What are the architectural structures of the Stone Age. Dyatlov Pass, found the giant structures of the stone age

For lectures, I want to note the following: not just so I post them here, they are directly related to the subject of this community and can bring certain benefits for everyone. It is often believed that after school and institutions, training should be completed, but this is a huge misconception, because the older the person becomes, the more he is able to accommodate and understand if it works in this direction. Now it may seem that this information will never be useful, but everything read is postponed in our consciousness and is always ready to help when it becomes necessary. I also want to note that people came to see such lectures to our institute came from everywhere, which it is already about the fact that new knowledge, especially in the field of art, customize a person for good idea, and these moments in turn contribute to nutrition and body, and spirit . Here I do not have the opportunity to bring all the information in full due to the fact that it will be difficult to perceive it and it will take too much time, but in every lecture I tried to invest as much as possible that I managed to record myself and What gave me books. Let it benefit everyone who wants to get it ...

"Of all the unknown, the most unknown is time"Aristotle

The first dwellings of those mentioning about which are available to a modern person, they began to create Neanderthals about 35 thousand years before AD. / This is the official theory, although the true presumpture leaves much deeper. These dwellings were parking and canopies.

Primitive people preferred to use natural shelters - caves. The device of artificial caves in the rocks has become possible only with the advent of metal guns. To prevent the ceiling collections at the excavation of weak and layered rocks, the caves gave a fitted outline. Such an outlination, more or less correct, gave a large number of artificial caves. With the transition to a settling lifestyle, the first structures appear.

In the era of Paleolithic, people appear new skills, respectively, housing were enhanced. The reason for the improvement was also a climate change, which required more sustainable dwellings and instruments of labor.

In the first half of 3 thousand BC. Matriarchate comes, in the second half of 2 thousand BC. Patriarchate comes, and together with it, monumental architecture, megalithic ARH-RA / menhir - 1stone; dolmen - 2, covered by the third; cromlech - Education, row of stones. For example, Stonehedezh, 17B BC.

Nuragi - Tower-like structures 2-3 thousand BC. /O.sardinia/

According to officially accepted data it is believed that the homo Sapiens / man is reasonable / appeared on earth 40,000 years ago.

5000 - 4000 years - the oldest stone age and the first architectural structure;

4000 - 3000 years - bronze age;

2000 years - Iron Age.

Frequently used symbols of the time - a circle, vertical, horizontal, straight angle.

The main types of megalithic structures.

Mengir is one-standing, vertical stone. Standing stones are the main element of the monuments of the Neolithic era. Sometimes there is only one stone, resembling its shape of a spindle or rough obelisk - such a structure and called Mengir. Mengira appeared in the late development stage of primitive society / example - in Carnaca in Brittany.

Dolmen - Two mengir with a crossbar. Dolmen - Tomb, entrance to the village. It consists of the stones standing and overlapped from above one or two stone plates. May be inside the burial mounds. The oil area ranges between 4 and 70 sq.m., and its height is between 1 and 3.5 m. The entrance to it is usually closed with a stone slab, usually mobile, sometimes drilled! Round hole. Sometimes there are apparent crypts. The room is often preceded by Songi, or a corridor, more or less long and wide, usually straight, but sometimes encountered crankshaft.

Megalithi. Mega - big, cast - stone. Share in the "sex" sign - a rhombid meant "Women's Beginning", a rectangular pillar - "Male Start".

Cromlech - several mengirov forming a circle. Sometimes mengirows stretch in rows, forming alleys that bear the name of the Renie. Sometimes two adjacent stones are combined horizontally moving monolith. It happens that the entrance to the crude is preceded by short corridors. The construction in the form of two stones set vertically with the crossbar in the form of a third stone is called a trituit.

StoneHedge / 2 thousand BC, England / - The most famous megalithic structure. Consists of dolmens set in a circle.

StoneHedge is a construction used in religious and magical purposes.

One can say one thing - everything is visible and it is clear that such structures, the true meaning of which is unknown by scientists so far, could not be built with rude, stupid people, and it is quite clear that in their development and in their abilities, people of that era were not Below us. It is enough that these buildings stand still, and what will remain from our era? Will the skyscrapers and beloved of our anthills of the Series of the Times? Very doubt. But the story not only is not revised and do not rewrite, although everyone has already agreed with the fact that there are too many inconsistencies in it, but the importance of history is trying to push into the background, offering our children only a few free items to choose from. Of course, why do you need such a "nonsense", as a story, and even more so archeology. And without this we live.

