In which mountains is Everest. The highest mountain in the world - what where is

Everest (SHRIMPO1967 / Flickr.com) Everest (Neil Young / Flickr.com) Mountain Everest from the base camp (Rupert Taylor-Price / Flickr.com) Mountain Everest, Basic Camp and Rongbuca (Göran Höglund (Kartläsarn) / Flickr. COM) Top Jomolungma (Jo Cool / Flickr.com) View of Everest (Christopher Michel / Flickr.com) Cxom / Flickr.com Mahatma4711 / Flickr.com McKay Savage / Flickr.com ilker Ender / Flickr.com Fred Postles / Flickr. Com Jeff P / Flickr.com Everest in the clouds (Jean-François Gornet / Flickr.com) utpala / flickr.com View of Everest from the aircraft (XIQUINHO SILVA / Flickr.com) Rick Mccharles / Flickr.com Climbing Everest (Rick McCharles / Flickr.com) Basic Camp Everest - Horaco Shep - Nepal (Lampertron / Flickr.com) Akunamatata / Flickr.com Mount Jomolungma Top (Everest) (TAUSP / Flickr.com) Denn Ukraorerest (Christopher Michel / Flickr.com) Returning from the Basic Camp of Everest (Valcker / Flickr.com) Everest and Nuptsz E (Smallufo / Flickr.com) Stefanos Nikologianis / Flickr.com

Everest or Jomolungma is the highest mountain peak in the world. It is located in the Himalayas, on the border of Nepal and the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. Geographic coordinates of Mount Everest: 27 ° 59'17 "Northern latitude and 86 ° 55'31" Eastern longitude.

Jomolungma height is 8848 meters above sea level. For comparison, Elbrus height - the highest point of Russia, there are only 5642 meters above sea level, i.e. 3206 meters below Jomolungma.

The first time for Everest was undertaken on May 29, 1953 by the New Zealand climber Edmund Hillary and Sherpu Tenzing North.

Mountain is most famous worldwide as "Everest." This title title received in honor of George Evesta, who was the main geodesist of British India in the 1830s and 40s.

Mount Everest (Christopher Michel / Flickr.com)

Interestingly, the mountain was so named after Everest's life, about a year before his death. The name was proposed by a student of a scientist who calculated the exact height of the top and thereby proved that it is the highest on Earth. Prior to this, the top was also known as "Peak XV".

Traditional Tibetan title of vertices - Jomolungma, which can be translated as "windshoot winds". This name is widely used in Russian cartography, but in Western countries it is not too known, as it is considered rather difficult.

On the maps published in our country, the top is usually signed as "Jomolungma", and the name "Everest" is indicated in brackets. There is also a traditional Nepalese name of the mountain - Sagarmatha.

Where is Mount Everest (Jomolungma)?

Where is Everest today, you know hardly every child. If you look at the geographical map, you can see that it is located in the highest mountain system of the Earth - Himalayas, on the border of Nepal and the PRC.

The coordinates of Everest: 27 ° 59'17 "S.Sh. and 86 ° 55'31 "V.D. Mount Everest is part of the Mahalangur Himal Range; Nepalya part of it is located within the Sagramat Park.

Top Everest.

The top of the Jomolungma Mountain has a view of the pyramid with three almost flat sides. The southern slope is steeper, the snow and ice, the northern slope is almost not delayed on it, the northern slope is.

The relative mountain height includes approximately 3550 m. The South Saddle Pass, the height of which reaches 7906 meters above sea level, connects Everest with Mount Lhotz (8516 m), and the North Saddle Pass (7020 m) - with Mount Changzea (7553 m). Through these two pass passes most mountaineers.

Geographic characteristic

In the hood between the vertices of Jomolungma and Lhotza is a glacier Khumba. Below it goes into the same icefall, which is considered the most dangerous area when climbing through the southern wing.

View of Everest (Christopher Michel / Flickr.com)

This can be explained by the fact that the icefall almost constantly resides in motion. For the passage of this place, climbers use different stairs and railing.

Below the iceman, the glacier continues again and ends only at an altitude of 4,400 meters. Its total length is 22 km.

Another remarkable object of local topography is the wall Kangshung. This is the eastern wall of the vertex of the Jomolungma Mountain, the height of which is 3350 meters, and the width of the base is about 3000 meters.

The foot of the wall is located the same glacier. Climbing on the vertex on the wall Kangshung is significantly more dangerous compared to standard routes.

Everest in the clouds (Jean-François Gornet / Flickr.com)

Climate - What time of year is suitable for conquering Everest?

For the vertex of Everest is characterized by extremely unfavorable climatic conditions. Here are often very strong winds that blow at a speed of more than 50 meters per second.

The temperature on the top never happens above 0 degrees. The average temperature of July is minus 19 degrees, and the average temperature of January - 36 degrees below zero. In the winter night, the temperature can drop to 50-60 degrees below zero.

What period of the year is best suited for the conquest of the vertex? Based on climatic conditions, the most favorable for climbing the beginning of May. At this time, the wind here is usually the least strong.

How was Everest formed?

The history of Everest's education is closely related to the history of the formation of Himalayas, which originates many million years ago and follows from global geological processes.

Jomolungma Top (Jo Cool / Flickr.com)

About 90 million years ago, the Indian stove soldered from the giant mainland Gondwan and began to move quickly to the north.

The speed of movement reached twenty centimeters per year, which is much larger than the speed of the movement of any other slab of the earth's crust. Approximately 50-55 million years ago, the Indian slab began to face the Eurasian stove.

As a result of this collision, the Eurasian stove was strongly deformed - an extensive mountain belt was formed, the highest part of which are Himalayas.

