In the next Egyptian pyramid, Pharaoh was not found. Heops Pyramid - the largest pyramid in Egypt Pharaoh of burials in the highest pyramid

Moscow, 2 Nov - RIA Novosti. Physicists found in the pyramid of Heops a previously unknown area of \u200b\u200bvoid, which could be a secret tomb or passage to it, the article published in the Nature magazine.

"When we saw this zone of emptiness, they realized that they came across something very interesting and big, threw all the other projects and concentrated on studying this area, located right above the corridor in the cheeksbird. Now we are sure that it really exists, and this The first find of this kind in Heops's pyramid from the Middle Ages, when it was opened by Kalif al-Mamun in the 9th century, "Mehdi Tayoubi said from the HIP Institute in Paris (France).

Physics found two "unknown voids" in the pyramid of HeopsArchaeologists and physics found inside the pyramid of Heops two, as they are expressed, "previously unknown voids", which can be secret rooms, where the remains of Pharaoh Houfu are resting.

Secrets of Pharaoh

Heopsy's pyramid, one of the seven miracles of the world, built in the middle of the third millennium BC, in the time of Pharaoh Houf (Heops), a representative of the fourth dynasty of the ancient kingdom, - at the same time, when all the "great pyramids" of ancient Egypt. This construction of 145 meters high and a width and a length of 230 meters remains one of the highest and large buildings ever created by humanity.

Over the past two centuries, scientists have discovered three rooms in the pyramid, in one of which was supposedly buried by Pharaoh, in another - his spouse, and the third was considered a bait or trap for robbers. In the walls of the corridors who lead to the tomb of Hufu, unusual channels and structures were found, which scientists consider elements of the "security system", who protected the pharaoh from the defaults.

Mumiy Pharaoh and his spouses did not find it, because of which many archaeologists believe that in fact their tombs still hide in the thicker of the pyramid. Two years ago, scientists from Universities of Naguya, Paris and Cairo, studying the pyramid with cosmic particles and telescopes as part of the ScanPyRAMIDS project, began to search for these secret rooms.

Kosmos's breathing

Each second in the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere, millions of muons are formed - charged particles arising from the collision of cosmic rays with gas molecules in the air. These clashes accelerate muons to nearby speeds, thanks to which they penetrate dozens and hundreds of meters deep into the surface of the planet. According to measurements of scientists, each square meter of the earth's surface absorbs about 10 thousand of these particles.

French archaeologists and physics together with Japanese scientists have adapted telescopes capable of "seeing" muons to search for emptiness and hidden premises in the monuments of ancient architecture.

© ScanPyramids Mission

© ScanPyramids Mission

This technique works very simply - the stream of muons decreases in the air and in the empty space is much slower than when there is a passage through the moisture or land, which allows you to search for secret splash rooms in a muon background.

Last October, the ScanPyramids project participants declared a sensational discovery - they managed to find several previously unknown voids in the pyramid, which may be secret tips of the "Lord of two houses" and his spouse. This discovery caused a sharp rejection among archaeologists and egyptologists, accused of physicists in the improper interpretation of the data obtained.

Physics and Lyrics

These charges forced scientists to re-measure with the help of three different muon telescopes at once. This time, observations, as Tayby stressed, was conducted on the same rules and principles on which Boson Higgs and other unknown science of particles were kept on the tank and other accelerators.

"Our measurements absolutely exclude that this area of \u200b\u200bvoid could arise due to differences in the properties of stones or because of the construction errors, declares the havassses. The emptiness of such sizes and configurations could not accidentally appear between the blocks with any engineering, nor with any then another point of view. The Egyptians were too good builders to express in the construction of the pyramid, leave the hole in it and create a room or a corridor somewhere else, "said Hani Ella (Hany Helal) from Cairo University of Cairo.

Checking whether or not, scientists have established a set of films sensitive to the action of muons, in an estimated tomb of Hoeop's spouse, and at the bottom of the pyramids there were semiconductor particle detectors. After a few months, they collected data, processed them and compared with how muons should move through the pyramid, if there are no other voids, except for already famous corridors and rooms.

© RIA news illustration. Alina Polyanin

© RIA news illustration. Alina Polyanin

If the initial results of scanning the pyramid of Heops were erroneous, then, as Elal notes, "pictures", obtained by different muon telescopes, would not coincide. In fact, they turned out to be the same, which confirmed the assumptions of physicists and denied the insinuation of archaeologists.

Snapshots showed that over the chief corridor of the pyramid there is an emptiness zone length in thirty, a height of eight and a width of about two meters. As Tayby noted, it can be like a one-piece corridor, walking parallel to the Earth, up or down and the Anfilat rooms. So far, physicists are not enough data in order to exclude the first or second option.

Scientists emphasize that they do not interpret their discovery and do not claim that they managed to find a secret room - this task, according to them, should be engaged in Egyptologists.

As Jean-Baptiste Mouget), a physicist from the Paris University, the opening of his team will convince Egyptian historians that they were mistaken in their estimates, and would serve as the beginning to discuss whether to try to penetrate this zone of emptiness, and If yes, how to do it.

New round history

In the near future, as scientists noted, they plan to continue the study of the void zone, as well as other sections of the pyramid of Heops, including the tomb of the Pharaoh himself, and will begin to scan other pyramids in which secret rooms and unknown voids can hide.

These data, hope physics will help to understand exactly how the pyramids were built and could trust the descriptions of their structures that reached our time in the works of Herodota.

At the same time, as scientists noted, muon scanners can reveal far from all the secrets of ancient history. For example, according to Taybie, they cannot be used to search for the secret tomb of Nefertiti in the tomb of Tutankhamon, the existence of which recently stated the well-known British Egyptologist Nicholas Rivs.

© ScanPyramids Mission

© ScanPyramids Mission

"Muon scanners cannot be used to study Tutankhamon's tomb and other burials in the valley of the kings for the reason that we do not know how the empties are distributed in the rocks located above them," the scientist explained, answering the question of RIA Novosti.

Similar studies, as Sebastian Prosecutor (Sebastien Procureur), Colleague Sea, are also complicated by the fact that for scanning the pyramids and other ancient buildings it is impossible to use man-made particle accelerators, since their delivery in Gizu or the Tsari valley will entail high costs.

"If you say short, then it is simply impossible. Muons cannot be created directly - they occur during the decays of the casuals and peonies, and there are too few particle accelerators that can accelerate them to the desired speeds. In addition, all of them are very large - at least 700 meters In length. It would be easier for us to transport the pyramid to such an installation than to try to build it in Giza or in other corners of Egypt. Therefore, we have to rely on space in such observations, "the agency's interlocutor concluded.

The city of Giza, Necropolis of Ancient Memphis in Egypt.

"A false fairy tale, as if inserted on Olympus, Pelion had a pelon with her, we were preserved. And the pyramids near the Nile also now stretch the proud messing up to Pleiad Golden."

So wrote an ancient Greek poet, whose name did not come to us, about one of the seven wonders of the ancient world - pyramids.

Everyone knows how much interesting, sometimes the striking scientific discoveries made scientists on the ancient Egyptian land. The mass of wonderful finds gave her tombs and temples. But the largest miracle of Egypt, who was striking people in antiquity, were pyramids - these amazing artificial mountains are the tomb of the ancient Egyptian kings. Travelers who floated on the yellow waters of the Nile, always rushed into the eyes of a sharp face where the Nile Valley with her green fields and doves replace the hot sands of the dead of the Libyan desert.

This is the pyramids.