Well, a few more examples:

The pile buildings of Science relates at all to the later stone era due to the fact that the most ancient of them really arose at that time and that in some places, for example, in most Lakes in Eastern Switzerland and in the Austrian Alps, they disappear at the end of the stone era (copper period), Which in relation to artisticity is at all on one stage with stone. It should, however, now have to specify that even on the Zurich Lake, in Volyyshofen, a pile structure was found, probably already a bronze era that the pile buildings in Western Switzerland existed during the entire prehistoric metallic period and that in some primitive peoples of all parts of the world they also still represent the prevailing type of structures.

On the basis of the foundation for hijan, two systems of pile structures are distinguished: the pile buildings in their own sense of the word, the typical representative of which is Rubling, in Switzerland, and buildings located on the logs on each other (Packwerkbau), in Netherville. In the real pile buildings of piles, who supported the whole structure, were driven into the bottom of the lake so that they opposed the water to one or two meters. The piles on top were combined between themselves between the crossbars inserted into them, and these latter, for the formation of the deck or the par, were combined with two rows of wooden bars superimposed on each other. The essence of another kind of buildings was that the ranks of the beams or logs were superimposed by one on the other along and across, forming a raft on which new beams put when the tree, heated by water, began to fall; Bashes continued until the entire bottom of the structure was lowered to the bottom.

Cut houses of ancient people on alpine lakes.

On the platform of the pile buildings of the Alpine Lakes, each individual hut was placed on a solid floor made of yellow clay; The way the method of building the hut and the construction of the roof probably did not differ from what was used when built on land. Over the remnants it was repeatedly determined that the walls were woven from the rods, and outside the clay was fused, on the layer of which the geometric decorative patterns were squeezed.

Tectonic, carpentry, and at the same time, and the European house building, obviously, should consider these pile buildings one of its first major success, of which the most ancient arose, as the Millennium seven years ago. To the question why exactly such buildings were built - the question was repeatedly offered and received very different decisions, we can, for our part, referring to the pile buildings of many modern native peoples, answer that it was probably forced to settle over the surface of the water , Many reasons taken together. The main ones, apparently, were, firstly, the need to protect against land animals, not only four-legged, but also snakes, and secondly, the convenience of fishing and killing animals who came to the coast thickening thirst. To these reasons, perhaps the need for cleanliness was joined and, finally, the pleasure of living over transparent green waters.

Tombstones and tomb.

Tombs of the people of the stone era (Vityaze's graves).

Along with these residues of the dwellings of people of the later stone era, we get acquainted with the tombs, namely with the graves of Vityazy (HynengRDber), and with other megalithic, that is, built of huge stones, tombs. Do not go into consideration of the question of whether these graves and tombs have arisen in imitating the cave tombs of other times and countries, as the Muller Sofus believes, and whether they should be considered artificial deepened in the rocks. If the pile buildings are naturally in the geographical area of \u200b\u200bstanding water, the megalithic tombs, in some localities there are still in the metal era, are found where there are powerful rocks. If in the pile buildings we see the heads of wooden architecture, then in megalithic monuments we see the first art attempts to build from stone, and although this art is not yet possible to erect anything truly artistic, but it already comes to understanding the law of maintenance and the strokes in its monumental simplicity, and the strength is calculated for eternal times, and the powerful voltage of the forces, expressed in the sticking of the giant stones, is devoted to pious memories and testifies that these heroes of gray-haired antiquity, which made the flesh of our flesh, were wailed exactly the same feelings that are peculiar to us.

Varieties of burials (dolmen).