At the same time, sedimentary rocks that have previously previously, the bottom of the ancient ocean were crushed into huge folds and were often at a huge height. This is explained by the fact that the peak of Everest is complied with sedimentary rocks.

Everest formation scheme

Today, the Indian stove continues its movement in the northeast direction, deforming the Eurasian Plate. In this regard, the global processes in the Himalayas continue.

The height of the mining system in general and individual vertices in particular continues to slowly increase several millimeters per year.

During major earthquakes, the change in the height of the territory can occur almost instantly and be much more significant.

Ecology: trash left by climbers, the bodies of the dead

The situation with the environment on Mount Jomolungma leaves much to be desired. During the climbing on its slopes, a huge amount of garbage has accumulated.

According to 2007, only the Tibetan region of the mountain contains about 120 tons of various debris left by climbers. How to export garbage from the slopes - it is not entirely clear.

In the past few years, attempts have been made attempts to collect waste, but this was clearly not enough. Another problem is the evacuation and burial bodies of dead climbers.

• A rather interesting fact is that water on the highest peak of the world boils at a temperature of only +68 ° C. You will probably ask: why? This is due to the fact that the atmospheric pressure here is only a third of the normal pressure at sea level.
• Another interesting fact is a gradual growth of the mountain. Indeed, the height of the jomolungma increases every year by a value of 3 to 6 millimeters. The same trend is characteristic of all Himalayas, which is explained by the ongoing processes of the area and the territory associated with this lift.
• I would also like to mention such a curious fact that Everest is the highest point of the world, only to take into account height from the world's ocean level. So, the Mauna Kea volcano on Hawaii island, towers relative to the bottom of the ocean by 10 203 meters, while its height above sea level is only 4205 meters.

Place overlooking Everest

Thanks to the efforts of the team www.airpano.com, a virtual walk through Everest appeared. Airpano specializes in virtual tours taken in high resolution from a bird's eye view. Below is a panorama overlooking Everest.

No difficulties stop those who want to test themselves on strength, go there, where not everyone can climb, to see their own eyes what it is not given to see - the incredible and indescribable beauty of the natural world. And this is despite the fact that the rise will have to be for the most real mountain of death, because Mount Everest and manits tourists.

When everyone learned, where Everest is located, the highest mountain of the world, they immediately began to conquer her vertices. Everyone who storms Everest knows what to stay here he may forever. It can die due to lack of oxygen, heart failure, incompatible with life injury or tritely frozen to death. At the same time, even the fatal accidents may well lead to death, for example, an unexpectedly frozen valve of an oxygen cylinder or suddenly broken, it would seem strong cable. Death on Everest was, and this is evidenced by a peculiar cemetery on Everest, where the corpses of the dead are.

Ascent to the top is so difficult that reaching an altitude of 8 thousand meters, each participant of the expedition becomes so much busy, which is not always able to find the strength in itself and, if necessary, help a comrade. He will think about the moral side of this question later if he descends. According to statistics, for every ten successful lifts to Jomolungma Everest accounts for one deadly outcome.

What does the highest point of the world look like

Tourists are often wondering what the geographic coordinates of Mount Everest, and who is the first conqueror of Everest. There is the highest (so the majority of geologists argue) the mountain of the world in the territory of two countries at once. The peak located on the south side has a height of about 8760 meters and is located between Nepal and the Tibetan Autonomous District of China. The highest point of the planet - from the northern side, at a distance of 8848 m from the sea level fully belongs to the PRC.

In the form of Everest, something like a triangular pyramid. All three of his slope (southwest, south and eastern) are extremely steep, and two of them are completely covered with glaciers. As for the southern slope, he is so reckoned that it is simply unable to stay on it, because of which it is almost always naked.

The slopes are connected among themselves with almost straight ridges, stretching to the west, south-east and south.

As for the vertex of Everest, it almost completely consists of sedimentary deposits, mostly limestone and sandstone, which previously covered the ocean bottom of the ancient Ocean Tetis, even before the occurrence of a giant hill at this place. In addition, in our time, scientists are often found on the top of Everest of the fossils of marine animals and seashells, which confirm the theory that this terrain in former times was located below sea level.

How Everest arose

About 60 million years ago, ancient mainland, located in the southern hemisphere of the world, split into several lithospheric plates. After that, the Indian lithospheric plate began to move in the northern direction and after some time it came across the Eurasian slab, or rather - to the southern region of Asia.

As a result of the collision of the bottom of the ancient ocean, Tets was deformed. As a result, part of the ocean went deep into the land, in the mantle, and part raised and formed a huge barrier, which blocked the mainland from the West to the East (he takes his beginning in the French Alps and ends in South Vietnam). It is because of his appearance in the southeastern part of Asia, seasonal monsoons were formed.

The highest mountains of this barrier are Himalayas ("the abode of snow"). The growth of them still did not stop, annually increasing from 3 to 10 mm. In the Himalayan Range, scientists counted 75 mountains, whose height above sea level exceeds 7 km. At the same time, the highest mountains are located in Nepal - the height of nine vertices here is more than 8 km. And towers over all Everest or as it is also called - Jomolungma (the goddess is the mother of the world) or Sagarmatha (the lord of the sky).

As for the official name, the proposal to name the mountain in honor of George Evesta, who was led by the British geodesic service in India, at the time of the British geodesic service in India, who was made by Andrew, his student, who was able to prove that the "Peak XV" called Everest is the highest point of the planet.

Height of Everest

After scientists have established the exact coordinates of Mount Everest, they began to determine its height. Despite the fact that the exact height of Jomolungma was established by English topographers in the middle of the XIX century, the debate on this issue continued for quite a long time.

And all because the Chinese believed that Everest rises 8844 meters above sea level, while the Nepalese were convinced that Sagarmatha was four meters higher. This difference was explained by the fact that according to residents of the subway, Jomolungma need to be measured, without taking into account the huge layer of snow lying on the top, only at the height of the mountain itself. The country came only a few years ago, agreeing to establish height according to Nepalese.