They seem to grow out of the sands of the desert - colossal, majestic, overwhelming the person with extraordinary sizes and the rigor of the outlines. Standing at the foot of the pyramid, it is difficult to imagine that these huge stone mountains are created by the hands of people. Meanwhile, they were indeed folded from individual stone blocks, as in our time, children fold pyramids from cubes. Thousands of the hands of slaves and subject to Pharaoh Egyptians were engaged in heavy and useless work - the creation of a huge stone mountain, which was supposed to hide in their depths the dead body of the Egyptian king.

The creation of the eternal tomb of Pharaoh provided his immortal spirit to the eternal housing.

The first of the Egyptian kings, who erected over his tomb of the pyramid was Pharaoh Joser. This same ancient Pyramid of Egypt consists of six huge steps. Before the construction of the first pyramid in Egypt, tomb was erected with a massive rectangular above-ground part, isolated from stone. In shape, they resemble the Arab benches - Mastabi - and under this title and entered into science. Josher's pyramid essentially posed six such MastaBs set by one to another, decreasing upwards. The creation of such significant sizes in the world in the world (a height of about 60 meters) is attributed to Imhethepu - a wonderful physician, mathematics and architect, the former Vizarway of King Joster. Slava Imhats was so great that after a few centuries his name was surrounded by legends. From a later time, figurines depicting this wonderful architecture are preserved. Apparently, Pharaoh Joser himself was so satisfied with imhehotep unprecedented still the tomb, which was allowed to figure out the name of the architect on the base of his statue - the honor, completely unheard of in ancient Egypt. In the excavations of the Official Temple, which was near the pyramid of Goser, scientists found the fragments of several statues of Pharaoh and among them a pedestal, on which the name of Imhatop was written.

Excavations near the pyramid of Josher opened a whole "city of the dead" surrounding the tomb of Pharaoh. Mastabi was built around - the tomb of the members of the royal family and the venel approximate to the pharaoh. There was also a closed temple where sacrifices were committed in honor of the deceased Pharaoh. When excavations of the temple, archaeologists were opened by the hall, decorated with the most ancient columns in the world. True, it was not yet ordinary round columns, they only opposed the walls from the walls, but Imhotep promoted to Greek architects created a model of strict and slim Dorian Colonnade.

The clock temple and the pyramid were observed by a white limestone wall and, according to the architect's plan, were a single architectural ensemble.

The space near the pyramid was carefully studied by archaeologists even at the beginning of our century. However, the Egyptian scientist Mohammed Gone drew attention to one of the terraces southeast of the Pyramid of Josrara. Careful inspection made by Goniam discovered the remains of stone walls, fragments of processed limestone and alabaster, Gone decided to produce excavations. Works opened the residues of laying from large unwashed stones. It was the foundation of a massive fence, the same as surrounded by Josra Pyramid at one time. The top of this fence was disassembled in antiquity. Then opened under the thick layer of sand and rubble well-preserved part of the fence - the workers called it a white wall. It was gorgeous - lined with white grinded limestone, decorated with elegant protrusions.

Undoubtedly, the wall fenced the pyramid. But where are the traces of the tomb itself, as ancient, as is the only pyramid of Josra, the only one in its kind?

Gone decided to look for the rest of the pyramid in the center of the plot and was right. From under the multi-meter stash, the lower massive stage of the ancient tomb appeared from the multi-meter trash. The height of the stage was 7 m. Gone determined that this pyramid had to have seven steps. Consequently, she was one step above the famous Pyramid of Josrar. The height of the open pyramid was supposed to reach 70 m. But if the residues of the pyramids were buried under the deep layer of sand, it means that the burial itself is intelligent. It was necessary to look for him. Near the bottom stage of the pyramid was discovered in the rock. It was a long corridor with ramifications.

In terms of galleries, things were found, which only increased interest in the central burial, proving that the tomb in antiquity was not robbed. Gone found a variety of stone and clay vessels, gold jewelry, a box for silent, made of gold, a large number of beautiful porphira bowls.

But the most valuable find was a seal on small vessels from dark-red clay. In the seals, Gone read the name to go, which meant a "mighty body" - it was unknown to the name of Pharaoh of one of the oldest dynasties. Interest in unknown lord, buried in the pyramid, has increased even more. Egyptian newspapers were full of articles with mysterious and sensational headlines like: "Gold's radiance from the tomb of Pharaoh" or "golden placers of an unfinished pyramid." Everyone was eagerly followed by the progress of work.

After long searches, many disappointments, with great risk (several times the stones were collapsed in underground strokes), the scientist managed to penetrate the tomb.

In the unfinished, the dignified of the central hall (the construction trash was not removed, and it was only extruded to neighboring gallery) stood a magnificent alabaster sarcophagus. When the archaeologist carefully examined the sarcophagus, he was amazed - there was no covers of sarcophagus. Alabastra carved from the whole boulder, it was closed from the end side by the door that went down and rose in the grooves. With excitement, Gone was convinced that, after the sarcophagus was put in the tomb, no one contacted him - the funeral wreath of deadlines and herbs was put on top, or rather what remained from the funeral wreath, entrusted to Sarcophaga 4700 years ago .

The son of Pharaoh Sunfer and his wife Hatpheres ran from 2551 to 2528 BC. Built the pyramid from 2589-2566. BC. The area occupied by the pyramid - 13 acres 2. The length of each side on the lower perimeter of 230 meters is initially 227 meters at the moment. The total weight of the pyramid is 6.500.000 tons. The average mass of the block is 2.5 tons. The weight of individual ceiling blocks of the tomb reaches 9 tons. Height - 146.5 when building and 137 at the moment. Emboding angle: 51 o 50 "35". Material: Limestone and granite. On the north side - entrance to the pyramid. Many corridors, galleries, and transitions lead to the instant of Pharaoh. Pharaoh's sweeper is located in the heart of the pyramid, and is available through a large gallery and a towering corridor. Pharaoh Sarcophag is made of red granite, like the inner walls of the tomb. The most impressive is a huge stone over the entrance (3 m x 2.4 m x 1.3 m). All inner stones are fitted so well that the sheet of paper does not pass between them. Sarcophagi is oriented in accordance with the sides of the world.

On the day, appointed for the opening of the sarcophagus of the Unknown Dononya Pharaoh, the underground crypt filled the crowd of egyptologists, photo and filmporters, journalists. Having hoped his breath, the gathered followed how the workers began to rise in a heavy alabaster door. In deep silence, the sarcophagus opened. It was empty. Shocked gone carefully examined the sarcophagus. On its walls there were only traces left by tools, with which the masters drilled and hollowed the inside of the sarcophagus. Nobody was buried in this magnificent tomb. Crushed stone and construction trash, unluckled from galleries and transitions, unfinished view of the tomb, unfinished pyramid, empty sarcophag - all this was a riddle for Egyptologists.

The mystery of the unfinished pyramid was difficult to solve. Maybe Pharaoh for whom the tomb was intended, suddenly died, and his successor did not consider it necessary to continue construction. Maybe there were still any important events that are unknown to us (as unknown until the last time there was the name of the king of the comma), which forced Pharaoh to suddenly interrupt the construction of the pyramid. Mystery remains mystery. But the riddles arising before scientists are sooner or later allowed by them. So it was with many other monuments opened on the ancient Egyptian land.