The grave buildings are divided into dolmen (Dolmen), graves with strokes and graves in the form of stone boxes. Actually, dolmens are freely standing gravestones: huge, inside sometimes somewhat smoothed, and outside the rough stones form the walls of four-gone, multifaceted or almost round grave structures; Their flat roof is one huge stone, sometimes far forward over the walls, as a result of which such a structure has a kind of giant table. In the north, the tomb-dolmens of this kind were surrounded by earthen embankments, which in our time have already disappeared. The graves with the moves are built in the same way, but are more specific and covered with a bulk earthen hill, on the surface of which the ceiling stones of the inner chamber were initially opened openly, and from the side led from the outside the indoor stone move. Large graves of this kind in the north are called "giant rooms." "Stone boxes" are similar grave chambers, but without leading in them. In the oldest time, in Sweden, they were usually given themselves to their upper part of the earthen, the hill was full on them, they were completely hidden in the bronze era. According to the Scandinavian scientists, Dolmen are the oldest, and stone boxes are the later forms of megalithic tombs. Tombs with strokes forming the giant rooms are found besides the northwestern part of the European mainland in England, Ireland and in the Iberian Peninsula. The most huge building of this kind in Northern Europe is located near New Green, in Ireland. Even more significant in the magnitude of the Antkewer Stone Grave in Spain. Having a length of 25 meters, and the width of 6 meters, this grave is supported inside the columns that give it the nature of the top discharge.

Tombstones.

Along with real baldmen, formerly only monuments in honor of the dead, there were less complex stone jets (SteinSetzungen) and often simple pillars that can be considered as historical monuments or as symbols of religious representations. The desire to put stones for perpetuating some event was everywhere earlier than the ability to create architectural or sculptural artworks from stones. Separate stones of this kind, very often found in France, are known under the Gallic name of Mengir, the groups of Mengirov are called crumbs. Mengir, which are sometimes huge height, looks like rudely rejoiced obelisks of the wrong shape. They are often found by groups or in the form of rows and circles. At the Karnak field, in the Morbigan Department of France, 11 thousand of such Mengirov standing in eleven rows were or even recently stood - a whole army of silent witnesses of the powerful manifestation of the forces that the Higher's daily needs moved than the daily needs of the person and who endured him into the spiritual world of unearthly ideas. Stone circles in Scandinavia, in France and England, always stuck sacred spaces that served, on the one hand, for advisory meetings, on the other - for sacrifice and other religious actions. Another stone century, apparently, belonged, for example, the most extensive of the so-called "druids temples" in England, namely surrounded by the shaft and moat the round structure in Aburi, in Wiltshire, which occupied an area of \u200b\u200b28 1/2 of the Morgo.

Starting with South Sweden, Denmark and mainly from southwestern Germany, where huge boulders left glacial period, by themselves, suggested that they were collected and clung to each other, Dolmen and stone monuments hundreds of thousands stretch in England and Ireland to Western France (Normandia and Brittany), from here, in the north of Spain along the coast of Portugal, go to South Spain, then, bypassing the sea, are found in North Africa and throughout the African coast Mediterranean Sea, then appear in the Crimea and Palestine and, finally, in India, especially on its West Bank, meanwhile, if they come across, only alone, on the space between the Baltic Sea and Crimea, on the paths connecting the East with the West. Previously thought these border stones denoting the path of Aryans from India to Northern Europe. Craise witty defended the opinion that the stones under consideration, on the contrary, indicate the path of Aryan tribes from Northern Europe throughout their present area of \u200b\u200bdistribution, right up to India. But the correctness is neither impossible to prove any other look. In the end, megalithic buildings also belong to the manifestations of human forces repeated under the same conditions in various nations.

IN Ancient world There were no skyscrapers, but the high structures were. Some of them were built to perpetuate the glory of the ruler, about the appointment of other scientists still argue.

"Puzzled Hill"

Height:up to 9 meters

Construction time: 9,000 years BC

A place: 15 kilometers northeast of the city of Urf (Shanliurfa), Turkey

"Goebekley-Tepe" - so the name of this place in Turkish sounds. The oldest and unique temple for its time, the construction of which began in the middle stone age. About twenty round-shaped structures, stone benches, sculptures of boars and foxes, columns height from 3 to 9 meters. After a thousand years, he was deliberately filled with sand. Huge heavy blocks were under the power to build an already organized society.

Jericho Tower

Height:8 M.

Construction time:8000 years BC

A place: Jericho, Palestine

Huge tower for his time in the Jericho Wall. Jericho - all ancient city on the ground. It was continuously populated by almost 10 millennia BC. e. Although the earliest settlement was rather a big village. The purpose of the tower is not entirely clear. She could be used to intimidate and be the first castle in history.

The Pyramid of Cheops

Height: 146 M.