Despite the fact that Jomolungma is recognized as the highest point, which is above sea level, on our planet there is a mountain exceeding it in size than one kilometer. This is an inactive volcano Maun Kea in the Hawaiian Islands. It, although it rises above the earth's surface, only 4205 m, has a total height (if you begin measurements from the oceanium) more than ten thousand meters.

Climate

The average air temperature on the top of the Sagarmatha in January -36 ° C and rather often drops to -60 ° C. The warmest month here is July, when the temperature indicators rise to -19 ° C, but never exceed 0 ° C.

Almost all summer Everest is under the influence of monsoon winds, which arrive from the south and bring with them a huge amount of precipitation. Those who wish to climb Everest in the summer, quite often fall into so strong snow storms that it is often impossible to continue ascent.

When the monsoons end, from November to March (except in January), the terrifying strength of the wind will fly to Jomolungma, whose speed often exceeds 285 km / h, which also extremely complicates the lifting.

Actively conquer the vertex. People begin in intermediate periods when the weather behaves more or less decently, but even at this time it is often possible to suddenly be in the midst of the sandstone or wake up in the midst of the snow-membered snow. During this period, Western winds prevail here. If their speed is about 80 km / h, the clouds around Everest are at the level of the vertex if the air masses move less quickly, then the clouds rise above the mountain, if faster - are lowered down.

Flora and fauna

Flora on Jomolungma is scuba, but there is. At the foot of the feet of grass bunches and low shrubs (among them - snow rhododendron, the only bush capable of exist at an altitude exceeding 5 thousand km at a temperature of -23 ° C). Here you can see coniferous plants, lichens, moss, etc.

As for living beings, Himalayan jumping spiders feel good here, which are almost the only creatures capable of exist at an altitude of 6,700 m above sea level.

These arthropods feed on the frozen insects, who enter the strong air masses here, and living here with Colemblags, small arthropods, which feel good at an altitude of up to 6 thousand km. In addition to them, there were several types of new grasshoppers on the slopes of Everest. As for higher areas of Jomolungma (over 6700 m), only microscopic species can be durable.

In addition to insects, near the top of the mountain, sometimes you can also see the birds - the mountaineers often noticed here the mountain duck and alpine checkbox (the latter feed on the palm and are able to stay at an altitude greater than eight kilometers).

Jomolungma - Sacred Mount Sherpov

In the eastern part of Nepal, Sherpi, descendants of Tibetans, who emigrated more than five hundred years ago, live in the Everest area, who emigrated more than five hundred years ago to the south of the Himalayan Range. For them, Jomolungma is sacred, because, according to their beliefs, they live perfume, demons, as well as Jomo Miyo Lang, which is one of the "five longevity sisters", giving food to the inhabitants of the five highest Himalayan peaks.

According to local legends, one day the Indian preacher Padmasambhava (born in Lotus), the founder of Tibetan Buddhism (VIII century) organized a competition who will get to Everest to the competition faster, causing one of the Lam Lam officials in those days of Bon's religion. Since Padmasambhava delivered a sunbeam to the top, his opponent lost, and he left his drum there as a sign of his lesion. After that, always when avalanche is descended from the mountains, the locals are beaten in the drums, thus drivening out, thus evil spirits and demons.

Before you climb to Everest, Sherpi every time spend a special ceremony (PUZHA), mobbing in Sagarmatha, leading to their thoughts and soul, and asking the spirits of the mountains to regret them and do not destroy.

In memory of each died during the climb, on the way to the base camp, located between the Dingbosh and the Lobusch, Sherpi was installed a pyramid. And near the foot of the mountain, in a special place stored intended for holding the ceremonies of the stupa, prayer drums, flags and mantras.

Sherpi-climbers

If it were not for the endurance of Sherpov, their qualifications and experience who knows how well the Himalayan mountains would be studied, and with them and Everest. It is representatives of this nationality as conductors in their time an invaluable assistance to the first ridge researchers.

It is quite natural that a huge number of records for the conquest of Everest belongs to representatives of precisely this nation. Nevertheless, everyone wonders who first conquered Everest.

• The first conquers of Everest became Sherp Tencing Norki and a climber from New Zealand Edmund Hillary, which was found in 1953.
• Apa Sherpa and Phourby Tasha conquered the top twenty once.
• Pemba Dorje climbed to Sagarmathu for 8 h. 10 min.
• Babu Chiri managed to stay on the top of the mountain for about an hour - which is quite difficult, given not only strong winds, but also a very low air pressure, which is why only 1/3 oxygen falls into the lungs.

Conquest Everest

Since, according to local beliefs, gods, Tibet's governments and Nepal live in Himalayas did not allow foreigners to disrupt the peace of sacred mountains. Therefore, Himalayas have been inaccessible for a white man for a long time and rarely anyone managed to climb the tops of this mountain range.

Officially conquered by the first white man of a vertex, the height of which exceeded 7 thousand meters, turned out to be trisul - and it happened in 1907. Active attempts to climb higher mountains began in 1921, and the first conqueror of Everest was determined in 1953.

Since then, many tragic pages appeared in the history of the conquest of Everest - according to statistics, during the climbing on this mountain for every ten successful lifts there is one case with a fatal outcome. The most sad thing is that the corpses of the many dead remained on the mountain lying uncompromance due to the difficulties associated with their transportation.

According to rumors, some corpses serve for climbers a kind of guidelines. For example, the Hindu, who died at the end of the last century at an altitude of about eight and a half thousand meters, is there to this day, indicating this height. Scullazam is more famous called "Green Boots" (it was this color that the shoes wore the deceased).

