoted to the history of the pre-war Königsberg.

Permanent exposition of the museum:

"City-fortress, garden city. Virtual walk through the streets of Old Konigsberg ": the opportunity to see what city was in 1895-1910, look into shop windows.
"Königsberg of the first half of the 20th century": life of the townspeople of the first half of the 20th century, the usual things in unusual appearance, famous trademarks.

"Civilization begins with sewage": the history of water supply and sewage from ancient times to the present.

From the city	From the outside

sculpture of Friedrich von Trollena	sculpture Siegfried von Fahtvangen

museum

Brandenburg (Berlin)

Brandenburg (Berlin) Gate (it. Brandenburger Tor) Located at the intersection of Bagration Street (Alter Garten) and the Luga South.
The first city gates at this place were built in 1657. They were intended to protect the city on the southwestern plot, and the road leading to the castle of Brandenburg (now pos. Ushakovo).

Because of the scarce financing, a wooden gate was built with a roof, which rested in the earthen shaft. For reliability in front of them was died and filled with water.

18th century, by order of the Prussian King Friedrich 2, Brandenburg Gate They were demolished, but in their place, to cover the city from the south (now Suvorov Street), a massive construction of bricks was built.

They had two spacious drives, the premises of the garrison guard, service, utility and warehouses.

In 1843, restoration work was carried out, the gate building was almost completely rebuilt.

The frontones became pointed, with cruciform flowers from sandstone and stylized leaves.

The gates are installed sculptural portraits of Field Marshal Boyen (1771-1848), Military Minister, participant in the reforms in the Prussian army, and Lieutenant-General Ernst von Aster (1778-1855), the Chief of the Engineering Corps, one of the authors of the second strengthening.

Brandenburg Gate - The only of all the Königsberg city gates that have been preserved to our days performing their former transport function. The structure of the Brandenburg gate is renovated and protected by the state as a monument of architecture.

From the outside	From the city

Ausfali

Ausfalstor AusFalStor), Located at the intersection of the Guards Prospect (Deutschordenring) and the streets of Mountain.

The first gates on the site of the current were built in the twenties 17th century during the construction of the first strengthening of Königsberg.

In 1866. Ausfalsk gatewere completely rebuilt in the style of brick gothic. Due to the fact that they were intended only for pedestrians, and were less significant in relation to the rest of the city gate, the architectural design of the gate was an order of magnitude poorer than the remaining city gates of Königsberg.

Designed new Ausfalist gatesarchitect Ludwig von Aster.

Ausfalist gates have only one passage, to which the staircase and a narrow bridge conducted from the outside of the city. On the sides of the passage are the chambers of the front and flank fire. The passage is blocked on an arc of an arc, which is decorated with a casing with teeth. Side outdoor wines of the gate are lined with granite slabs.

About the appearance of the facade of the goal from the side of the city is nothing unknown, since the facade of the gate is covered in land, and his photographs or drawings are not preserved. On the passage there is a combat platform with a toothed parapet. From the very beginning, the shaft crashed from the very beginning and were actually below the ground level.

At the end of the 19th century, the city's strengthening of the city lost their defense functions, and at the beginning of the 20th century, the Ausfalsky gates were sold by the Military Ministry to the city administration, and the only passage of the gate was laid.

During the Second World War Ausfalsk gate were converted under the management of military units. Extensive indoor gates were divided into separate compartments with concrete walls. Passages between compartments were closed with hermetic protective doors.

After the war B. Ausfalist gates Used as a warehouse, later - as a bomb shelter located near the school of the police, and even later they were located in them a wastewater collector.
In 1993, the Orthodox Chapel of St. George, dedicated to the Soviet soldiers who died during the Königsberg Soldiers, was built on the upper coating of the gate, which is located in the roadside of the arrival part of the Guards Avenue.

In the spring of 2007. Ausfali and railway gates were transferred to the Kaliningrad historical and artistic museum. It is planned to restore the gate, and placement of museum expositions in their premises. Together with the monument of 1200 guardsmen and the Park of Victory, the gate should be part of the military-historical complex.

Ausfali	wastewater collector
orthodox chapel of St. George

Steindhamsky

Steindammer Thor (Steindammer Thor)They were located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe current Victory Square. They were demolished in 1912, after the defensive structures of the second obligation are outdated, lost defense significance and were sold by the city by the military department.