Construction time: from 2540 BC. Until 2850 BC. According to different estimates

A place: El Giza, Egypt

Hoeop's pyramid (the full name of Pharaoh - Khnum Houfu) is the only preserved from the "seven miracles of the world." Its full name is Ahet-Hufu (Horizon Hofu). It was built on a hill and lined with white limestone shining in the sun peach color. The vertex was crowned gilded stone - pyramidion. The entrance was embossed a large granite slab, which was not able to move to the Baghdad Caliph Abdullah al-Mamoun, who had done a new entrance, which was opened in the pyramid and today.

Nurag Su-Naurakshi

Height: About 20 m.

Construction time: XVII century BC

A place: Commune Baruni, Oh. Sardinia, Italy.

Nuragi is the Tower-Megalites, built on the island of Sardinia, built in the II millennium BC. e. Their number throughout the island reached 20,000. The towers could serve to review the surroundings, defense and control over the trade routes. At this time, Sardinia, according to antique legends, could settle the tribes of korors, Iolaas and Balars. Which of these tribes built the towers is unknown. The builders could be "nations of the sea", more than once attacked the Egyptian kingdom.

The largest known Nurag - Su-Naurakshi, whose height could reach 20 meters. The construction did not have a foundation and kept only due to the mass of stones at the base. Next to him was located a fortified settlement - about 50 round in terms of huts, which were a single complex.

Babylonian zikkurat ETEMENANKA

Height: 91 M.

Construction time: XVIII BC, reconstruction in the VII century BC

A place: Painting of the city of El Hill, Iraq

Translated from Sumerovsky, ETEMENANK - "House of the base of the sky and the Earth" or "House, where heaven agree with the earth." It is this zikcrat most often associated with the legend of the Babylonian Tower. He existed already in the XVIII century BC. During the Board of Hammurapi, however, after this, the Temple tower was rebuilt several times after the destruction.

The last reconstruction made a tower with one of the highest and grand structures of the ancient world. Zikcurate consisted of 7 tiers, the last of which was located the temple. The construction was launched by Ardachesh at Queen Asarhadon, and Zikkurat was completed with Navudokosor II, after 100 years.

Galicarnas mausoleum

Height: 46 M.

Construction time: 359-353 BC. e.

A place: Bodrum, Turkey

The first "mausoleum" and "miracle of the world". Named by the name of the Karia Tsar Malsol. In honor of him built this gravestone monument to his wife Artemisia III Kariaskaya. The mausoleum was married about 330 statues, and he himself had a form of almost the right square, which was atypically for Greek architecture. Street and a half thousand years and was destroyed during the earthquake.

The Colossus of Rhodes

Height: 36 M.

Construction time: 292 - 280 years BC. e.

A place: Rhodes, Greece

Rhodes in antiquity was a large and rich city. Therefore, it could afford to live in the literal sense "on a wide leg." A huge statue of Helios, only the thumb could only grab only a few, was built by the ancient Greek architect Hares. The lack of money allocated for the construction forced him to fit into big debts, and, rooted, he committed suicide.

The statue took 500 talents of bronze and 300 talents of iron (more than 20 tons). Colossus stood just 65 years. After the earthquake, the clay statue fell by iron and bronze, the clay statue fell, and in reversible layer lay for about a thousand years, until it was sold to the Arabs.

Farosky Mayak

Height: 135 M.

Construction time: III century BC e.

A place: Alexandria, Egypt

Alexandrian lighthouse in just 5 years was built by Satrut Book on the island of Faros near Alexandria. It consisted of three marble towers: rectangular, octagonal and cylindrical. After its structure, at the first Ptolemies, Egypt was truly the country of giant buildings. Light from the lighthouse was visible at a distance of more than 50 kilometers. I survived two earthquakes in the VII and XIV century, after which it was finally destroyed. On the residues of Lighthouse, the Mamluk Sultan erected the fortress in his honor.

Coliseum

Height: 50 M.

Construction time: 80 yn. e.

A place: Rome, Italy

The Colosseum comes from the Latin word colosseus. - "huge". According to one of the versions, the name arose as a tribute to the memory of Nero's colossos located on this place - a huge (37 m) statue, the wedding complex of the Golden House - the Palace of the Emperor. Vespasian decided to get rid of the old cult and strengthen his. About 100,000 prisoners reduced in Rome participated in grandiose construction. Because of the earthquake in the XIV century, his southern part collapsed, after which the Colosseum became a source of building materials for other structures of Rome.