But information of this kind does not stop extremals and fans to install records. For example, in 1980, Italian Rainhald Messen rose to Jomolungma alone, without using oxygen cylinders. In 2001, Marco Siffravi came from Everest on Snowboard. But when I tried to do this for next year, I lost without a trace.

It was on Sagarmatha that the most massive death of people in the entire history of mountaineering was recorded. It happened in April 2014, when a huge avalanche buried sixteen people under him.

The most difficult area of \u200b\u200bthe path

It is harder to the climbers are given the last three hundred meters, not without the foundation of the nicknamed "the longest mile of the Earth." And fault here is not only oxygen starvation and extreme weather conditions, but also the terrain. To successfully get to the target, it is necessary to overcome extremely steep, covered with snow, smooth stone elephant. This plot is so heavy and dangerous that the climbers insure each other are not able.

How much does it cost to climb Everest

Pleasure to climb Jomolungma is expensive - about 65 thousand dollars. The United States (at the same time only for one permission, which must be issued by the power of Nepal, it is necessary to post 10 thousand dollars.). The payment includes the services of conductors who have been learning for future climbers before climbing (most of the customers are rich people who almost do not have any experience of the vertices conquer), provide the necessary equipment and care about security.

For this, future conquers of Everest are undergoing appropriate training: about two weeks, they goes on the rise from Katmada to the parking lot, located at an altitude of 5364 m. Reaching the base, climbers, before moving on, the month is acclimatized and get used to height. The very climbing usually takes about two months and the most favorable period is considered spring for this.

Recently, the flow of tourists to Everest increases annually. For example:

• In 1983, Sagarmathu was conquered only eight climbers;
• After seven years, their number increased to forty;
• In 2012, only for one day at Jomolungm climbed more than two hundred climbers (while traffic jams and fights between tourists were recorded).

Global warming

Global warming unequivocally could not but affect the highest mountain of the world, as a result of which the Jomolung glasses decreased by 30%, which is an extremely huge problem, since these glaciers feed the largest rivers of this area (including Yangtze and Juanhe). The melting glaciers also expose the rock, because of which climbing the sagarmathu every time it becomes more and more difficult.

Influence of people on Everest

Definitely, if the first climbers saw now, in what condition is Everest, they would not know him - the whole mountain was covered with tanks used by tents, with tents, and how the Time Journalist was spoken Brian Walsh, "Pyramids of human excrement". An indicative example in this case is the data of ecologists who calculated that only 2007, when the mountain was visited by about 40 thousand tourists, they were left about 120 tons of garbage.

Tourists apply irreparable harm to the environment, actively destroying trees growing around Jomolungma, using them subsequently for heating. The question of the burial of dead climbers becomes more relevant (especially strongly resolving this issue worries local residents).

How to revive him

The Government of Nepal and a considerable number of non-profit organizations have developed a number of events aimed at the revival of Everest. Moreover, some of them even go to the detriment of the country's economic interests - first of all, the authorities are going to consider reducing the issuance of permits on the rise on Jomolungma, which costs considerable money.

In the meantime, this decision did not take effect, it was decided that every tourist rising to Everest was obliged to make a mountain of at least eight kilograms of garbage.

Some organizations began to work on how to stop the melting of glaciers - such an impact provided on the ideologist of this project of American cinematographer David Beshertes comparison of just two photos - the one that he filmed himself, and the one that was once made George Mallory, one of the first Climbers who conquered Jomolungma. The difference of his impressed extremely strongly. How goody these projects will be, will show the future.

Highest vertices in the Jomolungma region

Jomolungma is located in the mountain system of Himalayas, namely, in the Range Mahalangur Himal, which is located on the border of the Republic of Nepal and the Tibetan Autonomous District PRC.

The height of its northern vertex, located in China and the most important, is 8848 meters. This is an absolute record among the highest mountains of the Earth, which has 117 (all of them are concentrated in the Central and South Asian region). The southern peak is just below, 8760 meters, and it can be called "international": it is on the border of the two countries.

The mountain is similar to the trigger pyramid. The slope and ribs from the south are so cool that the snow and glaciers are not held on them. Doesn't have snow coverage and rock wall. The rest of the ribs starting from about 5 kilometer heights are covered with glaciers.

Part of Everest, located on the part of Nepal, is part of the Sagarmatha National Park. It is so - the Sagarmatha - called the highest peak of the world in Nepalese (translated - "Heavenly Top"). From this side, it is observed by the Mountains of Nuptsze (7879 m) and Lhotse (8516 m). Beautiful views of it are opened with the surrounding mountains of Cala Pathhar and Gokio-Ri.

Jomolungma is the name translated from Tibetan as the "Lady of Winds" - one of the ten mountain peaks, the so-called eight-thousandths located in the Himalayas (in the world of all 14). Undoubtedly, she remains the most attractive goal for climbers around the world.

Panorama Everest

How the height of Everest was calculated

It is noteworthy that up to 1852 the highest point of the planet was considered a multiple mountain range Dhaulaagiri, also located in Himalayas. The first topographic studies conducted from 1823 to 1843 were by no means denied this statement.

After some time, doubts began to emerge, and the first carrier was the Indian mathematician Radhanat Sikdar. In 1852, while at a distance of 240 km from the mountain, he made the assumption that Jomolungma or, as it was then called, the peak XV is the highest peak of the world. Only four years later, more accurate practical calculations confirmed.

Data on the height of Jomolungma often changed: for the common assumptions of that time, it was approximately 8872 meters. However, the English Aristocrat and Geodesist School George Everest, who headed from 1830 to 1843 the Geodesic service of British India, was the first to be able to determine not only the exact location of the Himalayan vertex, but also its height. In 1856, Jomolungma was given a new name, in honor of Sir Everest. But China and Nepal did not agree with this renaming, although the merits of the outstanding geodesist were out of doubt.