Pyramid Hofu (Heops in Greek) This is what today is known about the only of the preserved seven wonders of the world - the pyramid of Heops: built about 4500 years ago during the time of the pharaoh dynasty of the ancient Egyptian kingdom, height - 146.5 m (now about 8m tops are missing, like external cladding), side length - 230.5m. The pyramid is laid out of 2.5 million sandstone blocks by weight from 0.5 to 2 tons. Inside the pyramid (cm.runok) there are three cameras. The lower underground chamber (C) is located 30 meters under the center of the base of the pyramid. It leads a corridor (b) with a length of 105m at an angle of 26.52 o from the entrance, located at an altitude of 17m from the base of the northern side. The first above-ground chamber ((F), the so-called "Tsaritsa chamber") is located on the central axis of the pyramid at an altitude of 21.2 m above the base. The second above-ground chamber (J), the King Camera size 5.25x10.47m with a ceiling 5.85m, is located at an altitude of 42.95m and shifted to the south of the central axis of the pyramid by 11.02m. The walls and roof of the King Camera and the five "unloading chambers" (k) are lined with granite blocks weighing up to 40 tons. The top gallery (H) is leading a "big gallery" (H) with a length of 47.8m, 8m high and 2.09m wide, inclined at an angle of 26.22 o. From the upper chambers to the surface of the pyramid, the shafts are laid with a cross section of about 20x25cm, directed at different angles to its southern and northern faces. The top mines lead from the king's chamber directly to the surface of the pyramid. The slope of the southern shaft is 45 o, northern - 32.6 o. South Lower mine (the one, where Rudolf Gantenbrink in 1993 discovered the first of the "doors") at an angle of 39.61 o. The Northern Lower Mine is built bypassing a large gallery, so it has a lot of fades; Its slope is not exactly measured. Upper mines are used (and possibly used) for ventilation (although the use of ventilation mines in the tomb (?) Is very controversial). Lower mines during the construction of the pyramids were closed from the "Queen chamber": the chamber walls are made up of blocks; In these blocks, grooves that are not through holes were cut: their depth is a block width of minus 10 cm. The mines were found by the appearance of the chamber walls; There were no traces on the walls indicating the presence in the depths of a solid block of anything.

Much was unclear in the biggest pyramid built by Pharaoh Houf (or Greek Heops) who lived in the XXVIII century. BC.

Almost five thousand years worth this huge pyramid. Its height reached 147 m (now, due to the collapse of the vertices, its height is 137 m), and each side of the length is 233 m. In order to bypass the pyramid of hufu around, you need to go around a kilometer. Up until the end of the XIX century. Pyramid Hufa was the highest construction on Earth. Her grandiose sizes hit everyone who was in Egypt. No wonder the first Russian travelers who fell into Egypt, called the pyramids "man-made mountains".

Scientists were calculated that the pyramid of the huf was folded from 2 "300" 000 huge limestone blocks, smoothly polished, and each of these boulders weighed more than two tons. Carefully sad and polished limestone blocks were so masterfully driven by one to another, which in the gap between the two stones it is impossible to push the blade of the knife.

The stones were tightly adjacent one to the other and held their own severity. The accuracy of the work of Kamenotes and Grinders is worthy of surprise, especially if you imagine that the ancient artisans, which created such grand monuments of human labor, enjoyed stone weapons. In the quarries on the right bank of the Nile, not far from the ancient capital of Egypt Memphis, thousands of workers mined a stone for the construction of the pyramid. According to the boundaries of the stone block designated on a limestone rock, the workers were given deep furrows in the stone. This work took a lot of strength and labor. Hollowing the deepening in the furrow, the workers scored wedges from dry wood in them and watered them with water. The wet tree began to swell, the crack increased, and the boulder was filled from the rock. The chopped stone was pulled out of the mines of the minema with thick ropes woven from papyrus (such ropes were found in ancient quarries). Limestone blocks were then reheated by Kamenotes specialists here on together. Kamenotees worked with a whole set of tools made of wood, stone and copper. This work, of course, was more easy than the work on the extraction of stone, but also it came from dawn to dawn to work under the scorching sun. In the famous teaching of the ancient Egyptian scribe of Ahto, in which he tells his son Peopi about various professions, says: "Kamenotin is looking for work on every solid stone, when he cums, his hands are descended, he is tired. And he sits down to twilight, his knees And the back of it is bent. " This teaching was written by a scribe who lived in the era of the Middle Kingdom. And the pyramids were built in many centuries before, and hardly the work of the Kamenotian of that time was easier than in the times of Ahto scribe. The blocks of white facing limestone on the rooks were transported to the otherside the Nile. To the place of construction, they were brought by immersing on special wooden salazzas. Ancient Greek historian Herodotus, visiting Egypt in V c. BC, was the first scientist who reported in detail the information about the pyramids collected them. Herodota's work was an extensive story consisting of nine books in one of which he described his journey to Egypt. The first head of the famous "History" of Herodota, began in words: "The following trees of Herodotus Galicarnasseta presents the act of people from our memory, and so that there are no wonderful and surprise of decent structures performed by part of Hellen, part of the barbarians" . Herodotus conscientiously and thoroughly recorded the stories of Egyptians about how the pyramids were created. Only the road on which the stones from the mantomolometer were delivered to the place where the pyramid was erected, it was built about ten years. This road itself, wide, laid out on the sides of a grinded stone, decorated with various images, according to Herodotus, was an amazing building.

After Kamenotees, the front side of the facing stone was treated grinders. They worked with grinding stone, water and sand. As a result of long-term processing, the surface of the plate became smooth and brilliant. After that, the stones were considered prepared for construction.

On the limestone rock, cleaned from sand, gravel and stone, builders were raised by the pyramid, laying blocks with giant steps. Among these blocks, according to Herodotus, there was not a single one that would not reach 9 m.

According to Herodota's story, in order to stream stone blocks upstairs, an inclined embankment was built. Subsequently, she spun. According to it, builders who are adjusted by sticking sticks pulled heavy stones on the ropes, which were installed in place using a wooden lever. How many people died under the severity of the broken stone block, how much was crippled when laying the stones, how much died of unbearable labor here, in unfinished still walls of the pyramid! And this is for long twenty years. When the laying of the pyramids was completed, its steps were laid by facing blocks. They were brought from the Kamenomanian who were in Upper Egypt near Asvan. According to the ledge of the pyramid, facing blocks raised upstairs and put them down from top to bottom. Then they were polished. Under the rays of the southern sun, they shone a dazzling gloss against the background of the cloudless Egyptian sky. Herodotus says that the construction of the pyramid of Hufa lasted about twenty years. Every three months, workers were changed, the number of which reached 100 "000 people. The scourgelawickers, exhaustive heat, inhuman labor did their job. After all, there were no cars to raise two-ton limestone blocks. Everything was done only with the help of living human strength. Even if you take In the attention that Herodotus made a number of explicit exaggerations and inaccuracies, then all the same figures given to them give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe grandiose-based work taken by Heops to create a tremendous tomb. In the same story, Herodot mentions the inscriptions made on the pyramid in which the amount was indicated, Heavdown onions, garlic and radish for workers. 0An was 1600 talents. "If it really is, - Herodotes exclaims, - how much should it be kept on the iron tools for work, for food and clothing workers?".

According to many theories, the basic angle of the pyramid was 51.8428, that is, ATAN (14/11). In the ancient Egyptians, the concept of "sections", which is very reminiscent of our modern tangent, is, that is, the ratio of the cathets of the rectangular triangle. The ancient architects would say that the sections of the peyramid of Heops are 14 K 11, and the sections of the second pyramid (chefrena) is 4 K 3 (the angle of the second pyramid is 53.13 o \u003d ATAN (4/3).