Stupa Kanishka

Height: from 128 to 168 m in different estimates

Construction time: II century AD

A place: near the city of Peshawar, Pakistan

The Kushan kingdom, founded by natives from China - Eastern Sarmatians (Yuezhs), became the "golden mid" of the ancient world and in direct (by wealth) and in a figurative sense. It received the spread of Greek Buddhism, rich in the Elden Religion Hellenistic Culture.

According to the description of Chinese travelers, built in honor of the Kushan Tsar Stupa exceeded the height of 400 chi (128 m), the gold and silver umbrellas were located at the top, and inside the relics of the Buddha. Data in size differ, but the stupa could be equal to or exceeding the heavenly pyramid. Many Buddhist legends and predictions are connected with the stage. It was destroyed by Muslim conquerors in the Middle Ages and so far not survived.

Location: Cholula de Rivadabia, Mexico

Highest constructions Ancient America And the largest in the volume of the pyramid of the world. Built in ancient Teotyukan. The temple dedicated to God Ketzalcoatula was built during the 12th centuries of the Doacettec culture, until he became the largest religious center. Today it is a fourfold overgrown hill, a small part of which is recreated in the initial appearance.

What are the construction of people are considered the most ancient, well, in addition to the caves of which they should get out at the end of the Stone Age and to get in bronze? Right - antiquity! But in front of the antiquity there were cyclopic buildings, or cyclops lived during antiquity and built huge buildings from huge stones, but they seem to be historical, even as if dops! So at least writes official historiography. So, at first, wild people mastered the caves that were not rarely cut out right in the mountains, they took Kamenyuk in her hand and hollowed - now it is called cave temples! Nearby somewhere, cyclops with their cyclopic structures were told, then the cyclops were disappeared somewhere, and people got out of God and began to build antiquity with bronze instruments - ancient Greece, ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt, and so on. Oh yes, I completely forgot, even in those long-standing the gods lived and they helped people, but this is from the discharge of myths and legends ancient Greece, for kids. True, I did not hear the myths that the gods helped build temples in their honor, but little?
About the quarry, where ancient people mined a stone on their buildings can be found here:
Now the cyclopic buildings are called the megalithic scientist with polygonal masonry, these are ...

Fig.2

Yes, there are coarse and not peeled, but there are smooth, beautiful and even, but still their mating surfaces are very tightly adjacent to each other and consider rough more ancient on it there is no reason - this is one technology, so to speak in the parade and "back wall.

Fig. 3.

Lai enthusiasts made excellent studies of all this architecture, found similar technologies in Egypt and Turkey and Greece, Japan and many where else, describe all this I will not and so already mountains of versions and assumptions! I want one thing to understand why these structures are in deep antiquity - this is if the temple of Jupiter in Baalbek stands on huge megaliths, then the gods stones laid down, and the temple ancient Romans built? I was very surprised that showing the usual residential building in Peru at the base of which polygonal masonry, the house is separated from the tenants and from the masonry! Here is the masonry are the gods, and the house then stupid Peruvians from above were built, and the stones lay for many years and waited for the house until the house was built on it! Previously, there the flying plate landed, on this house I could not be built immediately as a house - such a logic! Well, knitted on the door Yes, they asked when the house was built? No, so the secrets will not !!!

Fig.4

I will say my own assumption that people would not torment, and then I will prove: all this polygonal and megalithic construction technology is torment due to the lack of good reinforced concrete! Well, there have nothing to build foundations and serious volumes of creating a stone there were no other materials, do not forget, people just got out of the caves and still almost the Stone Age !!! I will try to show a smooth transition of construction technologies from the stone century to our age, a century of reinforced concrete! But first you need to convincingly prove that megaliticism is not deep antiquity, not at all deep! I have to still find buildings that are used in its original form and have the same technologies!
This is Japan castle in Osaka.

Fig.5

Fig.6.

Fig.7.

Fig.8.

Fig.9.

Fig.10.

Official date of construction of the Osak Castle 17th century!
Well, whatever anyone doubted the megalithicity of this building here's more!

Fig.11

And this is a quarry of very ancient China where they also mined the same pebbles and laid on the grounds of buildings, the fences did the walls!

Fig.12.

Fig.13.