There were two broad drives for transport and two travels for pedestrians. On the right and left were placed three barracks.

Like most Kenigsberg city gates, building Stordammsky gate It was built in the Gothic style.

Tubes of the arched gate had a sweatshop. The roof edges completed the teeth. At the edges of the pedestrian portals towering turrets. In the center of the gate, in Niche, the statue of King Friedrich Wilheyma 4 was posted.

Hollenderbaum

HOLLANDERBAUM THOR (HOLLANDERBAUM THOR) They were in the area of \u200b\u200bthe crossroads of General Boutkova (AusfallTorstr) and the embankment of Marshal Baghamyan (Hollanderbaumstr), next to the bunk bridge across the Preligol River.

The gate was called the area in which they were located (Hollenderbaum, "Dutch tree"). The gate was demolished at the beginning of the 20th century, after the defensive structures of the second obligation are outdated, lost defense significance and were sold by the city by the military department.

Tragheim

Tragheimsky gate Located in the area of \u200b\u200bGorky Street (Waldburgstr). They were demolished in 1910, after the defensive structures of the second obligation are outdated, lost their defense significance and were sold by the city by the military department.

Railway

Railway Gate (Eisenbahnhof Tor) They were built in 1866-1869 on the project of architect Ludwig von Aster.

The railway gate had two spans (North and South), decorated with fitted arches. On the sides of railway spans are the casemates with embrasures, and from the outside - the room for the guard.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Doychordering street was laid on top of the gate (it. Deutschordenring, now Guards Avenue).

After World War II, the movement on the branch passing through the gate ceased due to the construction of a new one. The old paths were finally dismantled only in the 1990s, now a pedestrian walkway was laid in the Victory Park.

Railway

It was a grand project. Unfortunately, not all preserved to our days.

Leaving behind the railway gate, I went out on the street. General Butkova (formerly. Ausfalltor Straße), and then on the Guards Avenue (previously Deutschordenring). My further path was lying in the direction of the automotive and railway bridge across the Pragol River.

After a couple of hundred meters, a huge bulk of the bunk bridge appeared in front of me, and the building of the former Holländerbaum station, which preserved to the present day, had a little right. Now the Kaliningrad Regional Customs is located in this building.

But, before joining the bridge, I decided to approach the edge of the embankment to admire the type of the Pragol River, still a custodized ice, and the snow shiny in the sun.

There was quite clear weather and the opposite bank was clearly visible. There, proudly towering over low warehouse buildings, a powerful tower of the Friedrichsburg gate was visible. It is these gates that are the next stopping point of our journey.

Having made several frames that were visible on the opposite shore, the gate, I headed for a brown bunk bridge (formerly Reichsbahnbrucke). The original bridge was blown up by the retreating Germans in 1945, but already in 1959-60. The bridge was completely restored and rebuilt. A unique mechanism unfolding 1000-ton Machine in just 2.5 minutes, was irrevocably destroyed, so the modern bridge acquired a new, already vertical, adjustable mechanism, working and to this day.

It is worth noting that here, not far from the bridge, at the intersection of ul. General Butkova (formerly Ausfalltor Straße) and the embankment of Marshal Baghamyan (Holländerbaum Straße), have previously been another gate - Hollenderbaum, which were demolished at the beginning of the 20th century.

Crossing the bridge, wrapped left on ul. Port (formerly Friedrichsburger Straße), where, among numerous warehouses and autocentrers, are located that interest us Friedrichsburg gate (it. Friedrichsburg Tor). Looking ahead, I will say that these gates are not related to the city gate of Königsberg, as they were not in the city, but in a small fort, but, nevertheless, they are beautiful and interesting in their own way.

Long ago, in 1657, on the left bank of the Pregel, to protect Königsberg from the sea, as well as the control of the water path to the Pillau fortress, on the orders of the Kurfenburg Friedrich Vilhegelma, the Fortress of Friedrichsburg was laid, and the gate of the same name, built a little later, performed Bandwidth through a protective shaft of the fortress.

The project of the fortress was developed by a Prussian engineer and mathematician Christian Otter (1598-1660). He belongs to the invention of the Dutch system of building fortresses, which he successfully applied and during the construction of the Fritronichsburg Fortress, surrounding it with a wide, filled with water mo. The construction of the fortress was led by Georg Neumann. The first commandant of Fritronichsburg fortress was appointed Dutch Colonel Engraner Gerhard von Belgulm.