The whole burial structure was almost solid stone masonry. The entrance to the pyramid was always on the north of her face, at an altitude of about 14 m from the ground. Inside the pyramid there were several cameras, of which only two were funeral. One, lower, as scientists suggest, was intended for the spouse of the king. The second, several large sizes (10.6 x 5.7 m), which was at an altitude of 42.5 m from the base of the pyramid, served as the tomb of the Pharaoh itself. It was the sarcophagus of red polished granite. Over the king's burial chamber is one above the other there are five deaf cameras intended, apparently, to distribute pressure over the camera. In the thickness of the pyramid, several narrow and long strokes leading in the chambers inside the pyramid, and in the chamber, divert under its basis. Scientists also traced two ventilation gaps, penetrating the thickness of the masonry and the stern from the chamber of Heops himself. When clearing the surface of the pyramid, many blocks were found marked with red paint and contained the name of Pharaoh Hofu. Parts of the ancient cladding were opened by archaeologists when clearing the lower part of the pyramid brought by sand. The oppression of facing stones was so perfect that it was impossible to immediately determine the places of their compound. And when photographed this facing, researchers had to specifically cover the paint seam, where the blocks were closed. We can safely say that none of the kings ruled after Houf could surpass His tomb in size and grandeur, but the name of Pharaoh, who decided to glorify himself with the construction of an unprecedented pyramid, for many centuries it was hated by the population of Egypt.

The second largest houf after the tomb is considered the Pyramid of Pharaoh Hafra (Hefrena). It is 8 m below, but it is less destroyed. The top of the pyramids retained a part of polished cladding. The remaining pyramids are much smaller, and many of them have destroyed much.

Near the Hafra's pyramid rises from the sand of the hill desert. Its height is about 20 m, the length of about 60 m. Approaching the hill, travelers see a huge statue carved almost entirely from the rock. This is the famous big sphinx - the figure of a lying lion with a human head. His face cracked, the nose and chin is repulsed. So the Muslims of the Arabs crossed the statue of the Millennium stood. Arabs believed that evil spirits live in the statues of the ancient Egyptian gods, and therefore tried to destroy their images as much as possible. With such a giant, as a large Sphinx, they could not cope with them, but they dismissed it thoroughly.

"Horror's Father" is so called a large sphinx in the desert residents. He inspires the greatest fear at night illuminated by a bright moon, when the deep shadows give it a special expressiveness.

Who depicts this colossal statue, why did she find themselves in such a close neighborhood with the pyramids? On the head of the statue bandage, which was worn only by Pharaohs. Scientists believe that this is a statue of Pharaoh Hafra, which was part of a number of structures related to the Tomb of Pharaoh.

In ancient Egypt, not every mortal had the right to approach the pyramid - this "Eternal Horizon", for which Pharaoh went "(Pharaoh did not say that he died - he" came "for the horizon, like the Sun; Egyptian kings called themselves sons Sun). In order for the wisp to honor the memory of the deceased Pharaoh, not insulting his grandeur, at some distance from the pyramid, a funeral temple was erected - something like the reception hall of the deceased king. Massive rectangular pillars made of polished granite maintained the ceiling. Granite walls and floor of the building were carefully polished.

The light fell out of small holes punched in the upper part of the walls, and created a solemn twilight, in which the dark statues of Pharaoh were particularly magnificent, lord, taking competitive guests. From this solemn room to the pyramid led a long indoor corridor. Its walls and gender were also made of polished granite. According to this corridor, the body of Pharaoh was carried in a heavy sarcophage from a valuable stone.

In order to preserve the king's body from the decline, which was the habitat of his soul (the Egyptians had called KA), they were embarrassed. A detailed story about the embalming process we retained the ancient Greek writer Diodorus, who lived in I B. AD Herodota also speaks to embalming the dead. The dead brought to the embodiment. The corpse was put on the floor and a man was approaching to him, which was called the sign of the sign. On the left side of the body, he outlined the place where the cut was supposed to pass. Then another person approached and the Ethiopian stone did a cut on the corpse, after which he turned to flight, because according to the customs with the curses they threw them all those present. These curses accounted for an ancient religious ritual associated with damage to the deceased. After that, the balsamizers were proceeded to the body. One iron hooks through the nostrils removed from the skull part of the brain. The remaining brain was dissolved by injection of various strong drugs. Through the wound in the side, the insides were taken out, which were laid with palm wine and fragrant essences. Then they were wound into thin flaxed matter and were invested in special vessels - cauldron made from clay, alabastra or porphira. Caps of poteno were made in the form of various heads. In the cauldron with a lid depicting the human head, the stomachs and intestines were folded, in the cauldron, with a head of Shakala lay light and heart, and the vessel from the head of a cobster was intended for the liver. At this time, the body of the deceased first rubbed with cedar oil and washed inside with palm wine. Then 40 days were kept in a special alkaline solution. Then she washed again and soaked in various aromatic resins that protect against rotting. Filling the inside of the body with aromatic substances, the incision was sewn and transferred to a navelized corpse with special dressmen who decorated it. Often golden nails on their arms and legs, inserted eyes from crystal or ivory. Rings were put on the fingers and legs. Drawing in this way the deceased, dressed makers covered the whole body with a layer of glue and began to wrap it with thin linen bandages. Wrapped, thoroughly wrapped, fingers and legs and the whole body several times, so the length of these bands was several hundred meters. Thus, a mummy prepared - an unwanted outmate for the Spirit of Ka, who had to live forever.

The same diodor tells that when the king of the Egyptian died, a long-lasting mourning was supplied to the whole country, which continued seventy-two days. The temples were locked up, did not bring the victims of the victims, they did not make any celebrations, they did not diminish incenses. All these days, the Egyptians did not bother meat, no wine, no flour food. Sprinking the head of the rush, the crowds of men and women wandered around the city with plaintive chants, in which the virtues of the deceased Pharaoh were glorified. On the day, appointed for the burial, sarcophagus with the named body of Pharaoh put on special polls, decorated with richest carvings and painting, and with solemn ceremonies they were accompanied on the last path of the deceased Lord, the "Son of the Sun", who went to the gods. The sarcophagus with the body of the king was placed in a crypt inside the pyramid, the granite walls and the ceiling of which were carefully polished.

The relatives of Pharaoh and the Priests took care that the deceased did not threaten the danger in the afterlife world, so that he could move freely inside his tomb and that the gods accepted him as equal. Therefore, often the walls of the premises inside the pyramids are made by prayers and spells. The doors that led from one room to another or from the corridor into the chamber were particularly thoroughly speaking. In the pyramid of Pharaoh Vi Pepi dynasty near the first door, a whole hymn was written, where it is argued that these "sky doors" are rejected only for Peps, but not for someone else. Before the other door, the text ended with the words is written: "When Pepping comes with his ka, the door must open. This Peppe Pyramid and His Ka" is dedicated. On the walls adjacent to the doors, images of the guards of doors-baboons, wolves, lions, and spelling against them and evil demons threatening the deceased Pharaoh are placed. These texts found in large quantities are one of the most ancient works of religious literature. Scientists called them at the place of find "Texts of the Pyramids."

Taking care of the safety of the spirit of the deceased in the afterlife, his relatives did not forget about the vital things. Special premises were kept jewels and various items belonging to Pharaoh. After all, the ancient Egyptians believed that the deceased continues to live and after the death that he needed in all those things that were needed during his lifetime. And the magnificent tomb of the king served him as a house, as a luxurious palace was at home.

On the days of the holidays in memory of the deceased pharaoh, the solemn procession was sent to his pyramid. In the hall with columns before the image of Pharaoh, "nearby near Ra", praying was made and sacrifices were brought. These days in the "city of the Dead" near the big pyramids were noisy and lively. The sacrifice of sacrificial animals was driven, people with gifts baskets, flowers, offering. Only relatives of the king, approximate and priests were allowed to the funeral temple. The remaining participants in the procession in honor of the deceased Pharaoh remained in the valley at the entrance to the corridor, leading to the Supreme Temple of the King, and expected the end of the sacrifice. To the pyramid - the sanctified place of the rest of the Pharaoh, which became the deity, is a simple mortal dare to approach. However, wealth that filled the storerooms of the royal tomb was a big temptation for robbers. Builders pyramids have provided that. The entrance to the crypt closed from the inside with a heavy lock stone. After the end of the funeral ceremonies from under the stone, subranges and entrance to the central rest of the pyramid were knocked out, where there was a magnificent granite sarcophagus with the body of Pharaoh, closed forever.