And this is Korea, the same, photo of the late 19th century

Fig.14

Fig.15

But Russia, the Forts of Kronstadt, who are very similar to Fort Bayard in France, one in one, everyone saw him!

Fig.16.

Fig.17

The same bursts, the same cutting granite and failed masonry !!! Kronstas forts are a separate song and a story, some consider it an antediluvian building, it may very much, only a flood could not at all for a long time, I have a lot about it written:
So the features of an ancient construction technology are identified - the lack of cement, good, from which it is possible to make reinforced concrete structures forced to make a farewell masonry, tightly customizing the stones, and to lay megaliths in the foundation! And Portland cement was invented only in the 19th century, and before that there was a Romanesque cement, which is less durable and did not allow to pour large volumes! Well, there was no technology of reinforced concrete! The history of concrete and modern construction of bricks here:
However, Megaliths were still applied even at the beginning of the 20th century, for example, during the construction of Lenin's Mausoleum, Megalites used, although concrete fills also used, but probably decided on the old manner, do not risk!

Fig.18.

Full worthy of attention Lai monolith, for one and the way of transporting is shown - everything is easy and simple! Four horses will completely cope or one elephant! But the question is not as they did and why, and what happened on earth that everywhere moved to simple brick technologies and concrete only in the 19th century, because the technology of obtaining and bricks and concrete is not difficult, then we need a temperature of 1500C firing of kinders and clays ! Maybe there was no clay not limestone in easy access ?? Or is it all the same as a few hundred years of mankind?

Origins of architecture

The construction refers to the most ancient types of human activity, which means that many millennia ago laid the foundations of all further development of architecture.

Prehistoric period based on the use of various materials and equipment manufacturing techniques It is customary to divide on the following main stages: stone (wheld century - paleolith and novochemenny - neolithic), bronze and iron century. At the same time, it is very difficult to clearly define their borders, since the development of human society has always been uneven.

The preserved residues of human settlements indicate the existence of various ways of life of people in different areas globe And at different stages of the history of mankind.

The dwellings of the early period of the upper Paleolithic are well-haired in terms of housing with one hearth. Most often it is dugouts, a large number of which was found in different regions of the CIS (Left-Bank Ukraine, Dniprovsky Pool, the districts of Bryansk, Voronezh, Irkutsk, etc.). Also, in the era of the late Paleolitis, there were more elongated and more considerable in the size of the dwellings, from the oval dugs attached to each other, with several foci. At the end of the late Paleolitis there were temporary hunting camps, seasonal overhangs. In addition to dump trucks, twilight and ground dwellings with a frame of large animal bones, temporary dwellings were built, chalashi.

In neolithic, so-called. The period of the "stone ax" was already built by a semi-ray, dwellings of wood, cane, rods and clays. The most advanced type of buildings of the neolithic period - pile buildings - Buildings based on wooden piles, which were usually erected over rivers and lakes in the wetlands. The spread of this type of settlement is explained by defensive considerations, as well as the convenience of fishing in fish water bodies. The pile buildings were erected in different territories, in Central Europe, in the CIS, also so-called community houses (This type of dwelling - "Pueblo" until recently existed from American Indians). Likewise, closed, inaccessible dwellings were constructed in other parts of the world, where they used a stone polished ax. The main building material was a tree. It is noteworthy that several household foci and one in the center of ritual destination were arranged in large housing at the central plan. Later were built separately cult structures - altari., and premises - temples. ()

In Northern Italy, settlements were found (approximately 1800 BC. Er) of a kind of character: on the pillars were arranged in the circle of the site, on which huts were placed. A wooden hedge was built around the village and dumped with water filled with water.

Anatolia found ancient fortified settlements relating to the seventh-sixth millennium BC. e. (Ch'Atal Hyuizek, Mersin, Hasilar). Only since half of the third millennium BC. e. Neolithic culture from the Aegean region extends to the North and western Europe In natural ways, the Danube with its pool and the Mediterranean Sea. ()

The beginning of architecture as art manifested itself when the construction began not only the laws of necessity, but also the laws of beauty. In the era of bronze, in the middle of the second millennium BC. e. almost everywhere in Europe (in modern Spain, France, Northern Europe, Ireland, Scotland, Greece, Belgium), and in China, Korea, India, along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, in Tunisia, Egypt and many other countries, built monumental stone Constructions from huge stone blocks - mengirs, dolmen, crumb, cyclopic fortresses and settlements - the so-called megalithic architecture (Greek Medas - Big + Lithos - Stone). The appointment of these structures was mainly due to religious rites and memorable events.