In the form, a small fortress resembled the right square, with four sides protected by earthy bastions. Inside the fortress there were barracks, prison, food and weapons warehouses, a customs service and a small church. In 1858, the modernized fortress, which received the status of the fort, became part of the second strengthening. At the same time, on the project of Friedrich August August, the brick Friedrichsburg Gate was attached to the fort.

The gate, striking by its heavily, was built from the burned clinker brick in the style of Tudor - the English course of neootics. The vaults of pass-through pass are made in a traditional boar style, and the caasemates located on the sides of the gate, in the crusade.

If you carefully look at the goal, we will see that the walls, as well as complex architectural jewelry over the entrance arch, are made of bricks of various colors and forms, which speaks of the high mastery of the builders of the XIX century. On the front facade of the gate to this day, the Black Gothic inscription "Friedrichsburg" and the core of the Prussian Eagle are preserved.

On the left and right of the arched passage are massive round towers, decorated with decorative teeth. The names of the towers are unusual and interesting and interesting: "Rubin", "Pearls", "Almaz" and "Smaragd (Emerald)". Each tower has six round and four firewalls - boys.

On August 23, 1910, Fort has ceased to be a military facility, and was transferred to the management of the Imperial Railway, and after 10 years the bastions were completely disassembled, and the Rips are covered in order to free the place under the railway station railway routes and do not interfere with the construction of the railway bridge.

After the Great Patriotic War, the gate was badly damaged and were under threat of demolition, but in 1960 they still received the status of an architectural monument, but it did not save them from further destruction and illness.

And now, quite recently, it was finally a bright period in the post-war gate history. The collapsed gate took the museum of the World Ocean under his wing. In the FDP "Culture", more than 20 million rubles were allocated for the restoration and gateing the initial architectural image. The complexity lies in the fact that for the restoration of the gate, a special brick is required, purchased in Latvia, and already on the spot from it the necessary figured elements are cut.

The director of Azimut-Stroy LLC, which performs the restoration of the gate, Alexander Feschanko says that, in comparison with the royal gate, there are much more difficult things here, as 46 species of different bricks are required for numerous elements.

Upon completion of all works, the gate will take long-awaited guests already in the status of the branch of the World Ocean Museum. It is planned that the Museum Squares will be devoted to the history of shipbuilding, the center of the restoration of underwater archaeological finds will be opened, the area in front of the gate will be decorated with a beautiful fountain, as well as the opening of Minique.

In conclusion, the story of the Friedrichsburg gate, I want to mention another interesting historical fact. In 1697, the Frydrichsburg Fortress, for the purpose of learning artillery skills, was visited by Peter I.

The Brandenburg Colonel Von Sternefeld, who spoke as a teacher, gave a high appreciation to his student. Upon returning to Moscow, Peter I received a certificate in which it was said: " Peter Mikhailov to admit and read for the bombs perfect in throwing, cautious and skilled firearm»

The last time I looked around the gate slaughtered snow, between the towers of which the rays of the winter sun were glanced, I went further on the street. Port and, soon, wrapped on the street. Serpukhovskaya (formerly. Knochen Straße), which in turn brought me to the street. Bagration (former. Alter Garten Straße).

On this street there are the following gates on our route - Brandenburg (it. Brandenburg Tor) - The only of the seven preserved city gates of Königsberg, who perform their transport function to this day.

The name of the gate comes from the Oddensky castle of Brandenburg on the Freshing River, the ruins of which are still preserved in modern pos. Ushakovo Bagrationovsky District. It is through these gates that a broken road from Königsberg was walking toward the castle of Brandenburg.

The date of construction is 1860. The author of the project of the Facade of the Brandenburg Gate, as well as Friedrichsburg, is a talented military engineer Friedrich August of Stüler. The gate was part of the second strengthening and served to pass pedestrians and transport across the Earth's Tree at Bastion Brandenburg.

These gates made in neo-style style in the architectural plan are slightly more lightweight, in comparison with the rest of the city gates. On both sides of the two symmetric arched openings for travel, there are small incapshots with embrasures. Previously, these premises served to protect and customs service, and now they are located in the city of the "Frame and Framework" store.