Today, according to officially confirmed data, Everest is located at an altitude of 8 km 848 m above sea level, of which the last four meters are solid glaciers.

Who are they, courageous pioneers?

Climbing Everest

The organization of climbing on the "roof of the world" and the conduct of scientific research there were difficult not only because of the high cost of such events. Nepal and then still independent Tibet for a long time remained closed for foreigners. Only in 1921, the Tibetan authorities gave the good and the first expedition to start exploration of possible routes to the entrerest on the northern slope. In 1922, monsoons and snowfalls prevented researchers to get to the top, the climbers were first used oxygen cylinders, and reached 8320 meters.

On the way to the top, the business is found by Buddhist sanctuary and memorials

Englishman George Herbert Lee Mallori, 38-year-old associate professor from Cambridge and a famous climber with great experience, was obsessed with the idea of \u200b\u200bconquering Everest. In 1921, a group under his leadership reached an altitude of 8170 meters and broke the camp, and he himself went down in history as a person, for the first time to restore this proud and impregnable height. Subsequently, they have taken two more attempts to climb, in 1922 and 1924. The third of them turned out to be the last and ... fatal. On June 8, they are together with a partner on a bundle, a 22-year-old Student Andrew Irvin disappeared. From the ground they were last seen in the binoculars at an altitude of about 8,500 meters. And then - everything: fearless researchers suddenly disappeared from sight ...

The fate of Mallory cleared only after 75 years. On May 1, 1999, the American search expedition discovered the remains of a brave climber at an altitude of 8230 meters. The fact that it was he who doubts did not arise: he was identified according to the stripes on the clothes "J. Mallory, as well as on the letter of his wife found in the breast pocket. The corpse himself lay face down with open hands, as if the mountains were sulking. When it was turned over, the eyes were closed, which meant only one thing: death came not suddenly. Further examination of the remains of the first victim of Jomolungma has shown that the legendary researcher received fractures of a large and small beritic bone.

Thus, two versions were refuted immediately: about death from falling from a high height, and about death during descent. As for Irwin, his body has not yet been found, although it is obvious that he also died then. And, most likely, then he was blown up by a strong wind into the nearest abyss, the depth of which is at least 2 km.

Another famous conqueror of Jomolungma became a British officer and climber Edward Felix Norton, in 1924, which had reached 8565 meters, which became an absolute record, which was held throughout the next thirty years.

In the period from 1921 to 1952, about 11 unsuccessful attempts to climb were undertaken. In 1952, the expedition from Switzerland tried twice to conquer the vertex. But the gloves have returned with nothing.

Edmund Hillary in 1953

In 1953, New Zealand climbers joined the English expedition. On May 29, 1953, 34-year-old New Zealandets Edmund Hillary and the 39-year-old representative of the Nepalian Natolia Sherpa Tencing Norii became the first people on Earth, asking for the "roof of the world." They spent only 15 minutes there: due to insufficient amount of oxygen, they simply could not. Nugiy symbolically burned cookies and candy in the snow - as a sentence of gods. It's funny that he could not take a picture of the New Zealander, on the top it turned out to capture only the Nepalese.

Mount Everest (Jomolungma)

Tencing Norkdi seven times tried together with other expeditions to climb the top of Jomolungma. Every time he did it with a special philosophy of a representative of the mountainous people. As soon as Sherpa recalled in his book "Tiger Snow", it did not have fierce. He felt like a child climbing his mother's knees.

What did they feel, a citizen of a distant island state in the Pacific Ocean and a native of the Mountain Himalayan Kingdom, who became the first conquerors of the top of the world? They hugged, feeling fraught with each other on the back. Probably, the whole range of these emotions is impossible to convey words.

Everest at sunset

On the conquest of Everest, the world found out only three days later. It is difficult to overestimate the value of this event. Restricted Hillary along with the expedition crossed several years by Antarctica. The British Queen of Elizabeth II, which is also a monarch of New Zealand, produced him in the knights. Also, the New Zealand climber became an honorary citizen of Nepal. In 1990, the son of Hillary Peter rose to the top.

After 1953, expeditions from the United States, India, Italy, Japan were sent to the roof of the world. The first American stepped on the top of Jomolungma became Jim Whittaker. This happened on May 1, 1963. After some three weeks, the world was waiting for the sensation to akin to its first conquest - American climbers moved across a western rib, where the man's leg had not yet arched.

Since 1975, a weak floor representative moved to the assistant of the highest peak of the planet. The first woman - the conqueror of Everest became a mountaineer from the country of the rising sun, Dzünko Tabay, and a citizen of Poland Wanda Rutkevich - the first european in this capacity. In 1990, the tops reached the first Russian woman, it was Ekaterina Ivanova.

Desperate Supervisers Verkhin

At the top of Jomolungma has already visited more than 4 thousand people. Many not once. For example, Nepalese climber Apa Sherpa conquered it 21 times. Scientists argue that the inhabitants of the mountains are easier to stay at such a height. Nevertheless, surprises the record supplied by the local resident of Churim, who rose to the top twice a week.

Everest studies are primarily the test of the limit of human capabilities. Italian R. Messen and German P. Habeler in May 1978 climbed the mountain without oxygen masks. Messner subsequently raised once again and installed a series of records. He first defeated the vertex during the monsoon period, was held without the help of porters, a new route was caught in record deadlines. When you study the biographies of such desperate brands, you realize that the desire to conquer the peaks like passion or illness.

In 1982, the Soviet expedition for the first time rose to Jomolungum on a complex route from the south-western wall. The choice of athletes was similar to the selection of astronauts. 11 people committed climbing, one climber was without an oxygen mask, one conquered the top at night. In the photos it is clear that beauty from such a natural observation site opens extraordinary. Do not convey words, what is the beautiful sight at night, at the light of the stars.