Mengira - These are vertically delivered, usually untreated stones of considerable height, ritual monuments or monuments, they denoted the places of public ceremonies. Mengira was alone or groups, in some cases long rows ("Alley" Mengirov in Brittany). Sometimes the vertices of mengirov are completed with the image of the head. Mengir pore reached 20 m of height and 300 tons of weight. Sometimes mengir are found in conjunction with dolmen.

Dolmen It usually consists of two or four large nearby vertical stones that support a horizontal rough treated stone slab (Denmark, Brittany). Dolmen were originally small - about 2 m in length and about 1.5 m in height, but later they were given large sizes and sometimes arranged an approach in the form of a stone gallery. They are often located in such a way that they form long, similar to the corridors of space. Dolmen served most often with sarcophagi, cellar cameras of the family members and at the same time gravestone monuments.

Cromlech, the most complex type of megalithic structures, built from vertically installed stone pillars or plates located in a circle, they were connected to each other with stone blocks.

Outstanding construction of this kind is Stonehenge Near Salisbury in South England, created, apparently, in the middle of the second millennium BC. E., Probably, will be a primitive temple or theater. This crude consists of massive four-eight-meter stones, vertically and forming a central composition with a diameter of 30 m. Inside - two rings from small stones, they are surrounded stone pillars Stonehenge, forming several concentric circles: one - from small mengirov, the other, central, from huge blocks, pairwise blocked by stone blocks. The center of the architectural composition is a rectangular plate. Stone blocks are carefully treated with stone weapons, which indicates the skill and significant level of development of the people of the time, the presence of the feelings of the spatial composition. The appointment of Stonehenge is completely unclear. Possible, the middle part was a sanctuary, and the central stone slab was altar. Mass burials were discovered around the monument. There is an assumption about the use of this crude in astronomical purposes, and certain laws related to astronomy are observed in the composition, which, however, often found in the architecture of the ancient centuries (Egypt, Central America). Two concentric stone circles around the sanctuary are roads, ways that flow around the sanctuary. It is assumed that they were intended to hold equestrian competitions. ()

Special attention deserved cutting buildings (They were distributed in the second half of the II thousand. BC - early I thousands.), In particular - kurgan- Common type of memorial structures. Their protams were residential log houses. When the mound is erected, first in the pit was built a powerful wooden log house with a wooden floor, inside which the burial chamber was arranged - a log box. Sometimes the space between the two cameras filled with stones. Cameras overlapped with rolled logs, which covered the bark, the bark. Then they fell asleep the earth, forming a mounded hill, often considerable height. At the top of the hill pounced a stone.

The logged housing was the first step towards the creation of a terrestrial chopped wooden structure, were distributed from the Baltic, Finnish and Turkic tribes, as in the wooded areas of Central and Seven Europe. If the stone and global houses were usually built round in terms of long logs, horizontally laid out, multifaceted buildings were obtained, with time transformed into one-room rectangular houses. In the middle of the hearth, smoke went into the hole in the roof over him. Before the entrance, "front" was often suitable. In Northern Europe, when excavations found only the foundations of such houses. This type of construction was subsequently called "Megaron", they formed the basis of Greek architecture, incl. Greek temple. ()

Along with the memorial and ritual buildings in the late stages of the development of primitive society, a new type of architectural structures appeared - stone and wooden fortress. The so-called cyclopic fortresses are characteristic, the walls of which are posted from huge blocks of stone. In areas, poor stones, but abundant forests, settlements have spread - "Колоднич", strengthened by log fences, earthworks and ruffles. Initially, the fortress had one defensive wall, later the second wall around the citadel - the leader's location could be erected inside the fortress. In the era of iron (the first millennium BC) in the Scythian state the city of Naples Scythian was observed by a powerful fortress wall of a torn stone on a clay solution. ()

Primitive architecture was the basis of the architecture of early-grade states Of the East.

A vivid example of the architecture of ancient class, societies arising in Asia, Africa and other countries of the Ancient East, whose geographical framework is very extensive, - the architecture of ancient Egypt, which created the grand monumental structures in the glory of Pharaohs.