The walls wallmates are made of clinker bricks; The base is lined with granite slabs in the KVAD technique, and the facades are decorated with a carved stone and shallow plastic.

Over the two inaccurate arches, the gate is decorated with very beautiful "vimpergami" - Roman frontons with faceted turrets - "phylami".

The frontones on the edges are decorated with stylized sandstone flowers - "crabs", and impertly - "crossflowers". The semi-branches are interconnected by gear parapets.

"Timpans" (fields of frontones) are decorated by the city of the corelines, on the other hand - coat of arms. The author of sculpture plastics - Wilhelm Ludwig Sturmer.

Gorotor's burners depict portraits of military generals, Russia's allies in the fight against Napoleonic France: Military engineer Hermann von Boyen (left) and lieutenant-General Ernsta Ludwig von Asterig (right).

Hermann von Boyen was born in the city of Kroyzburg (modern village. Yenino Bagrationsky district) and is known for taking an active part in wars with Napoleon, fought in battles near Leipzig, Lyon and Paris. With his participation in Prussia, a military service system was introduced. At the place of his generic estate still there is a forgotten and dilapidated monument to this outstanding person ...

The second terminal belongs to Ernstu Ludwig von Aster, also an active participant in battles with Napoleonic France. However, he brought the greatest fame to work on the project of serfs of second strengthening.

During World War II, the Brandenburg Gate suffered, relatively, not much. In the post-time, it was used as a warehouse and were in general start-up. And only in 1960, the decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, the Brandenburg gate was declared a monument of urban planning and architecture of republican significance ...

Bright, but still cold February sun highlighted the vintage walls of the gate - silent witnesses of the rich history of Königsberg. Aspirated winding frontons beautifully looked on the background of the blue sky, probably, as well as and a half a century ago, causing a view of a random passerby.

I wanted to look infinitely for a long time to look at the gate and a row of cars passing through them, but my path lay on - towards the southern station, where in a hundred meters from the gate, at the site of the old wall there are commemorative burners informing us that here in the XIX century were drunk Professor - Rectors of Königsberg University "Albertina".

This is a philosopher Christian Jacob Kraus (1753-1807) (christian Jacob Kraus), Anatas and Physiologist Karl Friedrich Burdach (1776-1847) (it. Karl Friedrich Burdach), the name of which is called a nervous bundle in the rear poles of the spinal cord, providing a touch and the deep sensitivity of the lower extremities and the lower parts of the body and the philologist Ludwicas Reza (1776-1840) (it. Liudvikas Gediminas Rėza).

By the way, an unforgivable mistake in the name (Ludwigas instead of Ludwicas) was admitted to the burrow of the famous Lithuanian poet, but let it be on the conscience of the author of this memorial sign. I also add that in Kaliningrad in 2000, in the square of Lithuanian cities-twinths at the intersection of ul. The chestnut alley, etc. Victory, solemnly discovered a monument to Ludvicas, the sculptor A. Sakalaususas.

And in the meantime, after time, bypassing the beautiful building of the South Station, went to Kalinina Avenue and headed towards the next goal on our route - Friedland. Also in the third part, I will introduce you to the same city gates of Königsberg - Zakhaimsk.

To be continued...

In the Soviet chronicles of Königsberg they are not called anything like a "fortress city" - and not in vain. Founded as the metropolis of someone else's and hostile land, at the gate of the restless East, the centuries growing around the castle, Konigsberg could not not be a fortress. The oldest walls of the 14th century, a sort of "zero belt", covered, and two towers survived from them. The first belt was built in 1626-34, it was already covered by Forestadt, and the second belt rose in 1843-62, and in partly coincided with the first - in the aggregate, what remained from them as an inner ring. Finally, the third belt (external ring) was built in the 1870-90s, it passes approximately along the current bypass, and was used to be appointed up to the present day. The inner ring, which lost defense significance by the beginning of the twentieth century - is actually the center of Konigsberg, the edge of the "holes from the bubble", which is crowded and two stations. It is also impressive that British Aviation, Motor Splatte Downtown, spared transport hubs and strengthening - the inner ring has been preserved from the preliminary pore almost entirely, its main losses are associated with the building of Königsberg at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Hike along the ring (which in practice was not solid) I will deal into three parts, and in the first inspect the South Station adjacent to the Old District Haberberg and covered part of the fortifications. I will also make a reservation in advance that I am a fabric by the topic of fortification, I'm confused even in terminology, so I count on edits and comments.