As the top of the Americans Erich Wayyhenmayer (2001) and Mark Inglis with amputated legs (2006) were able to get the top of the top. The purpose of the Obelchkov was to show people around the world that achieving the goal is reality. And they did it!

Extreme cases

In the history of conquests of Everest, human courage is often bordered by madness. A tireless man in the desire to establish new records and achievements, especially this kind, with the prospect of entering history.

The first attempt to descend from him on the skiing was taken by the Japanese Miura, who only miraculously fell into the abyss. Less was lucky by the French snowboarder Marco Suffredi. For the first time, the descent from the top of Norton's sidelines ended well. In 2001, the courageous athlete wished to move along another route, in Kuluar Hornbane - and disappeared.

On the speed of skiers can be judged by the descent of the Frenchman Pierre Torevel. From a height of 8571 meters, he drove 3 km in 3 hours. In 1998, the first from the top on the snowboard went down the Frenchman Kiril Desro. Back in 1933 on Biplane (plane with two each other wings) flew over the top of Mount Markiz Klaidsdale and David Makintyre.

Pilot Didier Delsal for the first time put a helicopter to the top of the mountain in 2005. Above the Everest flew on deltaplans and paraglids, jumped from an airplane on parachutes.

Climbing

For the conquest of Everest (Jomolungma) about 500 people are solved a year. This is very expensive pleasure. It is possible to rise from the side of Nepal and China. The departure from the first will cost more, while from the Chinese territory is cheaper, but more difficult in technical terms. Commercial firms that specialize accompanied by the top of the highest mountain of the planet, request from 40 to 80 thousand dollars. The amount includes the cost of modern equipment, payroll services. Only the permission of the government of Nepal can cost from 10 to 25 thousand dollars. The lifting itself lasts up to two months.

Number Bazaar - the village on the way to Everest, which has an expanded tourist infrastructure, where travelers can gain strength and prepare for climbing

It is naive to think that without a roasty health and proper physical training, you can turn on such a difficult and serious event. Climbers await the most difficult climbing, inhuman loads, cutting down the stages in ice, laying bridges through cracks in the most severe natural conditions. About 10,000 kilocalories per day a person spends when climbing Everest (instead of ordinary 3 thousand). During the rise of climbers lose up to 15 kg of weight. And far from everything depends on them themselves, on the level of their preparation. A sudden hurricane or collapse can knock down and carry into the abyss, and the snowy avalanche presses like a small bug. Nevertheless, all new and new windows are solved on climbing.

The capital of Nepal Kathmandu is getting on the plane. The road to the basic camp takes about two weeks. It is located at an altitude of 5364 meters. The path here is not very difficult, the difficulties begin on. During adaptation to extreme conditions of Everest, the lifts alternate with descent to the camp. The body gets used to the discharged air, cold. In preparation for climbing, each detail is thoroughly checked. When a person is over the abyss, his life often depends on the fortress of the cable and steel carbine, scored in the rock.

Above 7,500 meters, the so-called "death zone" begins. Oxygen in air is 30% less than under normal conditions. The blinding sun knocking down the wind (up to 200 km per hour). Not everyone will withstand such realities that someone from the researchers compared with Martian.

Easy cold may end the pulmonary edema or brain. At the limit running a cardiovascular system. Frostbite, fractures and dislocations when climbing are not uncommon. And you need to come back back, which is no less difficult.

"The longest mile on Earth," the climbers are so called the last 300 meters, the most difficult area. It is a steep, very smooth slope, patched with snow. And here it is the "roof of the world" ...

Climatic conditions, Flora and Fauna

In summer, the temperature on Everest is not rising above -19 degrees, and at night - it falls to the mark minus 50. The coldest month is January. Often the temperature drops to 60 degrees below zero.

Of course, in such extreme conditions, the animal and vegetable world cannot be rich and diverse. On the contrary, he is very meager. However, it is here that the highest representative of the earth fauna lives - the Himalayan Jumping Spider. Its individuals were found at an altitude of 6,700 meters, seeking simply unthinkable for the existence of life.

Somewhat lower, at the level of 5,500 meters, a long-term grassy plant grows - a yellow guide. Even above, at an altitude of 8100 meters, the researchers were observed for a mountain daw or a dwarf, a representative of the family of vandines, a close relative of the Alpine Galka.

Ecological situation

Recently, scientists are alarming and urge to close access to the highest top of the world. The reason is the catastrophic level of pollution of Everest and its surroundings.

Everyone who happens here leaves behind about 3 kg of garbage. The grief accumulated, according to preliminary estimates, more than 50 tons of waste. Commands of volunteers cleansing the slopes from traces of human vital activity are organized.

However, modern equipment and routes are laid only increase the number of visits, they even occur on the tracks. And the flow of tourists to the foot of Jomolungma is growing every year ...

Mount Everest (also called Geomolungum) is known as the highest in the world, but only if not to take an absolute height as a criterion. Everest towers above sea level at the maximum distance among other mountains of the Earth, but there is a volcano growing from the bottom of the ocean, so in fact its height is greater. However, since the top of Everest reaches the highest mark on the planet, it is the main goal of most climbers who dream of at least one day to conquer the giant.

Location of Mount Everest and its characteristics

It is unlikely that there are those who do not know what the continent is the highest peak (Eurasia). About Everest is told in the lessons of geography, showing where the mountain is located, which belongs to the hemisphere. Many are missing, in which country is Jomolungma, but geographical coordinates will help determine the exact position of the highest point on the planet, and this is China. Its latitude and longitude in degrees are the following: 27 ° 59'17 "p. sh. 86 ° 55'31 "in. d.