The same huge stone, bowed down on the inclined go to the crypt, closed the move in the corridor.

The well, for which people descended, after all the inputs and exits were mounted, fell down. The royal grave was not available for people and demons. Pharaoh could relax peacefully under the Stater Moody Pyramid, hung over a vaulted crypt.

But all the precautions were in vain. The royal tombs were robbed in antiquity, and only empty halls and complex transitions inside the pyramids were preserved to this day. On the unheard of treasure, which were buried in the royal graves, could only guess until in 1922-1923. The famous tomb of King XVIII Dynasty of Tutankhamon, who died in the XIV century, was not opened. BC, more than 32 centuries ago. For a happy randomness, she was not looted, and all the utensils who accompanied the king into his afterlife appeared before the eyes of scientists.

Several rooms were surrounded by the central premises, where the sarcophagus of the young king was standing, the deceased when he was only 18 years old. All these storerooms were clogged with a mass of things. There were four royal chariots, hidden gold, magnificent royal beds with animals heads, a golden throne, on the back of which from the precious stones the image of the deceased Pharaoh and his wife was made. In wonderful vessels from transparent alabaster stored fragrant ointments. In wooden cases, they found roasted geese and ham - food of the young king in his afterlife. Numerous chests with clothes, jewels, shoes, vessels filled storage rooms.

The entrance was stood the statues of Pharaoh himself, guarding the doors, which led to the central room. When the door was opened, scientists saw a solid golden wall decorated with turquoise tiles. It was a huge box - sarcophagus, who occupied almost the entire room. On one side of the box, there were doors sealed with the name of Tutankhamon and closed on bronze laws. Three thousand years have passed since the stamp of Pharaoh was imposed on these doors, and here they were scrupled, but under the arm of the archaeologist. The first case was removed. Under it was the second, as richly decorated. Sleeple between the first and second sarcophages were also filled with things. Here they lay two magnificent gold peashed out of ostrich feathers, wonderful alabastra vessels and many other most valuable things.

The third coffin was made of expensive carved gilded oak. When he was removed, then the sarcophagus from the pink granite of extraordinary beauty was under it. After removing the lid, scientists saw a gilded bed, on which the sarcophagus was in the form of a ripe mummy. It was covered with sheets of gold and sparkled by precious stones.

The last case in which Mummy Pharaoh Tutankhamon, wrapped in 16 linen pellenes, was made of pure gold. On the face of the mummy there was a golden mask-portrait of a young pharaoh. The mummy found a huge amount of gold jewelry - necklaces and bracelets. On the feet were put on gold forged sandals, fingers and legs were enclosed in golden cases. Treasures found in the tomb of the young king did not have prices. But it was not the richest burial of the Egyptian Vladyk.

Pharaoh Tutankhamon was a minor ruler, with it Egypt did not reach much power and wealth. Above his grave, the pyramid was not erected. In this era of Pharaohs were buried in the valley of the kings, in the tombs chosen in the rock.

What unpretentious wealth should have made the burials of other, more powerful rulers of Egypt! After all, it is not by chance that the Babylonian king wrote the Egyptian pharaoh: "My brother, gold in your country as much as sand."

And, probably, we needed weeks and months to post all the priceless gifts, treasures and sacrificial offering, which were due to the powerful king.

No wonder the inscriptions, found in the pyramids, compare the deceased Pharaoh with the God of the RA Sun, the Supreme Deity of the Egyptians.

"He flies, flying away ... he flies away from you, oh people," says one of the inscriptions. "Not on Earth, he is more, in heaven ... In your roar, he rings, about RA, in your roar it rules in the sky, and when you go out because of the horizon of the East, he swims with you in the rook, about Ra about the sun! ".

But although the texts of the pyramids praised the Divine power of Pharaoh, although powerful walls of the pyramid reliably covered the burial of the king, huge granite sarcophages in the pyramids of the kings of Hufu and Hafra are empty. In antiquity, temples were destroyed at Hafra's pyramid. The huge statues of Pharaoh Hafra were broken and thrown into the well, from where archaeologists were removed during excavations. It was clear that these magnificent statues of the dark solid stone were injured not from time. They were intentionally spoiled, broken into pieces, were crippled.

Even Herodotus, who gathered during his trip to Egypt, stories about Pharaohs - builders of the Pyramid, wrote that the kings of Huf and Hafra, who erected the biggest pyramids, were hated by the people after death. They said that the people brought to despair with unbearable labor, defears, hunger and poverty, rebelled and ruined the tombs of these two most merciless tyrants. Mummy Hufu and Hafra were thrown out of their magnificent tombs and confused on pieces. Statues who perpetuated the memory of these cruel oppressors, the outraged people broke where only they met. And the hated names of Huf and Hafra for many centuries were committed to oblivion, the people avoided call them.

It is easy to imagine, in which a grand rebellion the despair of the semplaries was strengthened, for decades of the huge pyramid of Huf, westing in the construction of a huge pyramid.

Throughout our time, vague legends reached our time. But papyrus, telling about the speeches of the Egyptian poor in later times, they say that the Egyptian people were not a humble sufferer. He tried to protect his freedom from the arbitrariness of the rich. Papyrins repeatedly mention folk unrest, when the despotism of Pharaoh, priests and the rich people were taken from the patience. We rebelled the chambers and kamnesis, depleted by unbearable labor. Handicrafts and peasants rose. They were joined by slaves who worked in quarries, on irrigation canals and dams. They thrashed rich estates, temples, killed oppressors, destroyed the most memory of them, captured in the statues, tombs, and climbing temples.

"The rich is falling asleep, and those who have previously requested his olives, they drink a strong wine .. who had no bread, now there is a barn ...", "says in one of the papyrus, which is called" Epouver Complaint ". "The Earth turned like a Circling Circle: the insignificant owns treasures ... noble complaints, and insignificant happy joy," the priest of Ipouver narrowed with horror.

Apparently, the rebel people managed to capture part of the riches of nobility, land, cattle, the residents for a while in their hands. Operators forced to work in the greatest and humiliating work. Civil war flared up in Egypt.

But from the same papyrus, scientists learned that the previous order was restored, when, according to Ipouver, "the hands of people will build pyramids, dig ponds, plant trees groves for gods; well, when noble people stand, dressed in a thin dress, and Look at the babysitting in their house ... "

These people whose hands were to build pyramids again, were all the same Egyptian poor - artisans, farmers, slaves. On them again, the merciless oppression of taxes, duties, exhausting and hard work.

During the uprising and civil war, churches, royal tips and tombs of the nobility were not built. But when the calm came, Pharaohs and knew began to re-erect the lush burial structures.

In Egypt, even the most significant person did not dare to think about the construction of such a funeral structure as a pyramid. Only Pharaoh, the Son of the Sun, could have such a grand tomb. Tombs of noble Egyptians either burned in a rock, or built of stone or bricks. These were low rectangular structures built over a crypt. The tomb of the Egyptian nobility is usually crowded around the pyramids, like Velmazby and after death they wanted to be closer to Pharaoh.