On the introductory frame - Friedland gate, the extreme point of the route. To the right - Lomme Island, a bridge on which is somewhat further, and I no longer go there, so let's go counterclockwise. Most of the objects noted on the scheme of objects survived, except for Hollarderbaum gates, a plot from Bastion Krausek to the Tragheim gate inclusive and individual bastions along the entire length of the ring. The South Station is about the site of the Brandenburg Bastion. Green stripes I hid on the scheme (photographed in the Friedland gate) myself, and they denote the "borders" of my posts:

2.

Let's start the campaign we are not from the Friedland gate, but from the southern station, which since its foundation in Konigsberg and Kaliningrad chief. As already mentioned in the post, the railway came to Königsberg in 1857, and in 1862 closed with the railways of Russia. Königsberg was an important transport assembly, but at the same time did not have a pronounced main station - only a few small stations, with some of which existing and disappeared, we will meet. Conditionally, the main one could be considered the complex of the Eastern and South Stations - the oldest in the city, they were quite far from the current South.

3.

In general, this is no longer an order, but some kind of Bardak, so in the 1920s, Königsberg transport node was a comprehensive reconstruction. The southern station in this form opened in 1929, and its device is clearly visible on the googlockarth:

4.

Before the station - huge (420x160m) and empty Kalinin Square, and a simple, but stylish building station in the style of "new substance" - the most impressive object on it:

5.

On the facade - the coat of arms of the Soviet Union, but a separate RSFSR. In my opinion a rather rare case?

5a.

Inside, it seemed to me, the station was scolded, but very civilizer:

6.

The main attraction is a huge (180 meters of 120 meters) a three-rolling debtarcader with inscriptions "Good Kaliningrad to welcome" on the ends. Such debarkarders remained in the former USSR still in Moscow (Kiev and Kazan train stations), St. Petersburg (Vitebsk Station), and already in our time, there was also a debadar studio. In Germany, it was the usual thing. And as you can see, such a relatively fragile thing has survived August 1944, and April 1945:

7.

The station is not located in the middle, but at the northern tip of the debarkaarder. The second entrance is on the tunnel from the other end:

8.

The debarkard is not very high (in Lviv is tangible above, not to mention Moscow-Kiev), but it seems immensely wide. Far trains are now coming from here about three pairs (in Moscow every day, on Peter in the day and in Adler sometimes), suburban - a half dozen. And here, perhaps, the largest variety of paths: not only that both diesel and electrified (in Zelenogradsk and Svetlogorsk) are so also there is a path of Stephensian gauge (the Kaliningrad-Gdansk-Berlin train).

9.

The train station here is purely passenger, the cargo paths do not enter it (a huge station of Kaliningrad-sorting is visible on a configuration picture):

10.

The northern exit is marked by a very stylish dispatching point:

11.

Southern - a small railway museum that hangs across the ranks of the bus station. The bus station here is typical, small, but revived. In general, the bus service in the area is organized very competently.

12.

Ends the ensemble German viaduct, the "tunnel" under which is assessed at the surprise of high-quality graffiti:

13.

The plots are very different. Close - a gray creature from his belly pulls as a train:

14.

In general, one of the most impressive stations that I saw ... As well as the North. But the transport mosaic of Königsberg is not exhausted by these two stations ...
And I will go from the overpass first clockwise - to the Friedland Gate. The railway goes to the south, and our way - along Kalinin Avenue, along the fortress shaft, on which at which at the end of the 19th century was broken, I apologize for the name, South Park:

15.

In which two rages. Closer to the station - Haberberg:

16.

17.

18.

Between them - Obelisk. At the Nazis, the park was named Horst Wessel - a young activist, the author of the anthem NSDAP, in 1930 killed by the Communists. Under the councils, the park was renamed the 40th anniversary of the WLKSM, and at the place where the monument of Vessel stood, put Stel Komsomolets.

19.

20.

And finally, the Friedland gate, the youngest on the inner ring (1857-62). The gate with the same name was on the first ring, but were located somewhat closer to the center, the name is in both cases from the town of Friedland (now Pravdinsk), which was located on the side. At the old Friedland gate, the Germans constrained Napoleon's army for several days, pressing the Russian time to retreat for the Neman.

21.