Mountain enters the mountain range, being part of the Mahalangur Himal Range. In fact, he belongs to two countries: Nepal and PRC, while the highest point, the northern peak is part of China. Its height in meters is 8848. The southern peak is slightly inferior in its indicator, but, nevertheless, it reaches 8760 meters.

Because of his outstanding height, Everest managed to measure relatively recently. The first assessment appeared in 1852 during trigonometric calculations. In the 1950s, theodolites have already been used: with their help managed to fix the exact value of 8848.13 meters. Later, various information appeared, in which the measurements were fluided in a large one, then in a smaller side. The reason for this was the fact that the peak consists of glaciers, which for a number of reasons can increase and decrease. It is officially recognized that the height of Everest is 8848 meters, and its solid breed ends at 8844 meters.

Everest's form resembles a pyramid with three faces, with the south the slope is cool and naked, as the snow and ice ride from this side. Because of the high height, it is not surprising that wind speed can exceed 200 m / s. In the summer, the temperature ranges from the mark at 0 degrees, it drops to -35 degrees during the day and -50 and even -60 at night.

origin of name

Jomolungma is a Tibetan name that means "Divine Mother of Life Energy." This unusual name was chosen to honor the Bon goddess Sherac Zhanma. It is a symbol of mother's energy. Tibetans also gave the world a second name with the same etymology - Jomo Gang Car, it translates "Mother Saint, White Like snow".

Another popular name came from English, as it was assigned as a tribute to George Everest. At the beginning of the 19th century, he was a famous survey of geodesic studies. The successor of the scientist put forward his surname as a name after an employee of service, where Everest worked, produced the world's first measurement of the "peak XV", which was considered to be the highest in Eurasia and allegedly on the planet.

There is another name that the inhabitants of Nepal were given. In their language, the Jomolungma Mountain sounds like Sagarmatha, which means "Mother of the Universe". In Nepal with special heat belong to the highest vertex, so prefer to call it in their native language.

Mountaineering Center

Mount Everest due to its outstanding size has long attracted the attention of climbers, but today climbers rise through spent routes. Many groups are prepared in camps, hiking during the season are organized almost daily. This is one of the popular areas of tourism, so the Jomolungma uninhabited Mountain can hardly be called.

In the history of ascents, the pioneers of Tenzing Norki and Edmund Hillary, which first coming to the highest world in 1953 on May 29th, came to the highest world. After they are lucky to get to the peak, many expeditions managed to get to the peak, but from the beginning of the XIX century, hikes became available for a large circle of those who want.

Lifting to the top is allowed in spring and autumn, as these seasons are smaller than winds. In the fall, use the rise only on the south side. Preparation lasts about two months, as the body must pass the acclimatization period. The last 300 meters are considered to be the most expensive, but the impressions of the opening type are worth it. None in one picture or photo not to see what the conqueror of the mountain will receive, because emotions will increase the effect from what he seen.

More than 60 years have passed since Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay (Tenzing Norgay) became the first in the history of the successful conquerors of Mount Everest, but the desire to get on it over time did not decrease. We hear the countless number of stories about the triumphal, and recently tragic, attempts to reach the top of the mountain. However, many interesting facts about the grief remain unknown for many.

10. Mountain spiders

Photo: Gavin Maxwell (Gavin Maxwell)

Even high in the sky, where the air is very difficult to breathe, we cannot hide from spiders. Euophrys Omnispeurstes ("standing above all"), better known as Himalayan spiders, hide in cracks and secluded corners of Everest slopes, thanks to which they are one of the creatures living at the biggest altitudes on Earth. Climbers noticed them at a maximum height of 6,700 meters.

Little spiders feed on any loud insects, which blown winds to the top of the mountain. These are actually the only animals permanently residing at such a high altitude, in addition to several species of birds. In addition, a few previously unnamed types of grasshoppers were collected during the famous unsuccessful British expedition to Everest 1924, and now they are in the British Museum of Natural Science (British Natural History Museum).

9. Two men who conquered the mountain 21 times


Photo: Mogens Engelund (Mogens Engelund)

Two representatives of the people of Sherpa, Apa Sherpa (APA Sherpa) and Phourba Tashi (Phurba Tashi), hold a joint record for the greatest number of climbing on Everest. The pair together was able to get to the top of the mountain impressive 21 times. Phurba reached the top of the world three times in one year 2007, and APA successfully conquered the mountain almost every year from 1990 to 2011.

APA says that over the years he has noticed obvious changes in Everest caused by global warming. He spoke about his concern about the melting snow and glaciers who expose the rock, because of which it is more difficult to get to the top. He is also concerned about the future of the Sherpi people, after he lost his own home during the flood caused by the melting glaciers. APA has dedicated a few climb on Everest attracting attention to climate change.

8. The highest fight in the world


Photo: John Griffith (Jon Griffith)

The climbing on Everest is not always a harmonious triumph, as you could represent. In 2013, climbers hood stack (Ueli Steck), Simon Moro (Simone Moro) and Jonathan Griffith found themselves in the center of the Sherpami scandal after allegedly ignored the order to stop their climbing.

Sherpi accused climbers in the fact that they prevented them and caused avalanche from which other Sherpi suffered, laid down the ropes below the slope. The climbers rejected the charges, and the quarrel moved to violence. Sherpi beat men with legs, hands and stones, and Moro stated that one of the representatives of the nationality even threatened him with death.

The fight could end up much worse, but the American Melissa Arnot Arnot (Melissa Arnot) advised the trio to escape on their base before the remaining Sherpi formed the crowd and scored them with stones to death. After the incident, with the assistance of the officer of the army of Nepal, both parties signed a peace agreement that ceased to a quarrel.