In these tombs, Mastabach usually there were several premises. The main was the sarcophagus with the body of the deceased. In one of the rooms, things belonging to the owner of the tomb were folded. In a small room, a statue of the deceased was usually stood. Walls MastaB decorated with painting or painted reliefs. Paints of paints are striking with their brightness and freshness. The vitality and the fineness of the drawing were amazing. But Egyptian artists worked with the help of rather coarse brushes made from pieces of fibrous wood. From one end, such a piece was broken by a stone until he was twisted, forming a rude fringe. Here are such primitive brushes (several brushes with the remains of the paints on them found in the tombs) artists created elegant, scenic images that decorated the walls of the tomb.

Here you can see the scenes of everyday life - harvest, sowing, artisans and farmers at work, hunting, skating on the boat on the boat, dancing girls, the dance of warriors. Simple people, hardworking and talented, were the Egyptian workers depicted at their usual classes.

And not Venels, the owners of the rich, decorated with paintings by MastaB, who brazenly transferred their merits before Pharaoh, indifferent to the construction of these tombs, and humble workers whose names are not named in inscriptions.

They raised the wonderful yields of the Nile Valley.

They built irrigation canals and dams, they carved magnificent statues, erected the beautiful temples, decorated the walls of the building with wonderful reliefs, full of vitality. And in these paintings of everyday life, they perpetuated themselves, their inconspicuous work, without which the entire thousand-year culture of Egypt could exist. Not knowing it, they retained to this day on the stone pages of the walls of the stories about their heavy labor life, about the subane existence of some and prosperity of others, about their sorrows, fun and entertainment.

Hanging gardens of semiramides in Babylon

East Coast of the Euphrate River, about 50 km. From South Baghdad, Iraq.

Hanging gardens of Babylon younger pyramids. They were built in those times when "Odyssey" already existed and the Greek cities were erected. And at the same time, the gardens are much closer to the Egyptian ancient world than to the world Greek. Gardens marvel to the sunset of the Assiro-Babylonian power, contemporary of ancient Egypt, his rival. And if the pyramids survived everyone and alive today, the hanging gardens were short-lived and disappeared with Babylon - a majestic, but not a durable giant of clay.

In the architectural plan, the hanging gardens were a pyramid consisting of four tiers - platforms, they were supported by the columns with a height of up to 25 m. The lower tier had the shape of the wrong quadrangle, the highest side of which was 42 m, the smallest - 34 m. To prevent irrigation water, surface Each platform was first covered with a layer of cane mixed with asphalt, then two layers of bricks bonded by a gypsum solution, lead slabs were laid on top of all. On them, a thick carpet lay fertile land, where seeds of various herbs, colors, shrubs, trees were planted. The pyramid resembled the forever flowering green hill.

In the cavity of one of the columns, the pipes were placed, on them the water from the Euphrates, the pumps day and night were served on the top tier of the gardens, from where she, staining with streams and small waterfalls, irrigated the plants of the lower tiers. We miraculously seemed the murmur of water, shadow and coolness among trees exported from distant mussels.

Babylon has already rolled to sunset. He stopped being the capital of the Great Power and was transformed into the Persian conquerors to the center of one of the satrapy, when the troops of Alexander the Macedonian - a man entered the troops, although he did not build any of the wonders of the world, but influenced the fate of many great monuments of the past in one way or another on their creation or death.

In 331 BC, the inhabitants of Babylon sent the Macedonian ambassadors with the invitation to enter Babylon with the world. Alexander was amazed by wealth and greatness, although he came into decay, but also the largest city in the world and lingered there. In Babylon, Alexandra met as a liberator. And ahead lay the whole world, which should be converged.

And ten years did not pass, as the circle closed. Vladyka East Alexander, tired, exhausted inhuman tension of eight years, but full plans and ideas returned to Babylon. He was ready for the conquest of Egypt and campaign to the West to subjugate the Carthage, Italy and Spain and reach the limit of the then world - Hercules pillar. But in the midst of preparations for the campaign. Several days, Alexander fought with the disease, consistent with the commander, prepared for the campaign of the fleet. The city was hot and dusty. Summer Sun Through the Marrying Walls of Multi-Studies. Dnom fastened the noisy bazaars, stunned by the unprecedented flow of goods - cheap slaves and jewels brought by the warriors from Indian borders - easily obtained, easily outgoing prey. The heat and dust have penetrated even through the thick walls of the palace, and Alexander chuckled - for all these years he could not get used to the heat of his oriental possessions. He was afraid to die, not because flutter before his death - to her, someone else's and his own, he looked at battles. But death, understandable and even permissible ten years ago, was now unthinkable for him, living God. Alexander did not want to die here, in the dusty stuff of someone else's city, so far from the shady herds of Macedonia, without completing his fate. After all, if the world is so obedient to the legs of his horses, then, it means that the second half of the world should join the first. He could not die, not seeing and not conquering the West.

And when Vladyka became very bad, he remembered the singular place in Babylon, where he should be settled, because it was there he caught, remembered - and remembering, surprised - the aroma of the Macedonian, light sun, the murmur of the stream and the smell of herbs of the forest. Alexander, even great, still alive, in the last stop on the way to immortality, ordered himself to move herself into the hanging gardens ...

Nebuchadnezzar, who created these gardens, was guided by the noble fad of the despot, for the despots are also the most feuds - for someone, but never for everyone. Nebuchadnezzar loved his young wife - a Midiwic princess, groomed in the dusty and deprived greenery Babylon in fresh air and rustling of trees. Tsar Babylonian did not transfer the capital to the green hills of the Mussels, and did what the other death was not available. He suffered here, in the center of the hot valley, the illusion of those hills.

For the construction of gardens, a shelter for the queen, all the forces of the ancient kingdom were thrown, the entire experience of his builders and mathematicians. Babylon has proven to the whole world, which can create the world's first monument in honor of love. And the name of the queen fabulously mixed in the memory of descendants with the name of another, Assyrian government, and the gardens became known as the Gardens of the Semiramides - maybe it was the jealousy of human memory, for which a great act must be associated with the great name. Queen Tamara never lived in the castle called her name, and never, being a woman of pious, loving his second husband and children, did not think about throwing off the cliffs of unlucky lovers. But the tragedy should be consecrated by the great name: otherwise it lacks drama.

Gardens created by the builders of Babylon were four-tier. Vaults of tiers relied on the columns height twenty-five meters. The platforms of the tiers, isolated from flat stone slabs, were removed by a layer of reassembly, filled with asphalt and a lead-covered lead, so that the water does not leak into the lower tier. On top of this, the layer of land was added, sufficient to grow large trees here. The tiers, lifting the ledge, were combined with wide gentle stairs, laid out colored tiles.

It was still a construction, the brick plants were even smoked, where wide flat bricks were burned, even Brere from the low-level Euphrates endless caravans of the carts with a fertile river snack, and from the north already arrived seeds of rare herbs and bushes, seedlings of trees. In winter, when it became cooled, on heavy carts, harvested by bulls, began to arrive in the city of large trees, thoroughly wrapped in a wet roe.

Nebuchadnezzar proved his love. Over the Stater Walls of Babylon, so wide that two chariots could be dispersed on them, a green hat climbed the garden trees. From the upper tier, underwent in a shady coolness, listening to the murmur of water jets - the day and night slaves swam water from Euphrates on many kilometers around the queen saw only the green land of his power.

With the death of Alexander the Macedonian instantly, his empire was scattered, mounted on pieces of nasciferous commander. And Babylon did not have to once again become the capital of the world. He shouted, life gradually left him. The flood destroyed the Palace of Nebuchadnezzar, the bricks rush to the built gardens were insufficiently burned, the platforms and stairs collapsed were collapsed. True, trees and exotic flowers died wherever earlier: there was no one day and night swing water from Euphrates.

Today, the guides in Babylon are shown on one of the clay brown hills, stitched, like all the hills of Babylon, bricks and fragments of tiles, as for the remains of the gardens of seminimides.