You can climb on the gate, but from the outside it is not yet:

22.

Two parties of the gate are decorated with the sculptures of Teutonic compete Friedrich von Trollena (1412-16) and the Grand Master of Siegfried von Fihhetvangen (who suffered the capital of the Order in Marienburg), recreated in 2005.

23.

The fact is that since the 1990s, the gate occupies a museum founded by the enthusiast Alexander Novikov, and only in 2002 received official status. For Kaliningrad, it was a breakthrough - if the World Ocean Museum showed itself an effective organization, then this museum is an example for imitation. It was the first museum specializing in the pre-war Konigsberg. In 2007, at the All-Russian Competition "The changing museum in a changing world" he ranked second after the Tretyakov.

24.

Munchhausen on the wall:

24a.

However, I was not lucky - the big (and most interesting) part of the museum is now on reconstruction, so I turned out to be somewhat disappointed. But that the museum is made with taste - it can be seen:

25.

Between the railway and Street of Bagration along the shaft stretches the former district of Haberberg ("Oat Mountain"). It is believed here that there was a pasture here, whether the oats landing for the Teutonic cavalry, and the suburb of Haberberg took place at the same time, when Rosgar'an and Tragheim - in the 17th century: in 1613 a community was formed, by 1652, which was cut to a full-fledged outdoor, which in 1724 , like others, entered the joint city. As far as I understand, the 17th century tree Haberberg did not cover what was corrected during the construction of the second shaft.

26.

In Haberberg from the overcrowded center, "evicted" the cemeteries, so a small area on the outskirts had as many as three chirms. Troitskaya Haberberg Kirch has been known since 1652, Cant baptized in it ... And when the church burned down and was rebuilt in 1748-52, according to the legend, Kant offered to equip it with a ramp. She stood not far from the current square Kalinin:

27.

Kirk Luther from the 67-meter tower was built in 1907-10, and was located near the barracks shown above. In Kirch was a reinforced concrete dome, organ and steel bells with a very unusual "heavy" ringing. This is the last Kirch Königsberg, purposefully demolished under the councils - in 1976. Perhaps generally the last temple destroyed by the Soviet power ...

28.

Finally, the Catholic Kirch of the Holy Family (1904-07) is located on the same line with the already mentioned Obeli VlKSM. Since 1980, philharmonic and organ hall live in it.

29.

Architecturally, it is perhaps the best stylization under the "Hanseatic Gothic" among the surviving Kaliningrad Kirch:

30.

In this area, I walked in the evening of the first day - the train arrived at the southern station in about half the fifth, and I had an hour and a half. The following frames are no longer a Haberberg, but Furhstadt, partially shown in. Forestadt stands out among other areas with gloomy architecture, overaveness and unchanged red.

31.

31a.

32.

33.

34.

Especially well this house in a small alley is a former telegraph office:

35.

And or rather, his gate in the style of "new substance" is one of my favorite works of old Königsberg:

36.

And a whole quarter of the Kaliningrad Sea Fish Industrial College:

37.

In the yard - some visual benefits:

38.

And the horned main building is the former hospital of St. George (1894-97), founded in 1329 as leprosarium, and in the following centuries a multiplely destroyed and revived:

39.

I forgot to take a picture of one iconic building on Leninsky Prospekt (which communicates the South and Northern Stations) - the Directorate of Railways in Königsberg, since 1895, which has occupued a profitable house, built, by the way, at the School site, where Kant studied in the 1730th. Snapshot from Wikipedia, 2002:

40.

And this is again Haberberg, the end of Lenin Avenue:

41.

Go back to the station. It is close to it extremely (as well as the whole complex) stylish railway postal (pay attention to the portal):

42.

View of the same gate. Frame removed in sight of the staff - no one said the words. Probably decided that the German ...

43.

The attribute buildings stretch for a couple of hundred meters:

44.

On the contrary - the brick fence of Altstad and Kneyprhof cemeteries, as already mentioned, "evicted" here in the 18th century:

45.

In addition to the walls from them, nothing left:

45a.

Nearby - the Brandenburg Gate (right as in Berlin!) Over Bagration Street. Brandenburg (now Ushakovo) - Castle at the Bay, on the way to Balgu ... and then as once in that barland, where Potsdam and Berlin. These gates are the only passages in the inner ring, even with tramways.

46.