7. History duration of 450 million years


Photo: Tibet Travel (Tibet Travel)

Despite the fact that Himalayas formed 60 million years ago, the history of Everest is actually much longer. Limestone and sandstone on the top of the mountain was once part of a layer of sedimentary rocks below sea level of 450 million years ago.

Over time, the rock rock rocks formed a cluster, which pushed up at a speed of 11 centimeters per year, forming a modern mountain as a result. The tops of Everest now contain the marine fossils of creatures and the sewer, which was once at the bottom of the ancient ocean.

The Noyel Odell researcher first discovered fossils in the mountain rocks of Everest in 1924, proving that the mountain was once located below the sea level. The first everest fossil organisms were mined by Swiss climbers in 1956 and the American team of climbers in 1963.

6. Spore about height


Photo: Tom Symbock (Tom Simcock)

What is actually the height of Mount Everest? It depends on what kind of border you are. China stated that the height of the vertex of Everest is 8844 meters, while, according to Nepal, the height is 8848 meters.

The difference is due to the fact that, according to China, the mountain should be measured only at the height of rocks, excluding snow meters on the top of the top. Is this a more correct measurement or not, the international community often includes snow when assessing the height of mountains around the world.

Two countries came to an agreement in 2010, setting an official height of 8848 meters.

5. Mountain is still growing


Photo: Pavel Novak (Pavel Novak)

Judging by recent dimensions, both representatives of China and the Nepalese can be mistaken in their mountain height assessment.

The researchers team found in 1994 that Everest continues to grow about 4 millimeters every year. The Indian subcontinent was initially an independent mass of sushi, faced with Asia, as a result of which Himalayas were formed. Lithospheric plates continue to move, so that the mountains continue to grow.

The American Millennium Expedition (American Millennium Expedition) researchers (American Millennium Expedition) have been located in 1999 by the global location system at the top for measuring growth. Their, more accurate due to modern technique, led to the fact that the official height of Everest will soon be changed to 8850 meters. In the meantime, other tectonic activity actually leads to a decrease in the height of the mountain, but the changes to the loss at the moment give rise to the mountain.

4. Many titles


Photo: Ilker Ender (Ilker Ender)

Despite the fact that most of us know the mountain called "Everest", residents of Tibet continue to call Mount the ancient name "Jomolungma" (Chomolungma) (or "Chomolungma"). Tibetan name means "the goddess-mother of all mountains." But this is not the only alternative name of the mountain. The residents of Nepal Mountain is known as Sagarmatha, which means "forehead in the sky", and, accordingly, the mountain is part of the Nepali "Sagarmatha National Park).

Mountain was named Everest only as a result of the fact that Andrew's British Geodesist (Andrew Waugh) could not find the generally accepted local name. After examining the map of the surrounding area and not finding a suitable decision, he called the mountain in honor of the geographer worked in India, George Everest, the head of the British team, the first Himalaya studying. Colonel Everest refused to honor, but representatives of Great Britain officially changed the name of the mountain used by them, to Everest in 1865. Previously, they called Mount the 15th peak.

3. Cork from people


Photo: Ralph Dujmovitz (Ralf Dujmovits)

Despite the fact that the lifting to Mount Everest costs several thousand dollars, the number of people wishing to conquer the mountain every year grows. In 2012, the German climber Ralph Duymvitz (Ralf Dujmovits) made a shocking photo of how hundreds of climbers stand in line in order to climb to the top. Ralph decided to turn back in the southern saddle of the mountain, due to bad weather conditions and the type of long queue.

On May 19, 2012, climbers who wanted to visit one of the attractions near the tops were to stand two hours in line. In just half a day, 234 people climbed to the top of Everest. However, at the same time, 4 people died, which caused great concerns about the climbing process. Specialists from Nepal installed new railing in that year to eliminate the "human congestion" and at the moment the issue of the installation at the top of the stairs is discussed.

2. The most polluted mountain in the world


Photo: Himalaya Expeditions (Himalaya Expeditions)

Countless photos document the trip of climbers to the top of Everest, however, we rarely see photographs that they leave behind them. Everest is polluted not only by the corpses of climbers, but also, according to some estimates, 50 tons of waste, and every season this number grows. On the slopes you can see many thrown oxygen cylinders, climbing equipment and human excrement.

Eco Everest Expedition (ECO Everest Expedition) rises to the mountain every year since 2008, trying to deal with the problem, and at the moment they have already collected more than 13 tons of waste. The Government of Nepal introduced a new rule in 2014, according to which, each climber must bring with the mountain of 8 kilograms of waste, otherwise they will lose their deposit of $ 4,000.

Artists working on the "creative project - Everest 8848" (Everest 8848 Art Project) turned 8 tons of waste, including broken tents and beer banks, in 75 artistic works. 65 Porters worked for two spring expeditions in order to pull the garbage, and the artists turned it into sculptures to pay attention to the pollution of the mountain.

1. This is not the highest mountain


Despite the fact that Mount Everest is the highest point on Earth from the sea level, Mauna Kea (Mauna Kea), an inactive volcano in Hawaii holds a record of the highest mountain in the world.

The peak of Everest is at greater height, but this does not mean that the mountain is actually higher. Maun Kea reaches a height of just 4205 meters above sea level, but the volcano stretches under the water surface of 6000 meters. When measuring from its base at the bottom of the ocean, its height is 10,200 meters, exceeding the height of Everest more than a kilometer.

In fact, depending on how to carry out measurements, Everest is not the highest mountain and not the highest point on Earth. Chimborazo (Chimborazo) in Ecuador reaches only 6267 meters above sea level, but it is the highest point from the center of the Earth. This is due to the fact that Chimborazo is located just one degree south of the equator. The land in the center is slightly thickened, so the Ecuador Sea level is located on the center of the planet than in Nepal.