An amazing fact, but in the ancient Egyptian pyramids there is not a single tomb of the ancient rulers. If mummies and remains of human skeletons were found in huge buildings, then all of them belong to later periods that have nothing to do with the era of Pharaoh.

Empty pyramids

In September 2002, the Giza Plateau, located in the suburbs of Cairo, there was a grand event - opening the pyramid of Heops. It was previously believed that there is a sarcophagus in it with the mummy of the second king of the iv dynasty. Penetration was broadcast for the whole world.

The results were shocked: none of the three halls found neither signs of burial, nor treasure, no amulets or vessels. The sarcophagus was open and empty. Later, studies have shown that inside it there is no signs of finding mummy.

This is not the only disappointment of the ministers of science, who previously considered the pyramids, the place of burial to the kings of Egypt. In 2015, scientists from the Institute of Innovation of Paris and the Cairo University began to study the broken pyramid built in the XXVI century. BC U with Pharaoh Snorf. His name was inscribed on the walls of the structure, so the purpose of the expedition was the detection of the ruler mummy.

For research, the method of scanning by space rays was used, which allows to detect hidden premises. The study of the pyramid took four months, after which scientists made public information: neither secret rooms, no pharaoh in the broken pyramid.

Valley of the Egyptian kings

On the west coast of the Nile River, opposite the city of Fiva (the territory of the modern Luxor), stretches the valley of the kings - the place where the real tips of the Great Pharaoh are located. Giant necropolis is hidden in a rocky gorge.

The first burial of the valley was the tomb of Tutmos I. Shortly before the death of Pharaoh, who was afraid that his last refinement would plunder, gave an order to find a place in the desert, hidden from people. The grave was carved in the rocks, the entrance to it was cut down at an altitude of 30 m above the surface of the gorge. Later, the valley of the kings became a shelter for the pharaohs of the XVIII-XX dynasties.

All tombs are built the same: a downward corridor with a length of about 200 m led into rooms whose ceilings and walls are decorated with paintings, narrative about the afterlife, and religious texts. Then the entrance to the burial chamber was opened.

In the valley of the kings there are 64 tomb of the rulers of ancient Egypt, buried from the XVI to the XI centuries. BC e. In 1881, the tomb of Ramses Great was discovered here, and in 1922 - the burial of Tutankhamon.

Everyone knows the famous Egyptian pyramids. Thanks to their huge sizes and amazingly accurate engineering, it seems that these otherworldly artifacts just grew up in the desert. But the pyramid is a fairly common form, to which ancient and modern builders resorted when creating impressive structures. We give examples of 10 less well-known pyramids, which deserve no less close attention than those were erected in Giza.

1. Pyramid "Helmets of the First World War"

USA
Pickelhelm (or Pickelhauba) - a pointed German helmet of soldiers of the First World War, became a collective way of invaders enemies, which can often be found in the comedies. When the First World War is over, the winners wanted to create a symbol to demonstrate their triumph. As a result, it was decided to build a pyramid from captured German helmets in New York.

The hollow pyramid covered with 12 thousand Pickelhelmov was used to collect funds (visitors were invited to sacrifice money for the 5th military loan to help repay the US debt). To emphasize the victory of the Allian, the pyramid was crowned with a winged figure, which probably had to represent the goddess of Victory Nika.

2. Tomb of insane Jack Fuller

England
Egypt's pyramids were tombs and monuments for the pharaoh of Egypt. Most people prefer something more modest for the place of their eternal rest, but so obviously there was no man known as "Mad Jack."

In 1777, at the age of 20, John "Mad Jack" Fuller inherited a great estate in England and plantations with slaves on Jamaica. Thanks to this acquired wealth, he was able to give the will of his eccentricity. For example, when he became a member of Parliament, he went to London with a majestic tuple and armed servants in the pure.

Although Fuller was most famous for his madness, he really loved to build. Mad Jack built a classic temple on his land, obelisk, a hollow tower and a spire. His tomb became the biggest masterpiece. Last lifetime, Fuller developed a pyramid that was built on the cemetery.

The construction immediately covered legends. The legend walked that the body of Fuller was buried in the pyramid, sitting at the table, on which a glass of wine stood. And the floor was allegedly littered with a broken glass to "stop the devil if he comes to Fuller."

3. Brazilian pyramids

Brazil
Since the pyramids are found in ancient cultures around the world, some believe that these cultures were associated somehow. In fact, the pyramid is just one of the easiest ways to build a high structure. Despite the external similarity, there are huge differences between how the pyramids were built in different places.

The pyramids in Egypt were made of huge stone blocks, and in Brazil they were built from shells. Brazilian pyramids date back to about 3,000 year before our era and therefore they are older than the earliest Egyptian pyramids. Scientists believe that in Brazil such structures were built for decades or centuries.

At first they were mistaken for garbage piles, since the pyramids were made from the remnants of shells. Partly because they were not considered important structures, less than 10 percent of the pyramids were preserved in Brazil. They were disassembled workers building roads.

4. Alexander famine pyramids

Russia
Not all pyramids are ancient objects associated with death. Many "alternative" researchers believe that the pyramids possess mysterious abilities. To explore the so-called energy of the pyramid, engineer and general director of the NGO "Hydrometeborbor" Alexander Hogger built a number of pyramids near Moscow.

Hunger pyramids look quite modern - they are made of metal and fiberglass. During the construction of 20 pyramids, hunger was able to explore their capabilities. As he argued, the pyramids improve the immune system of mammals (including a person).

Energy Pyramids also has a beneficial effect on seeds (increases their yield), restores the ozone layer of the Earth and treats impotence. Naturally, his research was criticized. The largest hunger pyramid was a height of more than 45 meters and weighed 55 tons. In 2017, it was destroyed by a strong Moscow storm.

5. Pyramid Koh Ker

Cambodia
Cambodia's jungle is the ancient city of Koh Ker, who was once the capital of the Khmer Empire, after the more famous Angkor. Although Angkor attracts many tourists, Koh Ker is less popular. Perhaps this is due to the fact that most of Koch Kera is still hidden in a difficulty area, as well as after conflicts that hit Cambodia in the 20th century, mines still remained in this place.

The seven-step pyramid of the Prasat Tha height of 32 m and the side of 55 m was constructed without using any solution or concrete between blocks, and the entire design is held together with its own weight. Since the stairs of the pyramids are destroyed, you can only get to the top of the wooden stairs, which have recently installed. It is believed that there may be a hidden entrance to the underground pyramid.

6. Pyramids of La Kemad

Mexico
La Kemada is an archaeological object in Mexico with a mysterious past. Experts cannot come to a common opinion about who and for what purpose built these structures. The complex consists of various structures installed on the hill. Most pyramidal structures found in mesoamerics are huge and have a more rounded outline of the hill.

Inside, they consist of ground, and outside are covered with a stone. But the pyramids of La Kemad are sharper and durable. At the top of the pyramid of virgins, to which you can get along the wooden steps, was a small temple where the victims brought victims.

It is assumed that on another pyramid - the "sacrificial pyramid" - they sacrificed people, after which the corpses were discharged from the stairs. Recently discovered bones with characteristic trails on them provided evidence that the people of La Kemada may have eaten their bodies of their enemies.

7. Pyramid Cestia

Italy
Egypt's pyramids have already existed for thousands of years by the time the Roman Empire originated. It seems that at least one Roman who visited Egypt was so struck by local pyramids, which decided to build his own. Built between 18 and 12 years BC, the Pyramid of Guy Cestse seems a little inappropriate in Rome.