However, we are not under the gate, but in parallel to them - the road rises to the overpass, parallel to which the railway bridge passes. Below - the path of the cargo station, somewhere in its right part there was an east station:

47.

Some of the warehouses are still German, and the high-rise buildings are already behind the prege:

48.

Further - a noisy road and a sad industrious. At the railway embankment, so similar to the fortress tree, another stunningly stylish tower, on Wikimapia marked as "point of mechanical centralization of the South Station."

49.

And the railway bridge (1915-27) is seen behind it ... about which in the next part.

Far-2013

The center of Kaliningrad is surrounded by an eight gate, which was even ten before. Each gate has its own history, their own character and their secrets. They must be seen with their own eyes!

Ausfalsk gate

Ausfalsk gate (From the German Ausfalstor - Gate for Targets) Some of the simplest and most rebuilt gates of Königsberg. The first gates were erected in the 17th century, in the 19th century they were used exclusively for passing pedestrians, and now the gate is at all are laid.

Location: Southwest End of the Crossroads of the Guards and Ul. Mountain.

What is interesting: the Orthodox chainnaker is built on top of the coverage of the Ausfalg gate.

Brandenburg Gate

Brandenburg Gate - These are the only bottom of the city's gate used. They were built in 1657, and in 1843 almost completely redone anew in the same place. Their style differs from all the other gates of the city with outstanding triangular frontones. The gate have two drips on the road, covered paving and tram paths.

Location: At the end of the street. Bagration at the transition to ul. Suvorov (Berlin).

What is interesting: the side parts of the gate were hiking, and now are closed.

Railway doors

Railway doors - Pretty laconic brick gate, through which there is a hiking passage. In the past times, a w / d way went to the modern Baltiysk. There are no rails now, but there are no train movies.

Location: Under the roadway, the Pros-Ta Guards.

What is interesting: on the structure you can find the date of construction 1866-1869.

Zakhaimsk gate

Zakhaimsk gate Impressive powerful hollow from the inside towers. The gate date back to the 17th century, but the current structure was erected in the middle of the 19th century. In the 20th century, the caasemates were partially demolished for the extension of residential buildings.

Location: At the intersection of a prosp. Moscow and Lithuanian shaft.

What is interesting: now the Brandenburg Gate is used for cultivable events based on the Art Platform "Gate".

Royal Gate.

Royal Gate. - It is quite massive, complete and not burdened with secondary buildings structure. Initially, it was a Calfo gate, then Gumbinnensky, and in 1811 renamed royal. Like all the Koenigsberg gate, the construction has undergone a lot of rearrangements.

Location: At the intersection of ul. Frunze and Lithuanian shaft.

What is interesting: so powerful gates managed to visit the warehouse, shop and cafe, but now there is a museum of the World Ocean with the amber samples from all over the world.

Rosgarian Gate

Rosgarian Gate have the main opening and six caasemates - three on each side of the opening. Casemates from the outside are an embrasure for shooting, and from the inner window. It is noteworthy that the outer side of the gate has no finish.

Location: At the intersection of ul. Chernyakhovsky and A. Nevsky.

What is interesting: now at the goal there is a cafe, and the caasemates play the role of wardrobe, satisters and kitchens.

Friedland gate

Friedland gate They take their name from the city of Friedland (now Pravdinsk). Two main drives are laid, there is no wall and middle side by the city. It is known that the first Friedland gates of the 17th century were somewhat elsewhere. At this place the gateway built in about 1857-1862.

Location: Crossroad PR-TA Kalinina and ul. Dzerzhinsky.

What is interesting: in the 80s, the gates were found antiques, which can now be found in the current museum.

Friedrichsburg gate

Friedrichsburg gate - This is the remainder of the Fortress-Bastion called Friedrichsburg. The gate and now looks like a medieval building - four rounded towers, gothic false windows and parapets in the form of teeth.

The Fair Fortress was erected in 1657 by the decree of the Grand Kurfurtist Friedrich Wilhelm. The gates themselves were prescribed already in 1852 according to the drawings F.A. Stula.

Location: ul. Port, 39.

What interesting thing is: in 1697, the fortress honored Peter I to study the scorer.

Having visited 8 amazing Kenigsberg gates, you will discover for yourself that you can eat time in the gate, culturally spending time and even pray.

Learn more about the excursion and leave a request:

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