In fact, once in Rome was a pyramid even more in size, but in the 16th century it was dismantled and dismantled to building materials. The pyramid of Tsetia is probably preserved, because later it was included in the defensive walls of the city. It is noteworthy that this structure, which was a grave of Tsetia, has much more steep parties than Egyptian pyramids.

8. Sudanese pyramids

Sudan
If it comes to a country with pyramids, it is most likely an Egypt immediately comes to mind. In fact, there is a country in which two times the pyramids than in Egypt, and it is located next door. In Sudan, full of the ancient Nubian pyramids. The ancient Egyptian kingdom once extended far to the south, where there is modern Sudan.

It is believed that Nubians who lived there were built pyramids, imitating their Egyptian neighbors. Nubians began to build pyramids about 700 BC, almost after 2000 years after the Egyptians. Moreover, they created them much smaller in size. Instead of burying his dead inside the pyramids, as the Egyptians did, Nubians have buried the dead under the pyramid.

9. Pyramids Argolid

Greece
In the second century of our era, the ancient Greek writer Pausani created a kind of "guidebook" in places that people should be visited in Greece. He wrote: "On the road from Argos to the epidauria on the right there is a building made very similar to the pyramid, and on it you can see the bas-reliefs - forged shields of Argos." Although no trace of this pyramid was found, some others were preserved in Greece.

In Elinikon, there are ruins of a small pyramid made of stone. In the past, historians believed that this pyramid was the tomb described by Pausania. However, modern archeology has proven that the construction has a completely different purpose. Despite its unusual design, the pyramid was actually a protective structure. It was the guards who watched the road.

10. Pyramid pyramid Snofer

Egypt
Everyone believes that the Egyptian pyramids are eternal because of the perfection of their construction. But among the famous Pyramids of Egypt there are some less perfect. The earliest pyramids were not even even, and they were built by "layers", which put on each other. Pyramid Pharaoh Snofer is unusual for another reason.

While most of the pyramids in Egypt have a side with a slope of about 51 degrees, the slope of the external walls of the pyramid of the Snofra varies in about the middle - from 55 to 43 degrees. Because of this, the structure received a nickname "broken pyramid" The design of this pyramid represents a riddle for modern scientists.

It seems that it was built in three stages, since the walls actually change the angle three times. Experts believe that due to the wrong design somewhere inside there is a hidden camera, where the Snofer was buried. But despite all the searches until they ended with nothing.

Based on Listverse.com.

- One of the most ancient "seven wonders of the world", which has been preserved today. She inherited his name from the creator - Pharaoh Heops and is the largest in the group of Egyptian pyramids.

It is believed that she serves as a tomb for his dynasty. Hope's pyramid on the Giza Plateau is located.

Hope's pyramid sizes

Heop's pyramid height initially reached 146.6 meters, but time is inexorably and gradually destroys this impressive structure. Today it decreased to 137.2 meters.

The pyramid is compiled, in general, from 2.3 million stone cubes. The weight of one stone is an average of 2.5 tons, but there are even such, the mass of which reaches 15 tons.

The most interesting thing, these blocks are so perfectly fitted that even the blade of a thin knife will not pass through them. They glued together with white cement, as protection against water penetration inside. It has been preserved until now.

One side of the pyramid in length is 230 meters. The base area is 53,000 square meters, which can be equated to ten soccer fields.

This huge construction is striking with its greatness and effects antiquity. According to the calculations of scientists, the total pyramid weight is 6.25 million tons. Previously, its surface was perfectly smooth. Now from this smoothness, unfortunately, there is no trace.

Inside the pyramid of Heops leads one entrance, located at an altitude of 15.5 meters above the ground. It is the tomb in it, in which Pharaohs were buried. These so-called funeral chambers consist of durable granite and are at a depth of 28 meters.

The pyramid consists of incoming and downstream passes that have not been used in any other similar building. One of the features is a big descent leading in the tomb of Pharaoh.

Hope's pyramid is directly in the place that points to all four sides of the world. It is one of the only of all the most ancient facilities, has such accuracy.

History of the pyramid of Heops

As the ancient Egyptians were able to build this pyramid and when, the exact data cannot say, probably no one. But in Egypt, the official date when construction began, it is considered on August 23, 2480 to our era.

It was then that Pharaoh Snofu and his son Hufu (Heops) gave an order to build a pyramid. He wanted to build such a pyramid so that it became not only one of the greatest structures, but also glorified his name in the centuries.

It is known that about 100,000 people participated in its construction at the same time. For 10 years, they only built the road for which it was necessary to deliver stones, and the construction itself lasted for another 20-25 years.

According to studies of scientists, it is known that the workers cut down huge boulders in the quarries on the banks of the Nile. On the boats, they went to the other side and felt on the road were dragged by a bluer to the most construction site.

Then the turn of severe and very dangerous work. The blocks laid each other with unusual accuracy with the help of ropes and levers.

Secrets of the pyramids of Heops

Almost 3,500 years of peace of the pyramid of Heops did not violate. She was sheepdowed by legends about the punishment of anyone who will penetrate the chambers of Pharaoh.

However, there was such a brand caliph Abdulla al-Mamoun, he paved inside the pyramid of the tunnel with the aim of rejoicing. But what was his surprise when he did not find absolutely treasures. Indeed, this is one of the numerous secrets of this majestic facilities.

No one knows whether Pharaoh Heops really was buried in her or his tombs was looted by the ancient Egyptians. Scientists make an emphasis that the chamber of Pharaoh does not have jewelry, which at that time was taken to separate the tomb. There is no lid on the sarcophagus, and he is not completely replete. It is clear that the work was not brought to the end.

After an unsuccessful attempt to Abdullah al-Mamuna, coming in frenzy, he ordered to disassemble the pyramids. But naturally this goal did not reach. And the robbers lost all interest in it and its non-existent treasures.

In 1168, Arabs burned part of Cairo and when the Egyptians began to restore their homes, they removed white plates with a pyramid.

And from that pyramid that the gem, only a step body remained. Such it appears to date, in front of enthusiastic tourists.

Hope's pyramid is constantly investigated, from the times of Napoleon. And some researchers are more inclined to believe the theories about the construction of the pyramid by aliens or Atlanta.

Because to this day it is not clear how the builders could achieve such an excellent processing of stones and accurate laying, on which the external factors of the centuries do not apply. And the measurements of the pyramids are striking with their results.

The pyramid was surrounded by other interesting buildings, mostly temples. But today almost nothing has been preserved.

The appointment to the end is not clear, but in 1954 the archaeologists found the most ancient ship in this place. It was the rook "solar", which was made without a single nail, with the preserved traces of the sludge, and most likely swam in the time of Heops.

Hope's pyramid is located on the Giza Plateau. Giza is a settlement to the north-west of Cairo. You can get there by taxi, calling the destination Hotel Mena House. Either on the bus to go with the stops of Tahrir Square, which in Cairo or to sit at the Ramses station.

Heopsy pyramid on map

Operating time and price

You can see the majestic pyramid of Heops every day from 8.00 to 17.00. In winter, visiting is limited to 16.30. It is advisable to visit the pyramid in the early morning, or closer to the evening. The rest of the clock is quite hot, and the crowds of tourists do not break through. Although in this hour they are not so little.

Passing up to the cashier, which is not far from the hotel, should not pay attention to the name offering ride on camels or call themselves controllers. Most likely, these are fraudsters.

The cost of entry into the territory will cost $ 8, the entrance to the pyramid of Heops will cost $ 16. And of course it is worth visiting the two pyramids of Hefren and Micheer, each will cost $ 4. And see Sunny Ladus - $ 7.

It is impossible to estimate all the power and the greatness of the housing tunes with a variety of secrets in photos or words.

It just needs to be seen with his own eyes and touch this ancient, truly impressive construction.